Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) E3 Redox: Transferring electrons. Session one of two First hour E2 discussion Lab: Parts 1 and 2A.
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1 E Redox: Transferring electrons Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions involve electron transfer. ssion one of two First hour E discussion Lab: Parts and A Change in charge (oxidation state) of reactants. Reaction: Na(s) Cl (g) Lose e s = oxidation (Na Na in NaCl) NaCl(s) in e s = reduction (Cl Cl- in NaCl) Redox reaction Na LEO Loss of electrons (LEO) = oxidation in of electrons (GER) = reduction Cl Νa Cl- energy GER REDOX alf Reactions Oxidation ( > in oxidation state) Reduction ( < in oxidation state) (Na Na e - ) ( Cl e- Cl- ) OXIDIZING AGENT ins electrons and is reduced (GER) REDUCING AGENT Loses electrons and is oxidized (LEO) alf reactions always written to show electron GAIN. The final equation reflects the sum of the balanced half reactions so that electrons lost = electrons gained: Na Cl Na Cl- An oxidizing agent brings about the oxidation of another substance. A reducing agent bring about the reduction of another substance.
2 Redox ents Q. Identify the reducing agents () and oxidizing agents () in the reaction: Na Cl Νa Cl - energy The reactants are the stronger and and react spontaneously The non-reactive products are the weaker and. Redox agent strength Q. nk the strength of the reducing/oxidizing agents in the reaction below: Cl 6 Cl - strength: > Cl - strength: Cl > Metals lose electrons n-metals gain electrons A e s IIA IIIA IA A IA IIA s e 6 C 7 N 8 O F 0 Ne s s s p s p s p s p s p s p 6 Na s s 7 Rb s 6s 87 7s Mg Si P 6 S 7 Cl 8 Ar s III I I IIIII III I II s p s p s p s p s p s p Ca Sc Mn Fe r s d s d s d s d s d s d 6 s d 7 s d 8 s s p s p s p s p s p s p 6 d 0 s d 0 s 8 Sr s 6 6s 88 7s 0 6 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd d s d s d s d s d s d 7 s d 8 s d 0 7 La* d 6s Oxidation State versus Family Number 7 d 0 s 8 d 0 s Te I Xe s p s p s p s p s p s p 6 7 f Re 76 Os g Rn d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6 6s d 7 6s d 6s 6s 6p 6s 6p 6s 6p 6s 6p 6s 6p 6s 6p 6 d 0 6s d 0 6s Element synthesized, Ac # 6d 7s 6d 7s 6d 7s 6d 7s 6d 7s 6d 6 7s 6d 7 7s A IIA nmetals gain electrons and reduce (GER) III I I II III 0 III I e IIIA IA A IAIIA s C N O F Ne II Element synthesized, s p s p s p Si P s p s p s p s p s p s p 6 6 S 7 Cl 8 Ar s p s p s p 6 6 r s p s p s p 6 Te I s p s p 8 6s 6p Xe s p 6 86 Rn 6s 6p 6 A 6 s Q. ssible oxidation states of? IIA s s s s III III I I II Ca Sc Mn Fe s s s d s d s d s d s d s d 6 s d Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh s s s d s d s d s d s d s d 7 s d La* f Re Os 6s 6s 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6 d 7 6s 87 7s 88 7s Family A Metals Q. Maximum charge vs. family#? 8 Ac # 7s 6d 0 7s 6d 0 7s 7d 06 7s 6d 07 7s d 08 6s 6d 6 0 6d 7 7s 0 III I 8 s d 8 6 Pd d s d s d 0 7 s d 0 7 6s d 0 IIIA II s p 0 s d 0 8 s d 0 g 6s d 0 s p s p 8 6s 6p Element synthesized, 6 7 IIA IA A IA s p s p 6s 6p s p 6s 6p 8 6s 6p 8 Ions with multiple oxidation states Q. (Group IA) has oxidation states of zero, plus two, and plus four. rite half reactions depicting: Reduction of ion: e- Oxidation of ion: e- Multiple oxidation state ions such as can act as an oxidizing or reducing agent in redox reactions!
3 A Transition Metals Oxidation state vs. family #? s IIA IIIA IA A IA IIA s s 6 7 s s III I I II III III I 0 Ca Sc Mn Fe Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd 0 0 s d0 8 s d0 s d0 reactants s p s p s p s p s p s s s ds d s d s d s d s d7 s d8 d La* f Re Os g 0 0 6s 6s 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s d6 d7 6s 6s d 6s d 6s d 6s 6p 6s 6p 6s 6p 6s 6p Element synthesized, Ac# : > II s p s s s d s d s d s d s d s d6 s d7 s d8 s d Rb Sr Y Q. rite a spontaneous net reaction equation given: : > (s) (aq) (s) Stronger and react eaker and do NOT react (aq) 7s 7s 7s 6d 7s 6d 7s 7d 7s 6d 7s d 6s 6d6 6d7 7s The stronger and react: (s) (aq)? (s) (aq)? (s) (aq) reaction The weaker and do NOT react: (s) (aq) no reaction Part I. Predicting Metal Reactivity. Determine the reducing agent () strength of four team assigned metals where the metal ions of all four metals are available and only three of the four metals are available for experimental tests. Experiment Design and Data Analysis You need to determine the reducing agent strength of,, and Mg. Problem Available: Solutions of,, and Mg. and only (i.e., Mg is unavailable)
4 Experiment Design for Part. eate a table for recording data (pre-lab). Mg Mg Reducing agent species (metals) on one side and oxidizing agents species (metal ions) on other side. Experiment Design and Data Analysis Test available metal and metal ion combinations Check results -- does the data make sense? Observations (s) (aq) reaction Caution: Check data. Does it make sense? Data Analysis Rxn Rxn # rxns. Reaction # rxns. 0 # rxns. # rxns. 0 These results don t make sense! Only one combination of metal and metal ion should react spontaneously -- the stronger and! This data makes sense: The stronger and show more reactions! and strength are inverse: : > : > Reducing ent Strength of Mg,, and? Part I A. Metal reactions with water. Q. mplete the table below. Rxn. Mg Rxn Rxn Mg nk the reducing agent strength of the metals Na,, Mg, and Ca from experimental observations. rrelate the results with the position of the metal in the periodic table. Q. mparative strength of the metals? strength: Mg > >
5 mparison of Ca, Mg, and Na Metal ater metal hydroxide (g) Example: Mg (s) O (l) Mg(O) (s) (g) : Na > Ca > Mg and Predictions from Electronegativity values Electron pulling power of an atom when part of a bond Electronegativity of the elements e. C N.0 O. F.0 Si. P. S Cl.0 Na Mg. Ca.0 Sc Mn. Fe Rb Sr.0 Y. Zr. Nb.6 Mo Tc. Ru Rh Pd Te. I La -Lu f...7 Re. Os. g.. Ac. Th. Pa. U Np-.7. = Metalloids = nmetals = Metals Q. Predict the strength of compared to Na, Mg, and Ca based on position and electronegativity values...0 e. C N.0 O. F.0 Si P S Cl....0 Ca.0 Sc Mn. Fe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Te I.0.. La f -Lu. Ac Th...6. Pa..7 U.7. Re Os. Np-. > > >...7 g > Na > Ca > Mg Reactivity of Experimental comparison of the reactivity of to Na, Ca, and Mg. Na skitters around the water surface : > Na > Ca > Mg skitters around the water surface and ignites. C N O F Si P S Cl....0 Ca.0 Sc Mn. Fe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Te I Q. here are the best reducing and oxidizing agents located?.0.. La f -Lu. Ac Th...6. Pa..7 U.7. Re Os. Np g Caution: traction of metal or nonmetal ion for electrons in a bond is different from its metal or nonmetal element. Questions? ntact nkerner@umich.edu
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