Lecture 2 Process Modeling I

Transcription

1 MTAT Business Process Management Lecture 2 Process Modeling I Marlon Dumas marlon.dumas ät ut. ee 1

2 Business Process Lifecycle

3 1. Introduction 2. Process Identification 3. Essential Process Modeling 4. Advanced Process Modeling 5. Process Discovery 6. Qualitative Process Analysis 7. Quantitative Process Analysis 8. Process Redesign 9. Process Automation 10. Process Intelligence

4 Purposes of process modeling Communication Documentation Analysis (e.g. simulation) Process identification Process architecture Conceptual Conformance and performance insights Process discovery As- is process model Executable Process monitoring and controlling Process analysis Executable process model Insights on weaknesses and their impact Automation Testing Process implementation To- be process model Process redesign Conceptual 4

5 Business Process Model and Nota6on (BPMN) OMG standard (nowadays BPMN 2.0) Supported by numerous tools: bpmn.org lists over 70 tools Both for conceptual and executable models

6 BPMN from 10,000 miles A BPMN process model is a graph consis6ng of four types of core elements: activity event gateway sequence flow

7 Let s start modeling Order- to- cash A typical order- to- cash process is triggered by the receipt of a purchase order from a customer. The purchase order has to be checked against the stock regarding the availability of the item(s) requested. Depending on stock availability the purchase order may be confirmed or rejected. If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emised and the goods requested are shipped. The process completes by archiving the order or if the order is rejected.

8 BPMN Model Order- to- cash Purchase order received start event activity Check stock availability Items not in stock Items in stock Reject order Order rejected split gateway Confirm order end event Emit invoice Ship goods Archive order end event Order fulfilled Event: noun + past- par6ciple verb (e.g. insurance claim lodged) Naming conven9ons Ac6vity: verb + noun (e.g. assess credit risk) 8

9 Process model vs process instances The token game Order #1 Order #2 Order #3 Purchase order received Check stock availability Items not in stock Items in stock Reject order Confirm order Order rejected Emit invoice Ship goods Archive order Order fulfilled 9

10 A lisle bit more on events A start event triggers a new process instance by genera6ng a token that traverses the sequence flow ( tokens source ) start event An end event signals that a process instance has completed with a given outcome by consuming a token ( tokens sink ) end event 10

11 Order- to- cash example revisited [ ] If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emi:ed and the goods requested are shipped (in any order). The process completes by archiving the order. [ ] Purchase order received Check stock availability Items not in stock Items in stock Reject order Confirm order Order rejected Emit invoice Ship goods Archive order Order fulfilled 11

12 First try Order- to- cash Purchase order received Check stock availability Items not in stock Items in stock Reject order split Confirm order split Order rejected Emit invoice Emit invoice Ship goods Ship goods join Archive order Order fulfilled 12

13 A lisle more on gateways: XOR Gateway condition An XOR Gateway captures decision points (XORsplit) and points where alternative flows are merged (XOR-join) XOR- split è takes one outgoing branch condition XOR- join è proceeds when one incoming branch has completed 13

14 Example: XOR Gateway Invoice checking process 5

15 A lisle more on gateways: AND Gateway An AND Gateway provides a mechanism to create and synchronize parallel flows. AND- split è takes all outgoing branches AND- join è proceeds when all incoming branches have completed 15

16 Example: AND Gateway Airport security check 16

17 Revised order- to- cash process model Items not in stock Reject order Order rejected Check stock availability XOR-split Send invoice Purchase order received Items in stock Confirm order AND-split AND-join Archive order Order fulfilled Ship goods 17

18 Between XOR and AND Order distribu9on process A company has two warehouses that store different products: Amsterdam and Hamburg. When an order is received, it is distributed across these warehouses: if some of the relevant products are maintained in Amsterdam, a sub- order is sent there; likewise, if some relevant products are maintained in Hamburg, a sub- order is sent there. Agerwards, the order is registered and the process completes. 18

19 Solu6on 1 Order distribu9on process XOR-split XOR-join AND-split AND-join 19

20 Solu6on 2 Order distribu9on process AND-split AND-join XOR-split XOR-join 20

21 OR Gateway An OR Gateway provides a mechanism to create and synchronize n out of m parallel flows. cond 1 cond n OR- split è takes one or more branches depending on condi6ons OR- join è proceeds when all ac9ve incoming branches have completed 21

22 Solu6on using OR Gateway Order distribu9on process 22

23 What join type do we need here? 23

24 Beware: Beginner s Mistake

25 Guidelines: Naming Conventions 1. Give a name to every event and task 2. For tasks: verb followed by business object name and possibly complement Issue Driver Licence, Renew Licence via Agency 3. For message events: object + past participle Invoice received, Claim settled 4. Avoid generic verbs such as Handle, Record 5. Label each XOR-split with a condition Policy is invalid, Claim is inadmissible

26 Poll: Which model do you prefer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

27 One more guideline Model in blocks Pair up each AND-split with an AND-join and each XOR-split with a XORjoin, whenever possible Exception: sometimes a XOS-split leads to two end events different outcomes (cf. order management example)

28 Rework and repe66on Address ministerial correspondence In the minister s office, when a ministerial inquiry has been received, it is registered into the system. Then the inquiry is inves6gated so that a ministerial response can be prepared. The finaliza6on of a response includes the prepara6on of the response itself by the cabinet officer and the review of the response by the principal registrar. If the registrar does not approve the response, the laser needs to be prepared again by the cabinet officer for review. The process finishes only once the response has been approved. XOR-join: entry point XOR-split: exit point 28

29 Quick Note: Implicit vs. explicit gateways A A C = C B B B B A = A C C 29

30 What s this process doing? New mail arrived New arrived Collect mail Sort mail Register mail Check mail for compliance Acceptable Not acceptable Compile document requisition Capture matter details Document requisition compiled Prepare document response Document response prepared Pay fee Capture party details Print physical file Physical file printed 30

31 What s wrong with this model? How to fix it? X

32 Informa6on Ar6facts 32

33 Process Modelling Viewpoints Organization Who? Lanes & Pools What? Tasks Events When? Flows Gateways Which? Data / Materials Data Objects, Stores

34 Organiza6onal Elements in BPMN Pools & Lanes Pool Captures a resource class. Generally used to model a business party (e.g. a whole company) Pool Lane A resource sub-class within a pool. Generally used to model departments (e.g. shipping, finance), internal roles (e.g. Manager, Associate), software systems (e.g. ERP, CRM) Lane Pool Lane Lane Lane 34

35 Order- to- cash process with lanes

36 Message Flow A Message Flow represents a flow of information between two process parties (Pools) Message A Message Flow can connect: directly to the boundary of a Pool è captures an informative message to/from that party to a specific activity or event within that Pool è captures a message that triggers a specific activity/event within that party Pool 2 Pool 2 Receive Pool 1 Send Receive Pool 1 Send 36

37 Order- to- cash process with a black- box customer pool 37

38 Pools, Lanes and Flows: syntac6c rules 1. The Sequence Flow cannot cross the boundaries of a Pool 2. Both Sequence Flow and Message Flow can cross the boundaries of Lanes 3. A Message Flow cannot connect two flow elements within the same pool

39 Process Modelling Viewpoints Data / Materials Which? Data Objects, Stores

40 Order- to- cash process, again Send invoice Purchase order received Check stock availability Items in stock Items not in stock Reject order Confirm order Ship goods Archive order Order fulfilled Order rejected The purchase order document serves as an input to the stock availability check. Based on the outcome of this check, the status of the document is updated, either to approved or rejected. If the order is approved, an invoice and a shipment no6ce are produced. 40

41 Model with informa6on ar6facts Purchase Order Purchase Order [checked] Purchase Order Send invoice Invoice Purchase Order Purchase order received Warehouse DB Check stock availability Items in stock Items not in stock Reject order Confirm order Order rejected Purchase Order Ship goods Shipment notice Archive order Orders DB Order fulfilled Purchase Order [rejected] Purchase Order [approved] 41

42 BPMN Informa6on Ar6facts Purchase order Invoice A Data Object captures an ar6fact required (input) or produced (output) by an ac6vity. Can be physical or electronic Emit invoice Oracle CRM Retrieve client information Client info A Data Store is a place containing data objects that must be persisted beyond the dura6on of a process instance. It is used by an ac6vity to store (as output) or retrieve (as input) data objects. 42

43 Quick Note: BPMN Text Annota6ons A Text Annota;on is a mechanism to provide addi6onal text informa6on to the model reader Doesn t affect the flow of tokens through the process Includes packaging For blocked invoices Ship goods Clear vendor line items 43

44 BPMN Poster (link in Readings page) 44