F: [ml min -1 ] = (BW [kg]) (PO at

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1 Correlation Coefficient Electronic Supplementary Material, Table S1. Submaximal exercise tests for estimation Test Ref. Setting Population and sex N Age (yrs) Protocol Equation SEE Reliability % a r ICC Cycle ACSM Crossvalidation Åstand- Ryhming Modified Åstrand- Ryhming Åstrand- Ryhming for adolescents [63] [32] [66] [67] Well-trained Hospital personnel 30 Range Range Range stages (2 min each); 25, 75, 100, 125 W; 50 rpm; test terminates at end of 4th stage or at 65-70% of age-predicted HR max F: PO = W; M: PO = W. If HR > 130 beat min -1, stop test after 6 min. If HR < 130 beat min -1 after some min increase PO by 50 W until HR > 130 beat min -1. Take the HR during the last minute. Aerobic capacity is calculated by plotting values of HR and in a nomogram. M under 35 yrs: 2 min; 49 W; 50 rpm. If HR < 60% HR max increase PO by 49 W every 2 min; if 60% HR max < HR < 70% HR max increase PO by 24.5 W every 2 min, if HR 70% HR max continue for 2 min (or more if HR steady state is not achieved). M 35 yrs and over and F: 2 min; 24.5 W; 50 rpm. If HR < 70% HR max increase PO by 24.5 W every 2 min, if HR 70% HR max continue for 2 min (or more if HR steady state is not achieved). = 3.5 (BW [kg]) (PO [W]) 6.20 Nomogram = [((220 age [yrs]) 72) / (HR [beat min -1 ] 72)] = (PO [W] 0.012) from [64] M: = ( from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram (not corrected for age) ) (age [yrs]) F: = ( from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram (not corrected for age) ) (age [yrs]) Range As described for Åstrand-Ryhming [32] M: = (BW [kg]) (PO at adolescents HR of 170 beat min -1 [kgm min -1 ]) 9 [65] No 0.74 [65] Yes [65] Yes No F: = (BW [kg]) (PO at HR of 170 beat min -1 [kgm min -1 ]) Åstrand- Ryhming for [68] Children 123 Range As described for Åstrand-Ryhming [32] M: = ( from Åstrand- Ryhming nomogram ) 0.52 No F: = ( from Åstrand- Ryhming nomogram ) 0.82 Fox [64] Well-trained 63 Mean 21 5 min; 90 W; 60 rpm = (age [yrs]) + 9 (BW [kg]) 11 (HR at 90 W [beat min -1 ]) Yes

2 Fox [69] Untrained 87 Range min; 150 W; 60 rpm; record HR during 5th min = (HR submax [beat min -1 ]) No Modified YMCA [9] Sedentary to highly trained 80 Range min; 25 W; 50 rpm, 4 min; if HR during last 15 s < 80 beat min -1 PO = 125 W, if HR beat min -1 PO = 100 W, if HR beat min -1 PO = 75 W, if HR > 100 beat min -1 PO = 50 W; 50 rpm. Continue until for 2 consecutive stages HR beat min -1, 15 min rest, 2 min at PO = 0 W. Then incremental test: PO increase [W min -1 ] = [YMCA estimated (L min -1 ) 1000 / 11 ml min -1 W -1 ] / 12 min + 5 W; until 80% HR max. Exercise and 5 min HR recovery data are collected. HR max = [ (age)] 0.80 = (BW [kg]) (W min -1 ) (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) (ΔHR recovery [beat min -1 ]) (HR recovery non-linear K) (Lo-PAR score) ΔHR recovery = highest lowest HR over 5 min recovery HR recovery non-linear K = time constant -1 Lo-PAR = activity questionnaire No Perceptually regulated [70] 29 Range min or 4 min intervals; 5 RPE levels: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; incremental; = a + b 20 (= RPE max) measure a and b are found by calculating a linear regression between and RPE (for the 5 levels obtained) Yes [71] RPE method [72] 154 Range Graded exercise protocol; overall, chest, legs RPE until 15 = 1.19 (PO at RPE legs 15 [kgm min -1 ]) (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) Yes RPE 13 Square wave Submaximal cycling ergometry Timed 5 km United States Air Force [73] [74] [75] [76] [17] Unfit 11 Mean Range Range Mean Range min; 0 W; 60 rpm, then ramp 15 W min -1 ; 60 rpm until RPE = 13 = (HR max [beat min -1 ]) (PO [W] at RPE 13) min; as described in Åstrand-Ryhming [32] ; measure mean HR in the last 2 min 3 min; 80 W, 3 min; 160 W, 50 rpm or 80 rpm. Stop when HR > 85% HR max. Perform linear regression on PO [W] and HR [beats min -1 ] recorded during the last 15 s of each stage; extrapolate PO max from HR max M: = (PO [W]) (BW [kg]) (age [yrs]) F: = (PO [W]) (BW [kg]) (age [yrs]) = (PO max [W]) / (BW [kg]) at 50 rpm 8.2 at 80 rpm No Yes No km; 0.5 kg/20 kg BW = (log cycle time) No Modification of the Åstrand-Ryhming cycle-ergometer test [32]. 3 min M: = (age [yrs]) with PO adjusted every min to elicit HR >121 beat min -1. Final 6 min (height [cm]) (BMI) (final PO [W]) at PO determined during first 3 min. Constant cadence 50 rpm. Stop (final HR [beat min -1 ]) test when HR = 85% HR max F: = (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) (final PO [W]) (final HR [beat min - 1 ]) [77] [77] Yes

3 reserve method [78] 50 Range Inactive < 90 kg: 15 W min -1 until HR = 45% HRR, continue for 2 min. If HR in 3rd min 55% HRR continue for 3 min, if HR in 3rd min < 55% HRR increase PO by 15 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Inactive 90 kg: 30 W min -1 until HR = 45% HRR, continue for 2 min. If HR in 3rd min 55% HRR continue for 3 min, if HR in 3rd min < 55% HRR increase PO by 15 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Active < 90 kg: 15 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Active 90 kg: 30 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Record average HR during the last min. = (PO max [W]) / (BW [kg]) PO max [W] = PO last min / %HRR No 6 min cycling [79] Lab middle-aged subjects 13 Range min; 600 kpm min -1 = (RER) (PO [kpm min -1 ]) (DBP [mmhg]) ( ) (FeO 2) RER = respiratory exchange ratio; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; = ventilation; FeO 2 = fraction of oxygen in expired air; the variables are expressed as the average of the last 3 min No 6 min cycling for pregnant women [80] Pregnant women 30 Range min; 60 W; and HR during 4th and 5th min = ( / % ) 100 % = (HR [beat min -1 ]) Yes Treadmill Rockport walk [81] 350 Range mile; speed that can be maintained for min = (BW [lb]) 0.34 (age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 1.01 (walk time [min]) 0.13 (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) (activity level) walk HR = average from 2 min to last full min activity level = 7 point activity level scale [82] Yes Single-stage walk [58] 139 Range min; 2 to 4.5 mph; 5% grade = (speed [mph]) (HR [beat min -1 ]) (speed [mph] age [yrs]) (HR [beat min -1 ] age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) Yes Adapted walk test for obese [83] Obese 130 Range See single-stage walk [58] = (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (BW [kg]) (height [cm]) 8.74 (HR at 4 min [beat min -1 ]) 0.15 (BW [kg] HR difference [beat min -1 ]) (speed [mph] HR difference [beat min -1 ]) HR difference [beat min -1 ] = HR at 4 min resting HR Yes University of Louisville walk [84] 37 Range Four 3 min stages; starting at 2.7 mph; 2.0% grade. Speed and grade during subsequent stages depend on HR during previous stages as in figure 1 in Swank et al [84] = (%HR max stage 3) (speed stage 3 [mph]) (grade stage 3) (HR max [beat min -1 ]) Yes 3 min walk [85] Children 139 Range min; 3.5 mph; 7.5% grade, 2 min rest, 3 min; 3.5 mph; 10% grade = ( ) (HR [beat min -1 ]) (height [cm]) and HR measured during the 3 rd minute Yes 6 min walk [46] 20 Mean 28 6 min; as fast as possible = (BW [kg]) (distance [m]) (HR [beat min -1 ]) Yes No

4 10 min walk [86] Lab Active and inactive 60 Range min; 4.2 mph; 0% grade, 1 min; 4.2 mph; 2% grade, then increase Active: = (age [yrs]) % min -1 to 20%. Expired gases are collected at min1-2 and at min 8-(fat free weight [kg]) (HR end of 9 min [beat min -1 ]) (FeCO 2 min 8-9) (V T min 1-2 ) 8.77 ([RER (min 1-2) RER (min 8-9)]) fat free weight [kg] = (BW [kg]) [( (0.153 fat folds [mm]) BW [kg] 0.01]; fat folds [mm]= triceps [mm] + subscapular [mm] + suprailiac [mm] + abdominal [mm]; FeCO 2 = fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air; V T = tidal volume Yes Inactive: = (age [yrs]) (fat free weight [kg]) (RER min 8-9) (V T min 8-9 ); fat free weight [kg] = (BW [kg]) [ (fat folds [mm]) BW [kg] 0.01]; fat folds [mm] = triceps [mm] + subscapular [mm] + suprailiac [mm] + abdominal [mm] min walk [60] Children 30 Range min; 3.5 mph; 10% grade = (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) ( last min ) (RER last min) Yes = (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) (RER last min) = (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) Range = (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) ( last min ) (RER last min) = (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) ( last min ) = (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) min walk [47] Coronary heart disease patients and 42 Mean 12 min; RPE 13; 5% grade (initial 2 min at 3.6 km h -1 ) 45 Patients = (distance [km]) Yes [87] Åstrand- Ryhming nomogram using ACSM equations walk-run [88] 53 Range Walking 3 min; M: 3.5 mph and F: 3 mph; % grade requiring around 50%, recovery (HR < 100 beat min -1 ). Running at a speed requiring around 70% until HR reaches steady state Walking = 0.1 (speed [m min -1 ]) + speed [m min -1 ] grade Convert in L min -1 using BW [kg] Look up Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram No Running = 0.2 (speed [m min -1 ]) Convert in L min -1 using BW [kg] Look up Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram

5 RPE-Bruce walk-run ACSM run Gerkin run Gerkin run Walk [14] [2] [89] [90] [91] Coronary heart disease patients Moderately and welltrained firefighters 230 Range Range Range Mean 36 Walk-run at submaximal intensity, for details please refer to Bruce et al [2] = + [100 / ( RPE] = (min of exercise) (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) Two 3 min (or more if steady state is not reached) stages; selfselected speed (ranging from 5 mph to 9 mph); no grade. Until HR 85% age-predicted HR max 3 min; 2.5 mph, 1 min; 4.5 mph; then incremental 0.5 mph min -1 and 2% min -1 until HR 85% HR max = stage 2 + b {(220 age [yrs]) HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]} = 0.2 (speed [m min -1 ]) grade (speed [m min -1 ]) b = ( stage 2 stage 1) / (HR stage 2 HR stage 1) [beat min -1 ] = 1.39 ( at 85% HR max [ml kg -1 min - See Gerkin run [90] = (time to 85% HR max [min]) (BMI) HR max = (age [yrs]) 1 ]) = (time to 85% HR max [min]) (BW [kg]) 0.53 No No No Yes 0.47 Rockport [53] 390 Range mile; steady self-selected brisk pace = (BW [lb]) (age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (walk time [min]) (HR last ¼ mile [beat min -1 ]) Yes = (BW [lb]) (age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (walk time [min]) (HR last ¼ mile [beat min -1 ]) Rockport for [92] 196 Mean 19 1 mile; steady self-selected brisk pace = (BW [lb]) (age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (walk time [min]) (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) No = (BW [lb]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (walk time [min]) (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) Yes = (BW [lb]) (age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (walk time [min]) (walk HR beat min -1 ]) = (BW [lb]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (walk time [min]) (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) ¼ mile Rockport [93] 98 Range ¼ mile; steady self-selected brisk pace = (BW [lb]) (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) (walk time [min]) (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) No

6 Shuttle UKK 2 km walk 6 min walk [45] [54] [44] Patients with chronic airflow limitations Advanced heart failure patients 19 Mean Range Mean m course; walking back and forth at steady pace; turning around on auditory signal; the speed of the auditory pacemaker ( s) increases every minute by 0.17 m s -1, continue until unable to maintain the required speed without becoming unduly breathless. = (distance [m]) 0.88 No 2 km; as fast as possible M with BW: = (time [min]) (HR [beat min -1 ]) (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) F with BW: = (time [min]) (HR [beat min -1 ]) (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) M with BMI: = (time [min and s]) (HR [beat min -1 ]) (age [yrs]) (BMI) F with BMI: ( = (time [min and s]) (HR [beat min -1 ]) (age [yrs]) (BMI) M with BW: = (time [min and s]) 0.22 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.32 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BW [kg]) F with BW: = (time [min and s]) 0.12 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.16 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BW [kg]) M with BMI: = (time [min and s]) 0.22 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.26 (age [yrs]) 1.05 (BMI) F with BMI: = (time [min and s]) 0.11 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.14 (age [yrs]) 0.39 (BMI) min; as fast as possible = 0.03 (distance [m]) 3.32 = 0.02 (distance [m]) (age [yrs]) 0.07 (BW [kg]) (height [cm]) (RPP) RPP = rate-pressure product = 0.02 (distance [m]) 0.14 (age [yrs]) 0.07 (BW [kg]) (height [cm]) (RPP ) (FEV1 [L]) 1.19 (FVC [L]) FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 s FVC = forced vital capacity = 0.02 (distance [m]) 0.15 (age [yrs]) 0.05 (BW [kg]) (height [cm]) (RPP ) (EF%) 0.04 (PAP [mmhg]) (CI [ml min -1 m -2 ]) EF% = left ventricle ejection fraction PAP = pulmonary artery pressure CI = cardiac index Yes No

7 6 min walk [94] elderly Range min; as fast as possible = (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) (height [cm]) (distance [m]) ( ) 12.4 (HR [beat min -1 ]) No Run Cooper RPE multi stage test 1 mile track jog 1.5 mile run 1.5 mile run [95] [96] [57] [97] [98] US 115 Range 12 min = [(distance [mile]) ] / No Air Force officers and airmen Lab Physically active 11 Mean Range Mean Range min or 4 min intervals; 5 RPE levels: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; incremental; = a + b 20 (= RPE max) measure a and b are found by calculating a linear regression between and RPE (for the 5 levels obtained) 1 mile; comfortable submaximal steady pace = (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (BW [kg]) (time [min]) (final HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.91 No Yes 1.5 mile = (time [min]) 0.91 No 1.5 mile; RPE 13 = (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (BW [kg]) (time [min]) = (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) (BW [kg]) (time [min]) (exercise HR [beat min -1 ]) Yes mile run [56] 61 Range mile M: = (time [min]) No M: = (time [min]) 0.25 (BW [kg]) F : = (time [min]) mile run [55] middle-aged subjects 24 Range mile = (time [s]) (age [yrs]) (BW [kg]) No 11 Range mile run; 60 yd dash; 100 yd dash; 440 yd dash = (2 mile run time [s]) (100 yd dash time [s]) (440 yd dash time [s])

8 5 km run [99] Physical education 150 N.R. 5 km M: = (time [min]) No F: = (time [min]) = (time to cover 1.5 mile [min]) Step Åstand- Ryhming [32] Well-trained 18 Range min; step height 40 cm for M and 33 cm for F; 22.5 steps min -1 Nomogram No Canadian Aerobic Fitness [52] 59 Mean 37 3 min; step height 22.5 cm; 2 steps, up-up/down-down; 24.2 steps min -1 for M yrs, 21.9 steps min -1 for M yrs, 19.1 steps min -1 for M yrs, 16.3 steps min - 1 for M yrs, 12.9 steps min -1 for M yrs; 19.1 steps min -1 for F yrs, 19.7 steps min -1 for F yrs, 17.4 steps min -1 for F yrs, 14.6 steps min -1 for F yrs, 11.2 steps min -1 for F yrs = ( final stage ) 0.12 (BW [kg]) 0.12 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.24 (age [yrs]) HR 5 to 15 s after the termination of exercise final stage from look up table [52] Yes Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness [25] 129 Range min; step height 20.3 cm; 2 steps; cadence: see table in Weller et al. = ( ) 0.24 (age 1993 [25] ; if HR < 85% HR max: 3 min; step height 40.6 cm; cadence 33 [yrs]) 0.17 (BW [kg]) steps min -1 for M, 29.5 steps min -1 for F; Test is stopped when HR HR: 5 to 15 s after the termination of exercise 85% HR max from look-up table Yes [100] Fit people: = ( ) 0.2 (age [yrs]) 0.21 (BW [kg]) from look-up table Chester [101] 68 Range min; step height 30 cm; 15 steps min -1, then incremental: 2 min stages; 5 steps min -1 increases until HR 80% HR max or RPE 15, max 10 min, record HR and RPE at the end of each stage = value corresponding to the projection of the point where the best fit of exercise HR at each finished level intersects the HR max line Yes [102] Margaria [33] Fit 47 Range 9-80 Fit : step height 40 cm; stage 1: 15 steps min -1, stage 2: 25 steps min -1 ; until HR steady-state is reached Children, and unfit and older : step height 30 cm; stage 1: 15 steps min -1, stage 2: 27 steps min -1 ; until HR steady-state is reached Nomogram if is available: = {HR max [beat min -1 ] ( stage 2 ( stage 1 ) + HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ] [ stage 1 (HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ] / HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]) stage 2 [ml kg -1 min - 1 ] ]} / (HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ] HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ] ) [103] Yes [103] Modified YMCA [104] 60 Range min; adjustable step height; 24 steps min -1 M: step height [cm] = (height [cm]) F: step height [cm] = (height [cm]) All: = (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) No All: = (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) M: = (15 s post exercise HR [beat count])

9 M: = (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) F: = (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) F: = (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) Queens College [34] and trained 41 Mean 21 3 min; step height 41 cm; 22 steps min -1 F: = (HR recovery [beat min -1 ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by No Queens College [105] 3 min; step height 41 cm; 24 steps min -1 M: = (HR recovery [beat min -1 ]) No Self-Paced [49] elderly times; step height 20 cm; 2 steps; self-paced. Measure HR at end of exercise and record stepping frequency M: = (O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ]) 2.81 (step time [s]) 0.12 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BMI) 0.14 (stepping HR [beat min -1 ]) O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ] = (stepping frequency [min -1 ] step height [cm] 2.314) (stepping frequency [min -1 ]) / stepping HR [beat min -1 ] Yes F: = (O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ]) 5.32 (step time [s]) 0.22 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BMI) 0.12 (stepping HR [beat min -1 ]) O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ] = (stepping frequency [min -1 ] step height [cm] 2.314) (stepping frequency [min -1 ]) / stepping HR [beat min -1 ] Siconolfi [106] 48 Range min; step height 25.4 cm; 17 steps min -1, 3 min; 26 steps min -1, and M: = ( ) (age [yrs]) 3 min; 34 steps min -1, during the last 30 s of the 3 rd minute of each stage record HR, continue until HR average is 65% Stage 1: = (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 2: = (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 3: = (BW [kg]) / No F: = ( ) 0.19 (age [yrs]) Stage 1: = (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 2: = (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 3: = (BW [kg]) / Single stage height adjusted [107] 17 Range min; adjustable step height; 26 steps min -1 step height [cm] = (height [cm]) = (HR recovery [beat min - 1 ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by No Single stage height adjusted for [108] 286 Range min; adjustable step height; 22 steps min -1 step height [cm] = step height [cm] = (height [cm]) = (HR recovery [beat min -1 ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by No

10 Stair-Climb [109] 103 Range climbing 11 flights of stairs (27 m); step height 15 cm; brisk even pace M: = (age [yrs]) (BMI) (climbing time [s]) (HR end [beat min -1 ]) [110] Yes F: = (age [yrs]) (BMI) (climbing time [s]) (HR end [beat min -1 ]) [110] Stair-Master Two Steps 5 min [111] [112] steel workers 20 Range Range min or until HR steady state; Stair-Master load: 4 METs. If HR during 3 rd min < 80 beat min -1, increase load to 7.3 METs; if HR beat min -1, increase load to 6.5 METs; if HR > 100 beat min -1, increase load to 5.8 METs. This procedure is continued to attain 2 steady state HRs (HR stage 1 and HR stage 2) between approximately 115 and 150 beat min -1 at two different workloads (WL stage 1 and WL stage 2). Test is stopped when HR > 85% of HR max 2 times 5 min; step height 40 cm; first stage 15 steps min -1, second stage 25 steps min -1 ; full recovery in between stages = ([b HR max [beat min -1 ] HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]] + WL stage 2 [METs]) 3.5 b = (WL stage 2 [METs] WL stage 1 [METs]) / (HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ] HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ]) HR max [beat min -1 ] = (age [yrs]) = b b = (HR count from 30 s to 1 min + HR count from 1 min and 30 s to 2 min + HR count from 2 min and 30 s to 3 min) / (BW [kg]) No 6.6 No Others AAHPER Youth Fitness Test Battery [113] university staff 87 Range Pull-ups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, 50 yd dash, shuttle run, medicine ball put, 600 yd walk-run = (pull-ups [number]) (sit-ups [number]) (standing broad jump distance [ft]) (50 yd dash time [s]) (shuttle run time [s]) (medicine ball put distance [ft]) (600 yd time [s]) No = (pull-ups [number]) (50 yd dash time [s]) (shuttle run time [s]) (600 yd time [s]) Arm Crack [114] 30 Range min; starting at 25 W; rpm; during the first 3 min M: = 1000 {174.2 (PO [W]) } / incremental PO 5 W steps until HR is 60-85% HR max. After the first 3 {103.5 (HR [beat min -1 ] ) 6298} min, PO is kept constant. If steady state is not reached, extend test up HR: mean exercise HR between the 5th and 6th min to a maximum of 10 min PO: mean PO 0.76 No F: = 1000 {163.8 (PO [W]) }/ {104.4 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 7514} One-arm cranking [50] 18 Range min stages; 0, 18 and 36 W; 60 rpm; 2 min rest between stages M: = (HR max [beat min -1 ]) No F: = (HR max [beat min -1 ]) Aerobic dance [115] 100 Range min; modified jumping jacks, tow skipping sequences, jogging in place while pumping the arms, alternate knee raises combined with arm circling and scissors; each movement was performed for 30 s at a cadence of 132 beat min -1 = (HR [beat min -1 ]) (BMI) 0.3 (age [yrs]) HR count starts 4 s after the end of exercise and lasts 15 s Yes

11 Allextremity [116] 33 Range stages; 6 min; PO to reach HR 70% HR max steady state during the 5th and 6th min; self-selected cadence rpm, 3 min; increase the load by 25 W; until HR steady state = (age [yrs]) (HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ]) (HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]) (PO stage 1 [W]) (PO stage 2 [W]) No Åstrand- Ryhming and Cooper tests [117] 40 Range Åstrand-Ryhming cycling test and 12 min run Cooper test; one week apart = (age [months]) (height [inch]) (BW [lb]) (resting DBP [mmhg]) (standing leg length [inch]) (Cooper test [laps]) ( ) from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram No = (age [months]) (height [inch]) (resting DBP [mmhg]) (standing leg length [inch]) ( ) (Cooper test [laps]) from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram Elliptical cross-trainer [118] 54 Range Determine target cadence strating at resistance level 3; incline level 6; 100 strides per min; increase 10 strides min -1 until 55% HR max is reached. Stage 2: 5 min; resistance level 9; incline level 6 = (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) (BW [kg]) (age [yrs] cadence [rpm]) (age [yrs] HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]) Yes Field Test [119] 44 Range Cooper test (12 min run) and 600 yd run at two different occasions = (Cooper test distance [yd]) (600 yd run time [s]) No Foot-ground contact time and HR [61] Fit and average 36 Range Accelerometer from which foot-ground contact time is derived, HR also monitored = [32.45 (1 TC -1 [s] HR [beats min -1 ])] 5.5 (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) TC [s] = foot-ground contact time Yes Gerkin stairmill [91] firefighters 76 Mean 36 2 min; level 4; 46 steps min -1, 1 min; level 5; 53 steps min -1, 1 min; level 7; 65 steps min -1, then increase 1 level; 7.2 steps min -1 every min until HR 85% HR max = (time to 85% HR max [min]) (BMI) HR max = age [yrs] Yes = (time to 85% HR max [min]) (BW [kg]) Heart rate and activity counts [62] 26 Range HR monitors and accelerometers are worn simultaneously during seven consecutive days under free-living conditions = (BW [kg]) (age [yrs]) 3844 (HR AC -1 ) AC = activity counts Yes [120] = (age [yrs]) (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) (BW [kg]) 4401 (HR AC -1 ) Ruffier- Dickson b [35] rugby players 22 Range squats in 45 s; cadence 40 squats min -1 = (BW [kg]) (age [yrs]) (0.169 end exercise HR [beat min -1 ]) No

12 Strength and anthropomet ric data in [121] 45 Range 9-13 Skinfolds: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, knee; dynamometry on dominant hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Boys: = (LBM [kg]) (age [months]) (knee skinfold [mm]) (Sum6S [kg]) 0.34 LBM = lean body mass boys [kg] = BW [kg] BW [kg] {[0.45 / ( Log10 Sum3folds [mm])] 100} Sum6S [kg] = hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Sum3folds [mm] = triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds No Girls: = (LBM [kg]) (age [months]) (knee skinfold [mm]) (Sum6S [kg]) 0.63 LBM = lean body mass girls [kg] = BW [kg] BW [kg] {[0.45 / ( Log10 Sum3folds [mm])] 100} Sum6S [kg] = hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Sum3folds [mm] = triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds Wheelchair [51] Paraplegic 46 Mean 33 Initial workload of 0 W; 2400 rpm, with an increment of 6 W every 2 = (estimated ) + min. Terminate exercise at 85% HR max (BW [kg]) estimated = [( PO peak [W]) / ( %MAXHR)] 100 MAXHR [beats min -1 ] = (HR submax HR rest) / (HR max HR rest) No a Determined as, % SEE = (SEE 100) actual mean -1 b Regression model developed by the authors of the current review HR max = 220 age [yrs], unless otherwise specified N = sample size, SEE = Standard Error of Estimate, ICC = Intra-Class Correlation, M = Males; F = Females, BW = Body Weight; ACSM = American College of Medicine; YMCA = Young Men's Christian Association; RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; HRR = Heart Rate Reserve; UKK = Urho Kaleva Kekkonen; AAPHER = American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation