Schultz D. P. l-o Psychology as a Career: Training and Employment 18 Newsbreak: But What Can You Do with a B.A. in Psychology? 19

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1 Schultz D. P. Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology Contents Preface xvii Part One The Practice of Industrial-Organizational Psychology 1 1 Principles, Practices, and Problems 3 Is Work a Four-Letter Word? 4 Newsbreak: Getting Engaged 6 Industrial-Organizational Psychology on the Job 6 Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Everyday Life 7 What I-0 Psychology Means to Your Employer 8 The Scope and Historical Development of I-0 Psychology 9 Pioneers in Personnel Selection 10 World War I and the Testing Movement 10 The Hawthorne Studies and Motivational Issues 11 World War II and Engineering Psychology 12 Contemporary Developments in I-0 Psychology 12 Contemporary Challenges for l-o Psychology 12 The Virtual Workplace 13 Virtual Employees 13 Worker Involvement 14 Newsbreak: Temporarily Yours 15 Changing Technology and Skills 15 Globalization of the Workplace 16 Newsbreak: What Jobs Will There Be for You? 17 Diversity Issues 17 l-o Psychology as a Career: Training and Employment 18 Newsbreak: But What Can You Do with a B.A. in Psychology? 19 Problems for l-o Psychologists 21 Fraudulent Practitioners 21 Credentials and Certification 22 Communication with Management 22 Resistance to New Ideas 23 Research versus Application? 23 Areas of l-o Psychology 24 Summary 26 Key Terms 27 V

2 Review Questions 27 Additional Reading 28 2 Techniques, Tools, and Tactics 29 Why Study Research Methods? 30 Requirements of Psychological Research 30 Limitations of Psychological Research 31 Methods of Psychological Research 32 The Experimental Method 32 Designing an Experiment 33 Selecting Research Participants 34 On the Job: Training Effects on Turnover and Productivity 34 The Naturalistic Observation Method 36 On the Job: Friendly Behaviors of Store Clerks 37 Surveys and Opinion Polls 38 Personal Interviews 39 Paper and Pencil Questionnaires 40 Newsbreak: "Push Polls" Can Win Elections 40 Web-Based Surveys 40 Telephone Surveys 42 Newsbreak: Call Me Unresponsive 43 Types of Survey Questions 44 Sampling Methods 44 Noncompliant Employees 45 Virtual Laboratories: Web-Based Research 46 Methods of Data Analysis 47 Descriptive Statistics 47 Inferential Statistics 53 Summary 54 KeyTerms 55 Review Questions 55 Additional Reading 56 Part two The Development of Human Resources 57 3 Employee Selection Principles and Techniques 59 Organizational Entry 61 Employee Preferences 61 The Recruitment Process 62 Sources for Recruiting 63 Recruiter Characteristics 63 Campus Recruiting 63

3 Newsbreak: If It Sounds Too Good to Be True Realistic Job Previews 66 A Review of the Selection Process 67 Job and Worker Analyses 67 Recruitment Decisions 67 Selection Techniques 68 A Sample Selection Program: Airport Screeners 69 Fair Employment Practices 69 Adverse Impact on Minority Groups 70 Discriminatory Questions 70 Reverse Discrimination 70 Does Diversity Work? 71 Newsbreak: It's No Longer the Back of the Bus 72 Other Forms of Discrimination 73 Job Analysis 76 Biographical Information 80 Application Blanks 80 Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 1 81 Biographical Inventories 82 Interviews 83 Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 2 84 Making the Right Impression 84 Unstructured Interviews 85 Structured Interviews 86 Situational Interviews 87 Online Interviews 88 Influences on Interviewer Judgments 88 References and Letters of Recommendation 90 Newsbreak: A Deadly Recommendation 91 Assessment Centers 92 The In-Basket Technique 92 Leaderless Group Discussions 92 Predictive Validity of Assessment Centers 93 Employee Attitudes toward Assessment Centers 94 Summary 94 Key Terms 95 Review Questions 96 Additional Reading 96 4 Psychological Testing 98 Principles of Psychological Testing 99 Standardization 99 Objectivity 100 Test Norms 100

4 Newsbreak: Too Bright for the Job? 101 Reliability 101 Validity 102 Validity Generalization 104 Fair Employment Practices 104 An Overview of a Testing Program 106 Newsbreak: Testing for Common Sense 107 Administering Psychological Tests 108 Individual and Group Tests 108 Computerized Adaptive Tests 108 Speed and Power Tests 110 Types of Psychological Tests 110 Cognitive Abilities 110 Interests 112 Newsbreak: Can You Pass the Test? 113 Aptitudes 114 Motor Skills 116 Personality 116 Integrity Tests 120 Situational Judgment Tests 121 Limitations of Psychological Testing 121 Newsbreak: Store Sued over Personality Test 124 Summary 124 Key Terms 125 Review Questions 126 Additional Reading Performance Appraisal 128 Fair Employment Practices 129 Performance Appraisal: Why Do It? 130 Opposition to Performance Appraisal 131 Newsbreak: Tough Graders Get Low Scores 132 Techniques of Performance Appraisal 133 Objective Performance Appraisal Methods 133 Output Measures 133 Computerized Performance Monitoring 134 Newsbreak: Big Brother in a Black Box 136 Job-Related Personal Data 137 Judgmental Performance Appraisal Methods 137 Written Narratives 138 Merit Rating Techniques 138 Management by Objectives (MBO) 144 Performance Appraisal for Managers 145 Evaluation Techniques 145

5 Newsbreak: Rating Your Boss: No Names, Please! Degree Feedback 147 Bias in Performance Appraisal 148 The Halo Effect 149 Other Sources of Error 149 How to Improve Performance Appraisals 153 The Postappraisal Interview 154 Performance Appraisal: A Poor Rating? 155 Summary 157 Key Terms 157 Review Questions 158 Additional Reading 158 б Training and Development 160 The Scope of Organizational Training Programs 161 Newsbreak: Employees Who Can't Read Directions 163 Goals of Organizational Training Programs 164 Staffing for Organizational Training Programs 165 The Pretraining Environment 165 Pretraining Attributes of Employees 166 How People Learn: Psychological Factors 167 Training Methods 170 On the Job Training 171 Vestibule Training 172 Apprenticeship 172 Computer-Assisted Instruction 173 Net-Based Training 174 Behavior Modification 174 Newsbreak: She Flew through College 175 Job Rotation 176 Case Studies 176 Business Games 177 In-Basket Training 178 Role Playing 178 Behavior Modeling 178 Newsbreak: Virtual Training 179 Executive Coaching 180 Diversity Training 180 Career Development and Planning 181 Career Development and Life Stages 182 Career Self-Management 182 Newsbreak: It's Your Career: Make the Most of It 183 Evaluating Organizational Training Programs 183

6 Summary 185 Key Terms 186 Review Questions 186 Additional Reading 187 Part Three Organizational Psychology Leadership 191 Newsbreak: A Bad Boss Can Ruin Your Day 193 Approaches to Leadership 194 Scientific Management 194 The Human Relations Approach 195 Theory X and Theory Y 195 Theories of Leadership 196 Contingency Theory 196 Path-Goal Theory 196 The Leader-Member Exchange 197 Newsbreak: The Deputy Assistant to the Assistant Deputy Implicit Leadership Theory 199 Styles of Leadership 200 Authoritarian and Democratic Leaders 200 Transactional and Transformational Leaders 201 The Role of Power in Leadership 203 Types of Power 203 Effects and Uses of Power 203 The Role of Expectations: The Pygmalion Effect 204 The Functions of Leadership 205 The Consideration Dimension 205 Newsbreak: Management Always Wins: The Canoe Race 206 The Initiating Structure Dimension 207 Characteristics of Successful Leaders 207 First-Line Supervisors 208 Managers and Executives 208 Problems of Leadership 211 First-Line Supervisors 211 Managers and Executives 211 Women in Management 212 Newsbreak: Tips for Hiring Women: 1943 Version 215 Minority Employees in Management 216 Summary 217 Key Terms 218

7 Review Questions 218 Additional Reading Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement 221 Content Theories of Motivation 222 Achievement Motivation Theory 223 Needs Hierarchy Theory 224 Motivator-Hygiene (Two-Factor) Theory 225 Job-Characteristics Theory 226 Process Theories of Motivation 228 Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) Theory 228 Newsbreak: Driven by the Work Ethic 229 Equity Theory 230 Goal-Setting Theory 230 Job Satisfaction: The Quality of Life at Work 232 Measuring Job Satisfaction 233 Job Facet Satisfaction 234 Job Satisfaction Data 234 Impact of Personal Characteristics 235 Losing Your Job 238 Newsbreak: Grades Slipping? Maybe It's Not Your Fault 240 Job Satisfaction and On-the-Job Behavior 241 Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Pay 244 Perceived Pay Equity 244 Merit Pay 244 Newsbreak: Unequal Pay for Women, and for Men, Too 245 Wage-Incentive Pay Systems 246 Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment 246 Personal Factors 246 Organizational Factors 247 Types of Commitment 248 Organizational Citizenship Behavior 249 Summary 249 Key Terms 251 Review Questions 251 Additional Reading 252 The Organization of the Organization 253 The Classic Organizational Style: Bureaucracy 254 The Modern Participative Organizational Style 256 Newsbreak: The Workers Are Taking Over! 258 Total Quality Management 259 Why Some Programs Fail 260

8 Self-Managing Work Groups 262 Virtual Self-Managing Work Groups 263 Newsbreak: Everybody Wanted to Go Home Early 264 Organizational Change 265 Organizational Development (OD) 266 Socialization of New Employees 267 Resocialization 269 Organizational Culture 269 Newsbreak: Gimme an Order of Fries Sir! 270 Person-Organization Fit 271 Labor Unions 271 Union Grievances 272 Informal Groups: The Organization within the Organization 272 The Hawthorne Studies 273 Social Loafing 274 Group Cohesiveness 274 Technological Change and Organizational Structure 275 Newsbreak: Are You a Compulsive Multitasker? 278 Newsbreak: Beware of Big Brother 279 Summary 280 Key Terms 281 Review Questions 281 Additional Reading 282 Part Four Characteristics of the Workplace Working Conditions 287 Physical Working Conditions 288 Worksites 288 Newsbreak: Employee Gripes 289 Office and Workplace Design 289 Environmental Psychology and Landscaped Offices 290 Newsbreak: Can You Get Any Work Done at Work? 291 Illumination 292 Noise 293 Color 295 Newsbreak: Does Beige Make You Sick? 296 Music 297 Temperature and Humidity 297 Work Schedules 298 Working Hours 298 Permanent Part- Time Employment 300 The Four-Day Workweek 300

9 Flexible Work Schedules 301 Rest Breaks 302 Shift Work 303 Newsbreak: Asleep on the Job? Good for You! 304 Psychological and Social Issues 305 Job Simplification 305 Boredom and Monotony 307 Fatigue 307 Ethnic Harassment 308 Gender Harassment 308 Telecommuting: The Virtual Workplace at Home 310 Summary 313 Key Terms 313 Review Questions 313 Additional Reading Safety, Violence, and Health in the Workplace 316 Work-Related Health Problems 317 Newsbreak: The Sick Building Syndrome 319 Accident Statistics 320 Causes of Accidents 321 Workplace Factors 321 Personal Factors 324 Newsbreak: How about a Drink after You Drive? 325 Newsbreak: Look Out! The Driver Behind You May Be Asleep 328 Accident Prevention 328 Newsbreak: Accidents and Adolescents 329 Accident Reports 329 Workplace Design 329 Safety Training 330 Management Support 330 Safety Publicity Campaigns 332 Violence in the Workplace 333 Protecting Employees from Violence 335 Alcoholism in the Workplace 336 Effects on Job Performance 337 The Alcoholic Executive 337 Rehabilitation Programs 338 Newsbreak: Brian's a Hard Charger! 339 Drug Use in the Workplace 340 Effects on Job Performance 341 Drug Testing Programs 342 Computers and Physical Health Issues 344 HIV in the Workplace 346

10 Summary 347 Key Terms 347 Review Questions 347 Additional Reading Stress in the Workplace 350 Newsbreak: War Reporters 352 Occupational Health Psychology 353 Physiological Effects of Stress 354 Job Satisfaction and Feelings of Control 355 Individual Differences in Stress Responses 356 Newsbreak: Perils of the Road Warrior 357 The Type A Personality 358 The Hardiness Factor 358 Self-Efficacy 360 Locus of Control 360 Self-Esteem 361 Negative Affectivity 361 Type of Occupation 361 Newsbreak: At Wendy's, Every Second Counts 361 Sex Differences 362 Work-Family Conflicts 363 Newsbreak: It Gets Worse after Work 364 Organizational Solutions for Work-Family Conflicts 365 Causes of Stress in the Workplace 366 Work Overload and Work Underload 366 Organizational Change 367 Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict 367 Other Stressors 368 The September 11th Attacks 369 Effects of Stress in the Workplace 369 Mass Psychogenic Illness 370 Burnout 370 Workaholism or Job Engagement? 372 Treating Stress in the Workplace 373 Organizational Techniques 373 Individual Techniques 375 Newsbreak: Take a Vacation But Will It Work? 376 Summary 377 Key Terms 377 Review Questions 378 Additional Reading 378

11 Part Five Engineering Psychology Engineering Psychology 383 History and Scope of Engineering Psychology 384 Time-and-Motion Study 387 Newsbreak: World's Greatest Woman Engineer 388 Person-Machine Systems 390 Allocating Functions 392 Newsbreak: Who's Right The Person or the Machine? 394 Workspace Design 394 Displays: Presenting Information 399 Visual Displays 399 Newsbreak: Let Jack Do It 403 Auditory Displays 403 Controls: Taking Action 405 Human Factors in Everyday Life 408 Computers 410 Newsbreak: Don't Take Your Laptop to Lunch 413 Summary 413 Key Terms 414 Review Questions 414 Additional Reading 414 Part SlX Consumer Psychology Consumer Psychology 419 The Scope of Consumer Psychology 420 Research Methods 421 Surveys and Public Opinion Polls 421 Focus Groups 423 Newsbreak: How to Make a Living from Focus Groups 424 Motivation Research 425 Observations of Shopping Behavior 426 Newsbreak: Are You a Minivan or an SUV? 427 Brand Identification and Preference Research 428 Testing Reactions to Advertising 429 Newsbreak: Coupons Make a Lot of Cents 430 The Nature and Scope of Advertising 431 Types of Advertising Appeals 434 Trademarks 437 Product Image 439 Product Packaging 440 Sex in Advertisements 441

12 Effectiveness of Advertising Campaigns 441 Advertising on the Web 444 Consumer Behavior and Motivation 449 Brand Placement 449 Newsbreak: Here's a Tip for You 450 Buying Habits and Brand Loyalty 451 Product Pricing 452 Advertising to Ethnic Groups 453 Advertising to Children and Adolescents 455 Newsbreak: Does Advertising Exploit Children? 457 Advertising to Older Persons 458 Advertising to the Gay Community 458 Summary 459 Key Terms 460 Review Questions 460 Additional Reading 461 References 463 Glossary 489 Credits 499 Index 501

Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice

Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice Spector, P ISBN-13: 9780470949764 Table of Contents PART I: INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY.