Introduction to energy statistics

Transcription

1 Introduction to energy statistics

2 Outline Basic concepts in energy statistics: - Different types of energy - Energy producers and consumers Measurement of stocks and flows: - Measurement units - Measuring capacity - Production, trade, stock changes, supply - Transformation, losses, consumption Elements of an energy balance

3 Different types of energy Fuel and energy are not the same! Fuel = materials used to produce energy - Fossil fuels - Nuclear fuel - Others (biofuels and waste) Energy (useful energy): - Heat - Power (electricity, motion)

4 Different types of energy Primary energy (commodities): Fuel and energy extracted or captured directly from natural resources. (sources, raw materials) Primary can be transformed into: Secondary energy (commodities): Fuel and energy produced from primary energy commodities, including heat and electricity.

5 Different types of energy Broad classification of energy commodities

6 Different types of energy Different types of primary renewable energy

7 Different types of energy Three end uses of energy (consumption): - Electricity - Heat (but only some types of heat) - Direct use (for heat and motion) The same end-use of a fuel can be recorded differently in energy statistics: - Electricity consumption: 30 GJ wood is burned for electricity that I use to heat my home (10 GJ) - Heat consumption: 30 GJ wood is burned for district heating that I use in my home (15 GJ) - Wood consumption: I burn wood for heat (30 GJ)

8 Energy producers Primary energy producers (output data): - Mines, oil and gas wells, etc. - Waste management facilities - Biofuel producers: Industrial waste Municipal non-renewable Municipal renewable - Forests and farms, collection for own-use - Biomass processing facilities (producing waste used as biofuels) - Biogas facilities - Liquid biofuel facilities - Other (heat pumps, direct solar heating) Note: the gases and liquids are the primary product, not the solids they are derived from

9 Energy producers Secondary producers (input + output data): - Fuel to fuel conversion: - Oil refineries, blast furnaces, many others - Charcoal and pellet plants - Electricity, heat, combined heat and power: - Nuclear (E, CHP) - Thermal, including biofuels (E, H, CHP) - Hydro, wind, marine, solar PV (E)* - Other solar, geothermal (E, H, CHP) Hydro, wind, marine and solar PV are both primary and secondary energy commodities*

10 Electricity + heat producers Main (activity) producers: Produce electricity and/or heat for sale as their main business: all production is recorded as electricity and heat production Autoproducers: Electricity and/or heat production not their main business and some production may be consumed internally: electricity production is recorded, but only heat sold to others is recorded as heat production.

11 Electricity + heat producers Example: sugar mill (using bagasse) Input Production Use Recorded Electricity 10,000 t 7,200 kwh Sold 7,200 kwh 78,000 MJ 26,000 MJ (33%) 26,000 MJ 10,000 t 7,200 kwh Used in 7,200 kwh 78,000 MJ 26,000 MJ (33%) the mill 26,000 MJ Heat 10,000 t 39,000 MJ Sold 39,000 MJ 78,000 MJ 39,000 MJ (50%) 39,000 MJ 10,000 t 39,000 MJ Used in 10,000 t 78,000 MJ 39,000 MJ (50%) the mill 78,000 MJ

12 Electricity + heat producers Combined heat and power (CHP) producers: Fuel inputs split in proportion to heat and power output (in energy units) so, for the sugar mill: Input Production Use Recorded CHP 10,000 t 7,200 kwh(e) Sold 7,200 kwh 39,000 MJ(h) 39,000 MJ 78,000 MJ 65,000 MJ (83%) 65,000 MJ 10,000 t 7,200 kwh(e) Used in 7,200 kwh 39,000 MJ(h) the mill 6,000 t 78,000 MJ 65,000 MJ (83%) 72,800 MJ

13 Energy consumers Based on industrial classification (ISIC): - Energy sector (not in final consumption) - Industry (manufacturing mining, construction) - Commerce and public services - Other (agriculture, forestry fishing) - Households/residential - Transport

14 Measurement units Primary energy (commodities): - Fossil fuels: solids/liquids in tonnes; gases in TJ - Nuclear (reactor heat) in TJ (often estimated as MWh x 3) - Waste (industrial, municipal non-renewable) in tonnes* - Solid biofuels and renewable waste in tonnes* - Liquid biofuels in tonnes - Biogas in TJ - Solar and geothermal heat in TJ (often estimated) - Geothermal: MWh x 10 and/or TJ heat x 2 - Concentrated solar power: MWh x 3 and/or TJ heat x 1 - Other solar power: derived from collector surface area *collected/measured in TJ at IEA

15 Measurement units Secondary energy (commodities): - Fossil fuels: solids/liquids in tonnes; gases in TJ - Charcoal, biomass pellets* in tonnes - Electricity in MWh or GWh Note, for hydro, wind, marine and solar PV, electricity is also primary production - Heat in TJ Other data: - Electricity capacity in MW or GW - Solar collector surface area in thousand m 2 - Biogas digester volume in m 3 - Conversion factors in MJ/tonne net calorific value (NCV) *biomass pellets not a recognised secondary product in IEA statistics

16 Measuring capacity Electricity: - Electricity capacity is reported in MW or GW - Installed capacity at the end of the year - Recorded for all plants (off-grid recorded separately as well) - Divided by fuel/energy source

17 Measuring capacity Others (small-scale and off-grid): - Installed capacity at the end of the year for: Electricity - water pumps; communication towers; urban infrastructure (street lights and traffic signs); health centres and clinics; solar home systems (SHS) in MW - desalination plants in m 3 /day Heat - solar water heaters (collector surface) in m 2 - heat pumps in MW (thermal) Biogas production - biogas digesters in m 3

18 Measuring production Electricity: - Gross electricity generation is reported in MWh or GWh - Measured for a calendar year - Recorded separately for electricity plants and CHP plants* - Divided by fuel/energy source *Also recorded separately for main activity and autoproducers by IEA

19 Measuring production Heat (commercial heat): - Gross heat production is reported in TJ - Measured for a calendar year - Recorded separately for heat plants and CHP plants* - Divided by fuel/energy source *Also recorded separately for main activity and autoproducers by IEA

20 Measuring commodities Domestic supply: Woodfuel (t) Charcoal (t) Solar (TJ) Production 180,000 10,000 30,000 + Imports 15,000 13,000 - Exports 5,000 2,000 + Stock changes 5,000-1,000 n.a. - International bunkers n.a. n.a. n.a. Domestic supply 195,000 20,000 30,000 Primary energy supply (energy balance): - The above calculation for all primary energy commodities (including hydro, wind, marine and solar PV). - For secondary energy commodities, the same calculation excluding production

21 Measuring commodities Transformation, losses and own use: Transformation Woodfuel (t) Charcoal (t) Solar (TJ) Power plants 40,000 15,000 CHP plants 35,000 Commercial heat plants 10,000 Charcoal production 60,000 Biomass pellet + briquettes 10,000 Other transformation Losses Energy sector and own use 10,000 1,000 Distribution losses Total final consumption 40,000 20,000 4,000

22 Measuring commodities Consumption (direct use): Supply transformation: Woodfuel (t) Charcoal (t) Solar (TJ) Calculated 40,000 20,000 4,000 From consumption statistics: Industry 12,000 Transport Commerce + public services 3,000 8,000 1,000 Households/residential 15,000 20,000 2,900 Other 5,000 1, Total consumption 35,000 29,000 4,000 Statistical difference (S-T-C) 5,000-9,000

23 Commodity balance:

24 Energy balance: