and Industrial (ICI)

Transcription

1 Institutional, Commercial and Industrial (ICI) Water Use by the Numbers Presented at Emerging Water Technology Symposium H.W. (Bill) Hoffman, P.E. H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC Phone billhoffmantx@earthlink.net PO Box 690 Lockhart, Texas 78644

2 What this Presentation Hopes to Shed Light On 1. How much water is use in the ICI sector? 2. Where is it used? 3. What are the benchmarks? 4. How do codes, standards and regulations impact use? 5. What are the trends? 6. What are the driving forces?

3 So how do we use water in the built environment?

4 Use vs. Consumption vs. Return Flows. Water Use (withdrawal) is the amount of water withdrawn from a water source (lake, well, river, etc.) Water Consumption is the amount of water that is evaporated, included in a product, injected into disposal wells or otherwise not returned in liquid form to a water source. Return flows equal the difference between use and consumption.

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6 Billions of Gallons per Day Withdrawal vs. Consumption Billion Gal./Day Withdrawal 140 Billion Gal./Day Consumption Sources: USGS and H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC Industrial/Mining Com./Inst./Res. Power Agricultural Withdrawal 117 Consumption

7 USGS Trends

8 Municipal and Industrial Water Use in Texas Manufacturing (Mfg) 17% Municipal 72% Mining 3% Steam Electric (Power) 8%

9 Municipal Water Sales in Texas Commercial 21% Industrial 16% Multi-family 10% Single Family 47% Institutional/ Other 6%

10 Percent of City Water Sales 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Water Use in Texas Cities of 3,300 Population or More SB 181 Report 47% 48% 48% 9% 10% 10% 44% 42% 42% 0% Single-Family Multi-Family ICI & Other Business

11 Multi-Family Is Commercial? They are commercial facilities supplying domestic users The company owns and operates the property for profit. The company is responsible for plumbing repairs. Unless the utility meters each apartment, the company pays the water bill. On-property uses (irrigation, pools, common laundry, etc.) are all on the company bill.

12 Gallons per Person per Day Residential Per Capita Use in Texas Year

13 Texas Utilities Water Sales TWDB SB 181 Report Large Significant ICI Utilities (5) Medium-Large Significant ICI Utilities (5) Metropolitan Utilities Medium Significant ICI1 Utilities (27) Large Utilities (30) Medium-Large Utilities3 (31) Medium Utilities (237) Gallons per Person per Day Residential GPCD ICI & Other GPCD

14 Where & How it is used

15 Water Use by Commercial/Institutional Users Austin, Texas Study 2010 Offices Retail All Other Hotel Healthcare Resturant/ Bar Service Est. Schools Colleges Food Stores Commercial Warehouse Sancturay Other Group Shelter Amusment-Recreation-Athletic Correctional Facility Service Station-Repair Garage Other Educational Bldg Industrial Warehouse Religious Red = Food Svc. Commonly found Millions of Gallons per Day (MGD)

16 Water Use By Type of Activity Type of Use Facility Type Domestic Laundry & Dry Cleaning Cooling & Heating Food Service Medical / Lab Equipment Landscape Irrigation Water Features Water Treatment Washing & Outdoor Cleaning Alternate Sources Office X? X X???? Restaurants X?? X X???? K-12 Schools X X? X X X???? Universities X?? X? X???? Other Educational Facilities X?? X? X???? Lodging/Hotel X X? X X???? Theaters / Entertainment / Museums, etc. X? X X???? Hospitals X?? X X X X??? Clinics of all types X?? X X X??? Retirement Homes / Nursing Homes X X? X X X???? Dormitory / Residence Hall X X? X X???? Multi-Family / Apartments X X? X X???? Religious Establishments X? X X???? Warehouses (unrefrigerated) X? X???? Warehouses (refrigerated) X? X???? Supermarket/Grocery X?? X X X??? Convenience Stores X? X X???? All Other Retail X?? X? X???? Gymnasiums X? X???? Meeting Places X?? X???? Commercial Laundries X X?? X X??

17 EPA WaterSense End Use Charts

18 How Water is Used in Texas Facilities With Cooling Towers Special Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth Office Buildings (N=33) 29% 10% 61% Middle Schools (N=5) 40% 3% 57% Hospitals (N=4) 33% 30% 37% High Schools (N=14) 35% 31% 34% Elementary Schools (N=6) 43% 40% 17% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent of Total Use N = Number of Facilities in Sample Indoor Use Landscape Irrigation Cooling Towers

19 6,500 6,181 Impact of Geography on Cooling Water Use Estimated Annual Water User per Ton Hour of Capacity at 4.0 Cycles of Concentration 6,000 Gallons per Year per Chiller Ton 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,085 4,679 4,088 4,026 3,632 3,632 3,608 3,090 3,004 2,623 2,598 2,192 2,019 1,970 1,945 1,748 1,478 1,

20 Hospital Use per Bed based on CBECS Gal./Bed/Day North East West Mid West South

21 HOSPITAL USE CHARACTERISTICS Northern Climate South & South West Other Plumbing 8% Toilets 20% Food Service 8% Cooling Towers 43% Boilers 4% Medical Equip. 9% Leaks & Other 8%

22 How Water Is Used Indoors at Audited Facilities Special Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth Religeous Facilities 95% 5% Convention Center 94% 3% 3% Court House 90% 6% 4% Service Stations 84% 12% 4% Hospitals 79% 16% 5% Senior Care 72% 25% 3% Middle Schools 66% 17% 16% Office Buildings 62% 10% 28% High Schools 62% 13% 24% Elementary Schools 61% 14% 24% Hotels 58% 12% 30% Community College 41% 58% 2% Clinic 38% 0% 62% Community Center 31% 68% 1% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent of Indoor Use Restroom Use Food Service Other (medical, water treatment, laundry, leaks, etc)

23 Percent Restroom Use by Type of Use Special Study of Audits in Austin, Dallas, and Fort Worth Elementary/ Middle 71% 12% 3% 13% 1% High Schools 62% 13% 8% 16% 0% Hospital 60% 20% 7% 11% 3% Community Colleges 59% 14% 6% 14% 5% Office 56% 11% 2% 29% 2% All 52% 17% 10% 15% 6% Hotel 28% 22% 46% 2% 2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Savings in Restrooms Toilets Faucets/Lavatories Showers/Bath Urinals Other

24 Percent of Annual Use 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 6.8% Monthly Percent of Annual Use for 15 Hotels In New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas % 9.6% 8.2% 8.6% 9.0% 10.2% 9.1% 7.4% 8.4% 8.2% 7.2% 7.4% 7.9% 8.7% 7.7% 9.2% 9.2% 9.4% 8.6% 7.8% 9.0% 7.6% 7.4% 1% 0%

25 Commercial & Institutional Landscape use from ARID area WRF 4375 Schools Total Combined CI Government Office Hotels Warehouses Restaurants/Bars Misc. Commercial Retail Medical Centers Motels Percent of Use for Irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona 26.5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Percent of Total Use for Irrigation

26 Multi-Family Irrigation Use Low in These Cities WRF 4554

27 Multi-Family Irrigation Use High in These Cities WRF 4554

28 Benchmarking

29 Major New Data Initiatives that will Impact ICI Use US EPA Energy Star Portfolio Manager data on commercial and institutional use, Better Buildings Challenge, 3050 District, Water Research Foundation studies, USGS data, Academic research, CBECS commercial buildings energy consumption survey Many new local initiatives

30 What is Benchmarking? Benchmarking is comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and best practices from other companies. (From Wikipedia) For water, this means dividing water use (Numerator) by some meaningful measure of the facility (Denominator) and then comparing that to other establishments of the same type. Welcome to the Denominator Dilemma!

31 Examples of Possible Denominators Facility Type Function Metric Facility Metric Other People Metrics Hotel Guests Rooms, Square Feet Employees Hospital Patients, Discharges, Out- Patients, Patient Nights Beds, Square Feet Employees School Students Square Feet Faculty, Staff Restaurant Meals Served, Covers (tickets) People Served Number of Seats, Square Feet Employees Office Visitors Square Feet Employees Retirement Home Residents Rooms, Beds, Square Feet Employees Commercial Laundries Pounds of Laundry Washer Capacity, Square Feet Employees Multi-Family Number of Residents Dwelling Units, Square Feet Automotive Shop Vehicles Serviced Square Feet, Number of Bays Employees Manufacturing Units of Product Produced, Dollars Produced Square Feet, Number of Pieces of Equipment Employees

32 Time Metric Year Month Week Day Hour

33 Examples of information in the 2009 Water Use in Santa Fe Report file:///c:/users/user/downloads/water_use_in_santa_fe_2009%20(1).pdf Use is in Acre Feet per Year

34 What you divide by makes a huge difference Middle schools average 1.68 acre feet per year per 100 students. (5,474 gallons per year per 100 per student) If divided by 365 days a year, gallons per student per day = 15.0 gal/student/day. However, students are only at school about 185 days a year. Based on 185 days per year, per capita student use = 29.6 gal/student/day.

35 Summary of 13 Studies Reporting Water Use by Gallons per Square Foot of Space per Year Median or Mean as reported Type of Facility EPA Portfolio Manager 1 University of Florida 2 Santa Fe, New Mexico 3 Colorado Water Wise - Brendle Group. 4 Water Research Foundation End Use Study Austin Boston Benchmark Law New York Benchmark Law 8 Washington DC Bench - mark Law Philadelphia 9 Benchmark Law 10 Minneapolis Benchmark Law 11 WRF Report Tampa 12 WRF Report Austin 12 Gallons per Square Foot of Heated Space per Year 130 to Restaurants to Senior Care Facilities to Hotels to to Hospitals Grocery/ Supermarkets to Medical Offices Offices to Banking/ Financial Court House 11 K-12 Schools to 19 8 to Houses of Worship Retail/ Shopping Centers Unrefrigerated Warehouses Colleges/ Universities Residence Halls/ Dormitories Multi-Family

36 CBECS and Energy Star Data Water Use per Square Foot from CBECS Gal./sq.-ft./Yr. Public order and safety Inpatient Health care Lodging Public assembly Mercantile Office Outpatient Enclosed and strip malls Education Other Warehouse and storage Gallons per Square Foot per Year 75th Percentile Median 25th Percentile Justice VS DOD Interior DOE HHS NASA LABOR EPA STATE USDA TREASURY DHS ARCHIVES TVA COMMERCE DOT USPS RRB HUD GSA SSA Water Coefficients for Federal Facilities in Gallons per Square Foot per Year

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38 WRF # 4619 Report Will Be Available Later This Year

39 National Initiatives

40 Locations with Water Benchmarking

41 Same Cities Without High and Low Data Office Building Water Use EPA Portfolio Manager % 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% Gallons per Square Foot per Year New York Washington DC Boston Mineapolis

42 Hospitals 2002 ASHE Study Gallons per Bed Do You see the same Pattern Here? Elementary Schools in a District in Texas GPCD

43 Codes, Standards, and Regulations

44 Major Regulatory Code, and Standards Developments WE STAND Green Building initiatives (LEED, GB, etc.) Other code and standard development ASHRAE ASHRAE 191.P` IGCC Texas, California, Georgia, and New York plumbing requirement EPA Appliance and Equipment Standards (Energy Star and Water Sense) New DOE requirements

45 How has new technology helped? Urinal Commercial Dish Washer Residental Dishwashers Residential Toilets Pre Rinse Spray Valve Commercial Clothes Washer Residential Clothes Washer Commercial Toilets Shower Reduction in Water Use Since % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent Reduction in Use for Best in Class

46 Market Penetration of Minimally Acceptable Water Saving Fixtures and Appliances (1) Energy Star Market Penetration Study (2) US Market Penetration Of WaterSense Shower Heads, Lavatory Faucets And Toilets (3) A Saturation Study of Non-Efficient Residential Dishwashers (1) Toilets 1.6 gpf=/< (2) 79% 84% Commercial Dishwashers (1) Faucets 2.2 gpm=/< (3) Shower Heads 2.5 gpm=/< (3) Commercial Ice Makers (1) Clothes Washers (1) Commercial Steamers (1) 67% 63% 61% 61% 56% 53% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent that Meet Minimum Efficiency Standards

47 WaterSense Residential Fixture Market Penetration as of 2015 We still have a long way to go! Toilets 1.28 gpf 7% Faucets 1.5 gpm 25% Showers 2.0 gpm 28% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent of All Installed

48 Hey, I don t make this stuff up!

49 Indoor Residential Use in USA Aquacraft & H.W (Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC Billions of Gallons per Day Year 58.6 GPCD 36.7 GPCD 25.3 GPCD includes toilet on Gray Water

50 Trends

51 Post Clean Water Act of 1972 Impact on Industrial Water Use

52 The single most important pivot point was the Clean Water Act

53 60 Manufacturing Index vs Water Use in USA Sources: USGS & Dept. of Commerce 120 Billion Gallons per Day Manufacturing Index = Year 0 Manufacturing Index =100 Water Use - Billion Gal./Day

54 Examples of Trend Benchmarking for Industry Water Use per Dollar of Output for Texas Industries (Gallons per Dollar Adjusted for Inflation) 18 Gallons per Dollar of Output Food & Beverage Computers Primary Metals Chemicals Petroleum Refinng Pulp & Paper

55 Gallons per Person per Day Per Capita Water Use in USA Source: USGS Year

56 Estimated Change in Gallons per Person per Day Residential Indoor Per Capita Use in USA a 55% Decrease Sources: AWWARF Studies Future Year 34

57 New York City Source: Vlada Kenniff

58 Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority

59 Hotel and Motel Water Use Factors for Phoenix to % 67% 67% 70% 64% Gallons per Square Foot per Year % 59% 52% 56% 58% 58% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Percent Occupancy % Percent Occupancy Motel Adjusted for Occupancy Motel Unadjusted for Occupancy Hotel Adjusted for Occupancy Hotel Unadjusted for Occupancy

60 Five Future Driving Forces for ICI 1. Rising Cost of Water and Wastewater 2. Codes, Standards, and Regulations 3. Technical Advances 4. Going Green 5. Future Regional Water Shortages

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62 The Cost of One Toilet Flush Cost to Flush a Toilet at Current Inflation Rate of 5.85% Gallons per Flush Cents per Flush in 2017 Cents per Flush in

63 Figure 1. Annual Plumbing Fixture Use Cost for a Building with 500 Em ployees open 255 days/year $12 $ per Thousand Gallons $10 $8 $6 $4 $ per Year Before 1980 s 1980's Code* Current Lowest

64 Equipment Life Utility Cost Comparisons For the Toilet Replacement Example Year Water & Sewer Rate per Thousand Gallons Toilet Savings per Year 2016 $11.27 $ $11.93 $ $12.63 $ $13.37 $ $14.15 $ $14.98 $ $15.85 $ $16.78 $ $17.76 $ $18.80 $ $19.90 $ $21.06 $ $22.30 $ $23.60 $ $24.98 $ $26.44 $ $27.99 $ $29.63 $ $31.36 $ $33.19 $ $35.14 $ $37.19 $ $39.37 $ $41.67 $ $44.11 $ Year Total Savings $11,525.04

65 Advanced Wastewater Capital Cost for Water & Wastewater Treatment Facilities Dollars per Gallon Day of Capacity Conventional Wastewater Sea Water Desalinization Saline Ground Water Desalinization Conventional Potable Surface Water Conventional Potable Ground Water $0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 Dollars per Gallon Day of Capacity

66 Ground Water Desalination Ground Water Wells & Other Aquifer Storage & Recovery Texas 2017 Water Plan Cost in Dollars per Thousand Gallons Undelivered Sea Water Desalination Other Strategies Direct Potable Reuse Conjuncitve Use New Resevoirs Other Reuse Existing Surface Water Municipal Conservation Indirect Reuse Other Conservation Irrigation Conservation Drought Management Passive Conservation $0.00 $0.00 $0.58 $0.45 $0.87 $1.17 $1.15 $1.38 $1.30 $1.52 $1.44 $2.31 $2.19 $3.48 $3.83 $4.39 $0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 Dollars per Thousand Gallons - Not Delivered

67 Water Stress Index And the latitude of stress.

68 Map of United States Showing Cumulative Groundwater Decline Source: USGS, Konikow, L.F., 2013

69 No Water No Beer!

70 Failure to Conserve and Reuse will leave us hanging out there!

71 Questions?

72 Institutional, Commercial and Industrial (ICI) Water Use by the Numbers Presented at Emerging Water Technology Symposium H.W. (Bill) Hoffman, P.E. H.W.(Bill) Hoffman & Associates, LLC Phone billhoffmantx@earthlink.net PO Box 690 Lockhart, Texas 78644