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2 greenprophet.com juiceonline.com
3 Subtropical Ocean aka Garbage Patches Images from Sea Education Association
4 Microplastics Sea Education Association
5 Microscopic Plastic in Wastewater Microbeads Clothing Fibers 5gyres.org R. Thompson
6 Fate of plastic marine debris? Size?? Risk
7 How big is the problem? Measure the amount entering the ocean Input Measure the amount in the ocean World Ocean
8 Sources of marine debris By land Litter and Waste: beaches rivers and waterways drainage outflows and runoff winds Catastrophic events and by sea Ships and at-sea platforms: dumping lost cargo fishing and aquaculture activities recreational activities oceanographic activities Los Angeles River Long Beach, CA Rick Loomis, LA Times
9 Plastic waste 8 million metric tons per year Land Ocean
10
11 Surface plankton net tow Measuring microplastics Net mouth: Net mesh: Tow length: Ship speed: 1 m x 0.5 m 335 μm 1.8 km 2 knots
12 Typical plastic debris collected in plankton nets 240 pieces ~ 130,000 pieces per km 2
13 Open ocean measurements > 6600 surface net tows from million pieces per km 2 Pieces per km 2 Law et al., 2010
14 Open ocean measurements Plastic and ocean surface currents 1,100 metric tons 2 cm/s surface currents Pieces per km 2 Law et al., 2010
15 Numerical modeling Predicted accumulation zones Maximenko et al. (2012)
16 Eastern Pacific Ocean > 2500 surface net tows from Law et al., 2014
17 Observed vs. modeled Surface plastic concentration 21,290 metric tons Lebreton et al. (2012) Maximenko et al. (2012) van Sebille et al. (2012) Law et al., 2014
18 Where is all the plastic? Input from Land: 8 million metric tons per year Floating at sea surface: 6, ,000 metric tons Where is the missing plastic? Subsurface ocean? Seafloor? Beaches and coastlines? Biota?
19 U.S. Municipal Solid Waste, Plastics (1000 tons) Is the problem growing in time? U.S. waste generation x Plastic Waste Generation Plastic Waste Discards Source: Environmental Protection Agency Year
20 Average plastic concentration (pieces km -2 ) Plastic concentration vs. time In accumulation zone North Atlantic, x Year Law et al., 2010
21 Average plastic concentration (pieces km -2 ) Plastic concentration vs. time In accumulation zone North Atlantic, x 10 4 Trend: pieces km -2 year -1 r 2 = 0.016, P > Year Law et al., 2010
22 Average pellet concentration (pellets km -2 ) Trend in resin pellets North Atlantic, % Decrease Trend: pellets km -2 year -1 r 2 = 0.83, P < Photo: H. Takada Year Law et al., 2010
23 Near-term mitigation Global scale Improve waste management infrastructure Ted Siegler/DSM Bien Hoa, Vietnam Rasta Fariz Sidoarjo, Bali, Indonesia envclubarm.wordpress.com
24 1. Reduce waste Long-Term Solutions: Local Scale: What can I do? REDUCE consumption of single-use disposable items. REUSE and RECYCLE what is used. COMPOST. Demand extended producer responsibility. 2. Limit the source Clean up litter, anywhere. Participate in beach clean-ups. Check cosmetic labels for microplastic scrubbers. 3. Educate friends, family, teachers 4. Pursue policy initiatives
25 Next Steps: Current research at SEA
26 Acknowledgements Kara Lavender Law Emelia DeForce (MO BIO) Deb Goodwin Skye Morét-Ferguson Giora Proskurowski (U. Wash.) Erik Zettler Chris Reddy Nikolai Maximenko Jan Hafner Tobias Kukulka Jenna Jambeck Chris Wilcox Roland Geyer Ted Siegler Ramani Narayan Anthony Andrady WHOI U. Hawaii U. Hawaii U. Delaware U. Georgia CSIRO (Australia) UC-Santa Barbara DSM Environmental Michigan State Univ. NC State Univ. Henry L. and Grace Doherty Charitable Foundation
27 This work would not have been possible without the dedication of more than 7000 SEA students, shipboard crew and faculty, and the innumerable hours spent picking plastic from plankton nets.
28 Trends in plastic concentration In defined accumulation zones North Pacific, Law et al., 2014
29
30 The Plastisphere Ecological impacts of plastic marine debris Zettler et al., 2013
31 Fate of plastic marine debris? Figure courtesy of R. Thompson
32 IntoTheGyre.com
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