Simpler Times. Complicated Technologies. Common Tools. April APWA & PNS North American Snow Conference

Transcription

1 APWA & PNS North American Snow April 211 Performance Measures for De-icing Products Two options: Salt or Sand. The focus was traction. Application rates were visual. The driving dii public knew the roads would be difficult and they accepted it. Corrosion and toxicity were relatively unknown. Simpler Times PEOPLE HELPING PEOPLE IMPROVE THEIR ENVIRONMENT Complicated Technologies Many options, granular and liquids. The focus is traction via melting. Application rates precise and measured. The driving public expects to drive the highways at 6mph in the middle of a snowstorm. Corrosion and toxicity are as important as melting. With all of the product options available today, how do you choose? Performance Corrosion Toxicity Price Today we are going to focus on the performance aspect. The Science of De-icing Physical Properties Granular Gradation, Flowability, Color, Moisture, Density Liquids Viscosity, Concentration, Color, Settleable Solids Chemical Properties Granular Solubility, Exothermic or Endothermic?, Hygroscopic? Liquids Hygroscopic?, Eutectic Point, Phase Diagram, Energy All of these physical and chemical properties lead to a products Performance Specific Gravity Chart Freeze point Melting point Melting point Phase Diagram Melting Capacity Common Tools 1

2 APWA & PNS North American Snow April 211 So how do we measure performance? The gold standard always has been and always will be: What happens when you apply the product to the road? Video Eutectic Points and Phase Diagrams The Present Phase Diagram 3% MgCl2 Eutectic Point Temperature (F F Solution + Ice Ice + Salt Solution Solution + Salt % Solids Calculated Melting Capacity Melting Capacity Testing 12 1 # Ice Melted per gal Temperature (F 2

3 1 APWA & PNS North American Snow April 211 elted in Milliliters * Volume M Melting Capacity Data Degrees Degrees Product 1 Product 2 * According to SHRP 2.1 Test, Analco Laboratories Is this data enough? Is it accurate? Is there more to be understood? While the phase diagram and melting capacity data are good tools to utilize, they are not the end all solution to evaluating performance. What other properties should we consider that we haven t measured or aren t even aware of? Solutions are usually born out of necessity A Discovery Temperature Decrease Over Time Solutions at 7% Concentation Temperature F H₂O 17.2% NaCl 22.% CaCl₂ 21.7% MgCl₂ 3

4 APWA & PNS North American Snow April 211 Very interesting indeed The potential solution became a catalyst for more study. We generated more questions than answers. This all led to Differential Scanning Calorimetry What is it? Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DS is an analyticalchemistryand chemistry and physics method usedto measure the freezing points of liquids and the melting points of solids. There is a vast amount of data relative to phase changes that a can provide. An Important Definition Sample prep Phases. What are Phases? For each product evaluated, different dilutions of the original products were made by weight to observe the phases the product would go through as it expires on the road. 1 Phase = The product as it is applied. No dilutions. 7 Phase = 3 parts product to 1 part water. Phase = 1 part product to 1 part water. 2 Phase = 1 part product to 3 parts water. Sample: DIRO H2O Size: 9.7 mg File: F:...\\Base Line Data\DIRO H2O.1 Operator: JJT Run Date: 17-Apr-21 13:2 Instrument: Q2 V24.4 Build 116 Sample: DIRO H2O Size: 9.7 mg File: F:...\\Base Line Data\DIRO H2O.1 Operator: JJT Run Date: 17-Apr-21 13:2 Instrument: Q2 V24.4 Build F 2.89W/g min min 32.4 F -.228W/g 19.86min 21.31min 319.4J/g min -2.7 F 83.13min 86.1min 1.88W/g 273.2J/g 1.22min F W/g

5 APWA & PNS North American Snow April 211 Sample: 23NaCl ETC phase 1 Size: 11.6 mg Method: Liquid Deicing File: F:...\NaCl\23NaCl ETC phase 1.1 Operator: JKY Run Date: 11-Jun-21 2:3 Instrument: Q2 V24.4 Build 116 Quick Facts About Sodium Chloride aka: Salt, Rock Salt, NaCl Maximum solubility at 32⁰F = 23.% Endothermic (When hydrating from a dry Made up of one Sodium ion (Na and one Chloride ion (Cl Sample: 23NaCl ETC phase Size: 1.9 mg Method: Liquid Deicing File: F:...\NaCl\23NaCl ETC phase.1 Operator: JKY Run Date: 1-Jun-21 12:23 Instrument: Q2 V24.4 Build NaCl ETC phase 1.1 DIRO H2O sample 1 std Sample: 23NaCl ETC phase 12. Size: 1.2 mg Method: Liquid Deicing 2 File: F:...\NaCl\23NaCl ETC phase 12. Operator: JKY Run Date: 11-Jun-21 1:33 Instrument: Q2 V24.4 Build Dilution Over Time Over time Products will dilute (given the condition of precipitation What does that mean? How is that shown in What is the effect of the product on water & Ice?

6 APWA & PNS North American Snow April DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase 1.1 DIRO H2O sample 1 std DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase.1 23NaCl ETC phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase.1 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase.1 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase

7 APWA & PNS North American Snow April DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase.1 23NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase NaCl ETC phase 3 std DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase.1 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase.1 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase MgCl₂ Maximum Solubility at 32⁰F = 32% E th Exothermic i (When (Wh hydrating h d ti from f a dry d Magnesium Chloride is made up of 1 Magnesium ion and 2 Chloride ions Magnesium Chloride is very Hydroscopic

8 APWA & PNS North American Snow 2 April 211 DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase.1 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase.1 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase Product Comparisons DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase NaCl ETC phase Sodium Chloride (NaCl VS. Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂ DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase.1 23NaCl ETC phase

9 APWA & PNS North American Snow April DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 29 SAP MgCl2 Row phase NaCl ETC phase Temperature ( F Temperature ( F DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase DIRO H2O sample 1 std 23NaCl ETC phase SAP MgCl2 Row phase Temperature ( F Temperature ( F Discussion & Conclusions What does all this mean? Can we evaluate deicers and anti icers using in terms of performance? What about value add products or low temperature products? How can I use the in conjunction with other performance measuring methods? Future Research Link all lab data including into a product performance profile. Use new field measurement technology to correlate predicted performance profiles with actual field performance data. Use the information to develop optimal products to meet the needs of agencies. 9

10 APWA & PNS North American Snow April 211 Vaisala Sensors with Camera Text Message Sensor call outs Thank You Web Sites 1