Mitigating Heat Stress in the Feedyard. Dr. Terry Mader UNL- Professor Emeritus Mader Consulting, LLC

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1 Mitigating Heat Stress in the Feedyard Dr. Terry Mader UNL- Professor Emeritus Mader Consulting, LLC

2 Central US Cattle Environmental related Losses SUMMER - HEAT (Central and Northern Plains) 1995 AND 1999 ~5,000 HD/YEAR ~1,000 HD/YEAR 2005 ~ 2,500 HD (NE) 2006 SW (Beef and Dairy) into KS (~2500 HD) 2007~2500 HD (SD) 2009 ~ 5000 HD (KS-NE-IA) 2010 >2600 HD (KS) 2011 >14,000 HD (Central and N Plains) 2012 ~ 2,000 HD (CO-KS-NE) 2013 ~ 5,000 HD (Northern Plains) 2015?

3 Central US Cattle Environmental related Losses WINTER - COLD ,000 + HD Southern Plains ~ 250,000 HD range and feedlots (N. Plains) > 50,000 HD in feedlots (S. Plains) ~ 1,000 HD one feedlot ~ 2,500 HD Southern Plains > 25, spg North Dakota ~ 90,000 ( 70,000 calves) -- TX Panhandle March ~ 3,500 (12 snow) Northern Plains -? Feb 2013 Southern Plains? (19 snow) 2013 (>30,000) -Oct South Dakota Rain + 4 feet snow no prior acclimation

4 ND/SD all locations

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6 Climate Variability Projections Warmer winters potentially wetter (offset drought) Heat stress levels increased ~ 1 % each year since 2000

7 Heat Stress Susceptibility Deaths losses Feedlot Dairies Confined animals Non-confined animals Performance/welfare All animals Non-discriminating Includes reproduction

8 Panting Score 1 (~80bpm) and 2 (2.5) 3 and 4 (>130bpm) Heat Stress Characterization (degree of discomfort/suffering) Mader et al., 2010

9 Tremors Lack of coordination Neurological collapse Death Dehydration Intravascular coagulation Respiratory collapse Death

10 Seasonal effects on body temperature (feedlot cattle) Cold Hot 8 :0 0 A M 9 :0 0 A M 1 0:00 A M 1 1:00 A M 1 2:00 P M 1 :0 0 P M 2 :0 0 P M 3 :0 0 P M 4 :0 0 P M 5 :0 0 P M 6 :0 0 P M 7 :0 0 P M 8 :0 0 P M 9 :0 0 P M 1 0:00 P M 1 1:00 P M 1 2:00 A M 1 :0 0 A M 2 :0 0 A M 3 :0 0 A M 4 :0 0 A M 5 :0 0 A M 6 :0 0 A M 7 :0 0 A M HOUR 104/100.4F=40/38C Normal ~ 101.5/38.6 B o d y T e m p e r a t u r e

11 Heat Stress Factors Unhealthy/previously sick Dark Hided High Producing Water access/competition Endophyte infected grasses Environmental conditions

12 Mitigation Shade does not change ambient temperature, only the feels-like temperature - Up to 20 degrees F

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14 Table 2.5 Temperature of surface of bare ground before and after shading at various times during the day a Shaded time Temperature of Ground Surface ( F) (min) 11 a.m. 12 noon 2 p.m. 4 p.m. In sun Air temp a From Kelly et al. (1950).

15 Behavior issues Space (20-40 sq ft) Sick Animals Shade BT 1-3 o F

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17 Environmental Mitigation: Shelter/shade

18 Sprinkling management social order is important - difficult to get all animals treated/cooled everyday -Animal adapt rapidly - extremely addictive

19 Shade vs Mist vs Sprinkler Texas Study (2000) Treatment* Shade Mist Spnkle Control Number of heifers Number of pens ADG, kg/d DMI, kg/d F:G *Mist ~ 5 gallon (19 L)/hd; Sprinkle ~ 10 gallon (38 L)/hd; no differences found.

20 Tympanic temp of heifers F DW Temper rature, oc H 2 O applied F Time of day, h No

21 Use water to cool the pen surface rather than the cattle Radiant heat from pen surface ~ radiant heat from sky

22 Microclimate modification through bedding

23 Water Management

24 Water Accessibility Limited?? Water trough space needed.75-1 linear inch//hd winter 2+ linear inches/hd -summer

25 Other Heat Stress Contributors Flies/other parasites Extra body condition Limited air movement Processing/activity/moving Hair coat length and color Rapidly turns hot No prior adaptation Metabolic heat load

26 Effect of moving cattle on tympanic temperature NOT MOVED MOVED-AM&PM AMB. TEMP TYMPANIC TEMPERATURE, F AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, F 8:30 9:45 11:00 12:15 13:30 14:45 16:00 17:15 18:30 19:45 21:00 22:15 23:30 0:45 2:00 3:15 4:30 5: TIME, HOUR :00 7:15

27 Coat color effects on body temperature (shade greatest benefit to dark-hided cattle) 104 o F LIGHT DARK o F TIME, HOUR TEMPERATURE, C

28 FEED MANAGEMENT - BODY TEMPERATURE HOT CONDITIONS HE-HOT LE-HOT HR-HOT TEMPERATURE-F ~ 2/3 of MEI eventually dissipated as heat TIME-6AM TO 6AM

29 ASSESSMENT OF 2010 HEAT WAVE ON FEEDLOT CATTLE DEATHS 25,000 hd feedyard in KS Nearly 3% death loss Assessed potential contributing factors Feed Additives Pen orientation and layout Cattle weight, etc Feed pattern

30 Results Actual deaths 2.9% (S) and 3.2% (H) In total 47.1% of the deaths occurred in south and west facing pens those pens, which constituted only 22.6% of the total pen days. Increasing pen space/animal decreased deaths/pen, especially in lighter weight groups

31 Dietary Manipulation Salt Potassium/electrolytes Fat/lipid - Corn by-products Ionophores? Niacin, choline, betaine, glycerin Prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics Yeasts, seaweed, herbs-essential oils, vitamin C? Combinations (shotgun approach)

32 Heat Stress Indicators Heat Index human Temperature Humidity Index livestock USDA MARC cattle respiration rate/index HLI Australia black globe index CCI Comprehensive Climate Index

33 Comprehensive Climate Index (CCI) single index for both hot and cold conditions Adjust ambient temperature for: Relative humidity (RH) Wind speed (WS) Radiation (R) Solar and Surface effects Bare ground temperatures can be 50 F degrees greater than air temperature Green grass and trees buffer solar effects

34 Comprehensive Climate Index (CCI), F (no night-time cooling)

35 z y T/Mo x Env. Stress impaired digestive, metabolic and immune function

36 anaging%20heat%20stress%20in%20feedyard%20cattle.pdf Strategic Management Plan (CAB web-site) Emergency (THI > 79) Intermediate alert conditions 6 AM THI > 70 Ration/water management, etc Long-term Facilities/shade/shelter changes What can you do to make cattle more comfortable

37 Animal discomfort/deaths under hot and/or cold conditions What is acceptable? What yardstick should be used? Who decides producer or consumer

38 CHAPTER 28. CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS ARTICLE 10. OFFENSES AGAINST ANIMALS Terms, defined: NEBRASKA (1) Abandon means to leave any animal for any length of time without making effective provision for its food, water, or other care as is reasonably necessary for the animal's health; (2) Animal means any vertebrate member of the animal kingdom. The term does not include an uncaptured wild creature; (3) Cruelly mistreat means to knowingly and intentionally kill, maim, disfigure, torture, beat, mutilate, burn, scald, or otherwise inflict harm upon any animal; (4) Cruelly neglect means to fail to provide any animal in one's care, whether as owner or custodian, with food, water, or other care as is reasonably necessary for the animal's health;

39 Questions