Meteorological Influences on Concentration of Airborne Particulate Matter in Ulsan, Korea

Transcription

1 Meteorological Influences on Concentration of Airborne Particulate Matter in Ulsan, Korea Byeong-Kyu Lee*, Minh Viet Nguyen Air Environment Research Laboratory University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

2 Outline 1. Impacts of PM or Aerosol - climate forcing, health effects, meteorological effects 2. Methods (Sampling, Analysis, Met Data Classification) 3. Results - Size resolved PM Conc.: Size distribution, Seasonal comparison - Correlation: PM vs. Humidity, Temperature, Rainfall, Wind speed, and Wind direction 4. Conclusions

3 Air Pollution (PM and O 3 ) is significant Climate Forcers

4 Aerosols affect both climate and human health - The total anthropogenic direct aerosol radiative forcing : 0.5±W/m 2 (IPCC 2007). - BC, emitted from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, contributes 5-10% to PM 2.5 (Putaud et al., 2004). - The direct radiative forcing from fossil fuel BC : +0.2 W/m 2 (IPCC 2007). - Adverse health effects in humans of atmospheric PM, particularly of anthropogenic origin, are more strongly linked to the physical or chemical properties of PM rather than the PM mass.(chow et al., 2006; NRC, 2004).

5 PM size vs Deposition Rate into the Lung Respirable mediumdutyindymagee06.pdf Source: Wark et al., Air Pollution Control

6 Significance of Fine particles (PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 ) - High deposition rate of fine particles into the lung. - PMs are carrying toxics or HAPs, e.g., heavy metals. - Exposure to fine PM : increase in respiratory disease and mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases - Increase of 10 μg/m 3 (annual) in PM 2.5 : increase of a relative risk for total mortality of 1.14 and µg/m 3 increase in average PM 2.5 exposure : increase of 2.5, 4.0, and 11.4% in the relative risk of cardiovascular mortality of current-day, the next day, and 2 days later, respectively. - PM brings visibility reduction.

7 Dose response b/w PM 10 and daily death in ten US cities Source: Ostro et al.,

8 Loss in life expectancy : attributable to anthropogenic PM 2.5 from IIASA month Source: Helen ApSimon, CAFÉ: Combining AQ and Transboundary AP, March, 2006

9 Roles of Aerosol or PM

10 Factors affecting PM Concentrations 1) Anthropogenic Factors - Source Emission Strength, Emission Composition/Products : May be controllable by human activities or efforts by applying Emission Control Regulations or Guidelines 2) Natural Factors - Natural emissions, Meteorological conditions, Atmospheric transport, chemistry (reactions), deposition : Cannot be controlled by human design or activities

11 What is the Fate of PM?

12 Meteorological effects of PM PM level is largely dependent on the meteorological parameters which cannot be controlled by human design or activities. 1) Wind speeds and wind directions are the indicator for the horizontal transport or ventilation of air pollutants 2) Ambient temperature influences chemical reactions, deposition velocity, and gas/aerosol partitioning leading to secondary aerosol formation or degradation of PM 3) Rainfall influences pollutant concentrations by wet deposition, precipitation scavenging

13 Meteorological effects? 1) RH : increase or decrease PM? 2) Ambient temperature : increase or decrease PM? 3) Wind speed : increase or decrease PM? 4) Other meteorological conditions : increase or decrease PM? 5) Different PM size effects? Objectives: Met. Condn. vs Size-resolved PM Level???

14 Methods: 1) Size-resolved PM collection 2) Correlation b/w PM vs Met. Parameter Wind conditions Humidity Size-resolved Particulate Matter Temperature Rainfall

15 Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea Sampling site description Sampling: -urban residential area (a univ. campus roof) m away from a busy traffic rotary and a high way - Spring and Summer samples

16 Sampling Equipment and Mass Evaluation Cascade Impactor (Model , Tisch Envi ron., Inc.) during spring and summer periods. Stage Size range, μm Mass Calculation formula m1 PM 10 = m9 + m8 + m7 + m6 + m5 + m4 + m3 + m x m m m m m m6 PM 2.5 = m9 + m8 + m7 + m x m x m m7 PM 1.0 = m9 + m8 + m x m m8 Backup filter < 0.4 m9 PM = PM 10 PM 2.5

17 Classification of Meteorological Parameters - Relative Humidity: High > 80%, Medium: 50-80%, Low < 50% - Rainfall: Heavy > 30 mm, Medium: mm, Light < 10 mm - Ambient Daily Average Temperature: High > 20 0 C, Medium: C, Low: C, Extra Low < 0 0 C - Wind Speed: Strong > 7 m/s, Medium: 7-3 m/s, Weak: m/s - Wind Direction : 16 directions

18 Results: PM 10 Conc. (µg/m 3 ) Comparison with β-ray methods Season Cascade Impactor β-ray attenuation Correlation (p<0.01) Spring 42.3 ± ± * Summer 31.1 ± ± * Spring/Summer PM 10 cascade -ray monitoring 50 PM concentration ( g/m 3 ) Spring Season Summer

19 PM concentration ( g/m 3 ) Time series of PM concentration ~430 µg/m 3 PM 1.0 PM 2.5 PM PM Mar Mar Apr Apr May May May-11 Spring PM 1.0 PM concentration ( g/m 3 ) PM 2.5 PM PM Jun Jun Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug-11 Summer

20 Size-resolved PM Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) in spring Size Excluded Asian dust Included Asian dust Mean Min Max Std. Mean Min Max Std. PM PM PM PM Sample 67 70

21 Results : Size-resolved PM Conc.(µg/m 3 ) PM 10 PM 2.5 PM 1.0 PM Spring (µg/m 3 ), n= ± ± ± ± 5.5 Summer (µg/m 3 ), n= ± ± ± ± 5.6 Spring / Summer PM PM 2.5 PM PM concentration ( g/m 3 ) PM Spring Season Summer

22 Comparison of Mean Concs. of PM (µg/m 3 ) Korea Site Characteristic PM 10 PM 2.5 PM 1.0 Reference Ulsan (Spring) Urban This study Ulsan (Summer) Residential Busan Urban Kim et al. (2006) Taiwan Taichung Highway Fang et al. (2008) China Shenzen Urban Lai et al. (2007) UK Birmingham Urban Yin et al. (2008) Spain Barcelona Urban Perez et al. (2008) Portugal Lisbon Suburban Almeida et al. (2006) USA California Residential Geller et al. (2002) Korea Annual standard US EPA 150* 12 - California WHO *24h average

23 Correlation : PM vs RH (Effect of Humidity) Spring Summer Humidity High RH Medium RH High RH Medium RH PM * ** PM * ** PM ** PM * Sample No ** Correlation at 0.01 levels * Correlation at 0.05 levels High humidity > 80 %, Medium humidity: %

24 Rainfall Correlation : PM vs Precipitation (Effect of Rainfall) Heavy rainfall Medium rainfall Light rainfall (spring, summer) PM ** * PM ** * PM ** * PM * * Sample No ** Correlation at 0.01 levels * Correlation at 0.05 levels Heavy rainfall > 30 mm, Medium rainfall: mm Light rainfall < 10 mm

25 Effect of Precipitation (Rainfall) (cont.) Source: Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals, 2011

26 Correlation : PM vs Temp (Effect of Daily Average Ambient Temperature) Spring Summer High Temp Medium Temp High Temp Medium Temp PM ** * PM ** * PM * Sample No ** Correlation at 0.01 levels High temperature > 20 0 C * Correlation at 0.05 levels Medium temperature : C Low temperature : C Extra low temperature < 0 0 C

27 PM Conc. Change by Increasing Temperature Increasing Ambient Temperature Increasing PM Number conc. re-suspension of dust (dry surfaces), emission of forest fire (coarse particles) SO 2 -dominated atmospheres (+ H 2 O 2 ) formation of SO 4 particles Increasing PM Number conc. Formation of ultra particle, oxidation of AVOCs/BVOCs, deposition on ambi ent aerosol Increasing PM Mass conc. N-dominated atmospheres Shifting NH 4 NO 3 particles to gaseous NH 3, HNO 3 Decreasing PM Number conc. Source: Kuttler et al., Human and Social Dimensions of Climate Change

28 Correlation : PM vs WS / WD (Effect of Wind Speed and Direction) PM size Wind speed PM10 PM2.5 PM 1.0 PM Sample No. Wind direction N E S NE SE Strong ** * 0.477** Weak * * 0.403* Strong * 0.326* 0.422* 0.469** Weak * * 0.340* Strong * 0.367* 0.406* 0.483** Weak * * 0.397* Strong ** * 0.460** Weak ** Strong Weak ** Correlation at 0.01 level, * Correlation at 0.05 level Strong wind: > 7 m/s, Weak wind: 3 7 m/s

29 Windrose and Sources

30 Summary and Conclusions The summer average PM concs. were lower than the spring one, particularly in fine particles. High humidity (>80%) and increased rainfall (>10mm) negatively correlated (p<0.01 or 0.05) with size-resolved PM concs. PM levels are positively correlated (p<0.01 or 0.05) with ambient temperature on the days with daily average temperature above 20 0 C. PM concs. showed positive correlations (p<0.01 or 0.05) with wind speed above 3 m/s under easterly series of winds passing through industrial complexes and heavy traffic areas.

31 Acknowledgment This study was supported by 2012 UETEC research funds through the University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea Thank you for your attention!

32 Hope to see you again in Busan, Korea! 17 th IUAPPA,