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1.2. Market Size by Application Type 2012-2024 The table and chart below shows the market size split by application type, in $ billions. Table 1.

1 1.2. Market Size by Application Type The table and chart below shows the market size split by application type, in $ billions. Table 1.2 Market Size by Application type $ billions Retail Healthcare and medical Passenger transport/automotive Land, sea logistics and post Animals and farming Airlines and airports Financial, Security Manufacturing Leisure/sports Consumer products Other Total Source IDTechEx According to our research, the biggest applications in 2014 versus 2024 are summarized in the table below 3

tickets, Near Field Communication NFC, mobile phones emulating cards and a lot of tagged items. HF is and will remain responsible for over 50% of RFID systems expenditure, including the tags.

2 Fig. 1.1 IDTechEx estimates of total revenue for some of the key suppliers Source: IDTechEx 1.7. Favourite RFID frequency The favourite type of RFID by value is at High Frequency HF and passive to the closely related specifications of ISO and meaning passports, library books, cards, tickets, Near Field Communication NFC, mobile phones emulating cards and a lot of tagged items. HF is and will remain responsible for over 50% of RFID systems expenditure, including the tags. It is not surprising, then, that suppliers of HF RFID have made of the order of one billion dollars in profit over the last decade. At UHF passive RFID, the industry lost huge amounts of money by pricing too low and have technically inadequate products for the intended applications. That has now corrected itself with better focus on more feasible applications, significant technology improvements and some consolidation. IDTechEx expect there to be a few big winners in UHF RFID, rather than many. The UHF pioneers also had very bad luck. In a rational world, with counterfeit drugs getting through leading healthcare distribution networks and hundreds of thousands dying from them in Africa, checking for counterfeits and diversion should be monitored automatically, often and at high 6

3 Table 1.6 Total value of passive UHF tags Retail apparel and footwear Retail-other Logistics Asset management/ inventory Medical/ healthcare Air baggage Access Control/ ticketing Embedded People Other Total Source: IDTechEx Passive HF RFID Forecasts to 2024 are given in the tables below where we segment the market according to the location that the tag is applied. This is for passive HF RFID tags only. 10

4 2.6. The show so far 1945 to Cumulative sales by applicational category So far, in numbers, the global RFID market has primarily consisted of cards/tickets followed by labels on apparel. Table 2.4 gives the cumulative global sales of RFID tags by applicational category to the end of 2012 in millions. Table 2.4 Cumulative global sales of RFID tags by applicational category to start of 2013 in millions Application Cumulative Main Frequency Highlights number of tags to 2013 (millions) Drugs A few KHz Astra Zeneca syringe error prevention Other Healthcare HF, UHF, 2.45GHz Equipment, documents Retail apparel UHF, HF Marks & Spencer Consumer goods HF, UHF DVDs, watches, jewellery Tires UHF Michelin Postal 433MHz International Postal Consortium (IPC) Books HF Books, videos, DVDs etc in Libraries around the world Manufacturing parts, tools For LH, HF Work in progress Archiving complete HF, UHF Test tubes (documents/samples) data, Military 433MHz, UHF Assets, vehicles Retail CPG Pallet/case please UHF Meeting retail mandates Smart cards/payment key fobs purchase HF Access/security cards, transport cards, ID cards Smart tickets this HF Transportation, access Air baggage UHF McCarran Airport, Hong Kong Airport Conveyances/Rollcages/ULD/T report 433MHz, UHF, HF, Container ports, trolleys otes 2.45GHz Animals (Livestock and Pets) LF Cattle, pigs, sheep Vehicles 433MHz, 2.45GHz Road tolling People (excludes other 433MHz, 2.45GHz, Security, people management sectors) UWB Car clickers 433MHz Car remote clickers Passport page/secure HF Meeting international mandates documents Laundry LF, HF Hospital, hotel and military uniforms, bedding Embedded UHF Embedded in consumer electronics Leisure LF, HF Hasbro Star Wars toy (80 million), marathon runners Other tag applications Mainly HF and UHF LTO cartridges, farming etc Total Source IDTechEx Cumulative sales active vs passive About 5% of all RFID tags sold so far are active, almost all this success being due to car clicker immobilizers where about 50 million were sold in However, by value, active tags are a much higher percentage typically 20-30% - and in tag and system profit even more. 35

Assessment of such companies and their potential must concentrate on how they address the inevitable dynamics of their sector. Those in the middle have a more uncertain objective.

5 specialize in access control and ID (Assa Abloy), military and heavy logistics (Savi Technology), healthcare (HP), manufacturing (Siemens) and so on. It tends to be a big company game but that gives excellent exits for investors in well run niche integrators. Assessment of such companies and their potential must concentrate on how they address the inevitable dynamics of their sector. Those in the middle have a more uncertain objective. Some specialize in making interrogators for example yet they compete with system suppliers and system integrators that also make interrogators. Tag manufacture has also been complex but thankfully it is consolidating. The following figure gives a more detailed value chain, showing how fragmented it is, particularly in the supply of tags. For example, there are companies that simply put antennas onto substrates for others to make into inserts (inlays) and there are others that simply make straps a fleck of plastic with a chip on it. They all seek to add a further point of profit into the value chain. IDTechEx did not believe that there is sufficient profit to be shared around a fragmented value chain but now over the past few years the situation has improved with consolidation in the tag supply chain. Fig Detailed value chain and dynamics Source IDTechEx Just as the consolidators of the excessive number of companies in the RFID value chain (about 1000) are appreciated by the users, a consolidation of the value chain itself is also needed. The limited amount of competition to the right, with system suppliers and integrators for example, has been noticed by acquirors. There is a serious shortage of system integrators with global RFID experience and track record. System integrators and suppliers land the largest orders so far. They tend to control the agenda, with equipment suppliers being subservient to them to an extent. All this makes them more likely to make profit. 156

6 HELPING YOU PROFIT FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IDTechEx Research guides your strategic business decisions. We provide independent market research, business intelligence and advice on emerging technologies to companies across the value chain. We are technical, impartial and experienced analysts and business leaders. We provide the answers that will help you to drive revenue in a much shorter time frame. Market intelligence reports from IDTechEx appraise the market opportunity, giving detailed forecasts and assess the technologies, competitive landscape, value chain drivers, barriers, case studies and global trends. PRINTED AND THIN FILM TRANSISTORS AND MEMORY IT PROVIDED THE BEST INFORMATION Dow Corning SUPERCAPACITOR / ULTRACAPACITOR STRATEGIES AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS THE REPORT IS EXTREMELY INFORMATIVE AND HELPFUL Major US Chemical Company AREAS OF COVERAGE PRINTED, FLEXIBLE & ORGANIC ELECTRONICS Materials Manufacturing & Processing Displays & Lighting Photovoltaics Sensors Logic & Memory Energy Storage Applications EMERGING MATERIALS & DEVICES Supercapacitors & Batteries Carbon Nanotubes & Graphene Transparent Conductive Films Touch Surfaces, Screens & Haptics Display, Lighting & TFT Technologies New Advanced Materials Smart Packaging E-MOBILITY: HYBRID, ELECTRIC & FUEL CELL VEHICLES Land Vehicles Water Vehicles Aircraft Components Energy Storage Infrastructure ENERGY HARVESTING Technologies Photovoltaics Energy Storage Applications ENERGY STORAGE Supercapacitors Batteries Enabling Materials Vehicles RFID, NFC, RTLS & WSN Passive RFID & NFC Active RFID & Real Time Locating Systems Wireless Sensor Networks, IoT & M2M Applications RFID FORECASTS, PLAYERS AND OPPORTUNITIES THE MOST INSIGHTFUL AND IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS LogicaCMG

7 PRINTED, ORGANIC & FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS EXCELLENT Metals Industry Research & Development Centre Taiwan HYBRID AND ELECTRIC BUSES AND TAXIS CERTAINLY THE BEST WRITTEN IN THE BUSINESS Batteries International REAL TIME LOCATING SYSTEMS VERY INFORMATIVE Thin Battery Technologies RANGE EXTENDERS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES VERY COMPREHENSIVE AND AUTHORITATIVE Bladon Jets CONTACT US IDTechEx Ltd (UK) Downing Park, Swaffham Bulbeck, Cambridge, CB25 0NW, UK Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) IDTechEx Inc (USA) 222 Third Street, Suite 0222, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States Tel: Fax: IDTechEx GmbH (Germany) Friedrichstraße 191, Berlin, Germany Tel: Fax: MARKET INTELLIGENCE PORTAL Scouting emerging technology spaces for new markets, ideas, applications or partners? Looking to capture opportunities and minimise risks arising from disruptive technologies? Wanting to learn which companies are winning and why? Hoping to find out what your competitors are thinking and doing? Looking for reliable market data to do your own business thinking? The Market Intelligence Portal provides you with timely businesscritical market intelligence on emerging technologies, continually supporting you in assessing opportunity and making business decisions. Subscribers will have access to two market research reports, regular webinars, weekly analytical articles, three to five weekly impartial company profiles, our raw forecast data, one hour of analyst time and company presentations gathered at our conferences. IDTechEx.com/portal SUBSCRIBING TO IDTECHEX RESEARCH Subscribing to IDTechEx research services allows you to access a wide range of our technology and market research on a given topic or across topics, providing you with unlimited access to new related content throughout the subscription period at tremendous value. This service should be of interest to clients seeking to remain constantly updated with all the key information on a topic over a period of time. Prices for our annual subscriptions start at the price of just a few individual research reports. You are able to leverage a team of highly technical researchers (most at PhD level) and business leaders who can provide a critical business function, saving you both time and money. All our subscriptions can be customized to address what suits your needs. CUSTOM RESEARCH AND CONSULTING PROJECTS IDTechEx provides bespoke research and consulting projects including: Business and technology appraisal and benchmarking Strategic assessment and advice Understanding of emerging technologies and markets Technology scouting and merger/acquisition identification or due diligence Identification and appraisal of market needs, opportunities, risks and sizing For more information or to discuss your needs please research@idtechex.com or call one of our offices.

of hydrogen and Power-to-Gas Downloaded by Claire Whiting - 11 Nov :57:19

of hydrogen and Power-to-Gas Downloaded by Claire Whiting - 11 Nov :57:19 2. Introduction 2.1. New energy context Economical but more and more social and environmental targets are defining the world of energy nowadays: We need for a sustainable growth efficient, affordable,