DEVELOPMENT OF TEST METHODS FOR SMART TEXTILES. Justine Decaens, Olivier Vermeersch, Patricia Dolez & Dominic Lachapelle

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1 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST METHODS FOR SMART TEXTILES Justine Decaens, Olivier Vermeersch, Patricia Dolez & Dominic Lachapelle June 26, 2016

2 Our Group Our Group Laboratory testing services Research, Development & Innovation Expertise

3 Textiles became SMART... 3

4 AGENDA: 1. Overview of test methods developed at CTT Group 2. Example 1: Thermal performance of heating textiles 3. Example 2: Dewatering performance of electro-conductive geosynthetics for mine tailings 4. Example 3: Linear electrical resistance of tracks 5. Initiatives all around the world

5 Overview of test methods developed at CTT Group Method GCTTG : Measurement of electrical resistance of conductive fibers Method GCTTG and GCTTG : Measurement of the evolution of the electrical characteristics as a function of the elongation and abrasion of an electroconductive textile. 5

Test methods developed at CTT Group (cont d) Method GCTTG

sensitivity of membranes Method GCTTG 4009-15 and 4011-16 :

heating or cooling textiles Method GCTTG 4010-15 :

6 Test methods developed at CTT Group (cont d) Method GCTTG : Characterization of the piezo-resistive sensitivity of membranes Method GCTTG and : Measurement of thermal performance and homogeneity of heating or cooling textiles Method GCTTG : Evaluation of the durability of electro-conductive textiles when exposed to liquids 6

Example 1: Thermal performance of heating textiles Context: Geographical context : Canada Cold winter, need for suitable clothing Current workwear issues: Bulky, heavy, not breathable

7 Example 1: Thermal performance of heating textiles Context: Geographical context : Canada Cold winter, need for suitable clothing Current workwear issues: Bulky, heavy, not breathable enough Difficult to adapt to different physical activities Reduced mobility Advantage of heating clothing Controlled and adjustable thermal comfort Thinner layers Source : 8

Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont d) Methodology: Comparison between the performance of heating textiles and traditionnal insulating layers Adaptation of an existing test method : Guarded

8 Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont d) Methodology: Comparison between the performance of heating textiles and traditionnal insulating layers Adaptation of an existing test method : Guarded Sweating Hot Plate ASTM F1868 Formula : Rct = ( Ts Ta)* A Hc Ts, temperature of the plate ( C) : 35 C Ta, temperature of the climatic chamber ( C) : 20 C A, surface of the plate (m²) Hc, power output (W) 9

Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont d) Regulation of the heating power

higher than the temperature measured at rest Technical constraints : Non

electrically insulated Determination of the interface dimensions :

9 Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont d) Regulation of the heating power : Retroaction with temperature controller and thermocouple Set point value : 2 C higher than the temperature measured at rest Technical constraints : Non homogenous surface : hot points Interface : high thermal conductivity + electrically insulated Determination of the interface dimensions : representative, not impacting Development of the interface : Copper surface coated with PU/PC Surface 9*9 cm 10

10 Thermal performance of heating textiles (cont d) Results : Heating performances Heavy insulated coat Heating performances Light, non-insulated coat 5 5 Clo (m².k/w Système actif Système passif Clo (m².k/w) Système actif Système passif Heating products Heating products Large differences between product performances : Product # P1 thermal insulation increases by 90% while Product #P2 thermal insulation only by 25% Influence of the encapsulation medium Relation between the Clo value and the temperature of use 11

Example 2: Dewatering performance of electroconductive geosynthetics for mine tailings Context: Production of crude bitumen from oil sands mining expected to double by 2020 Production of 1 ton of

11 Example 2: Dewatering performance of electroconductive geosynthetics for mine tailings Context: Production of crude bitumen from oil sands mining expected to double by 2020 Production of 1 ton of synthetic crude oil by open-pit mining 50 km Requires 12.3 tons of oil sands Generates 15.6 tons of tailings Investigation of the effect of the tailings composition on their dewatering using electrokinetic geocomposite (egcp) 13

Active dewatering Filtration of differentformulations of Mature Fine Tailings(MFT)

12 Dewatering performance of electro-conductive geosynthetics for mine tailings (Cont d) Principle: egcp Prototype = Drain-tube planar geocomposite + metal electrode Active dewatering Filtration of differentformulations of Mature Fine Tailings(MFT) Obtained from Canadian oil sands producers(mftr) Produced in the laboratory(mfts) 14

water taking place in real tailings disposal, i.e. under self-weight consolidation,

13 Dewatering performance of electro-conductive geosynthetics for mine tailings (Cont d) Test setup & protocol: Laboratory Scale Dewatering Device : Simulate the entire path of water taking place in real tailings disposal, i.e. under self-weight consolidation, consolidation under the weight of overlying layers of tailings, electro-osmosis, and drainage 20 L 15

14 Dewatering performance of electro-conductive geosynthetics for mine tailings (Cont d) Results: Volume of filtrate expelled from the tailings as a function of time for the successive phases of the dewatering treatment 50% volume reduction at the end of the treatment Increase in the shear strength from 0 to ~ 25 kpa (trafficable surface) Different MFT formulations required different treatment durations to reach a 50%-volume reduction 16

15 Example 3: Linear electrical resistance of tracks Context -Partnership: European project SUSTASMART Supporting Standardization for Smart Textiles Categorising Smart Textiles Evaluating the need for standardization Identifying the first applications to consider Two standards have been proposed : Evaluating the thermal effect of PCM Determining the linear electrical resistance of conductive tracks Draft submitted to CEN/TC 248/WG 31 N

Linear electrical resistance of tracks (Cont d) Objective : Determine the electrical resistance of : Yarns Knitted or woven bands, ribbons Characterize the length/width ratio : 10/1 Four

16 Linear electrical resistance of tracks (Cont d) Objective : Determine the electrical resistance of : Yarns Knitted or woven bands, ribbons Characterize the length/width ratio : 10/1 Four points Four wires Method : Conditionning for 24 h (20 C 65%HR) Relaxing for 24h (EN 12127) 5 specimens of at least 50 cm long For each specimen, 2 independant series of 5 voltage measurements 19

Linear electrical resistance of tracks (Cont d) Method principle: Four electrodes aligned Distance between the electrode = at least 50 cm or 10 times the width of the track Electrodes are flat with a

17 Linear electrical resistance of tracks (Cont d) Method principle: Four electrodes aligned Distance between the electrode = at least 50 cm or 10 times the width of the track Electrodes are flat with a good contact with the tested material (glue, soldering, etc.) Tension applied on the textile element : Nature Weight (g/m²) Stress applied Yarns cn / tex < 200 2N Not stretchable fabrics N > N Stretchable fabrics N 20

18 Initiatives all around the world Standardization organisations: CEN : Creation of the first task group in 2006 ASTM: workshop sessions began in 2012 AATCC : March 2016 Research groups: CTT Group Centexbel Source : Ohmatex Aachen University Others 22

19 Questions? Justine Decaens, CTT Group

Geosynthetics. continued. Prof K. Rajagopal. IIT Madras, Chennai

Geosynthetics. continued. Prof K. Rajagopal. IIT Madras, Chennai Testing of Geosynthetics continued Prof K. Rajagopal Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras, Chennai e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.inac in Recap Earlier lectures have discussed the testing for the following