IRON- Binary Phase Diagrams

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1 IRON- Binary Phase Diagrams

2 Ortrud Kubaschewski Binary Phase Diagrams With a Preface by Oswald Kubaschewski With 103 Figures and 3 Tables 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

3 Dr. rer.-nat. Ortrud Kubaschewski-von Goldbeck Lehrstuhl fur Metallurgie der Kernbrennstoffe und Theoretische Hlittenkunde RWTH Aachen Kopernikusstrasse 16 D Aachen Federal Republic of Germany ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kubaschewski, Ortrud, Iron - binary phase diagrams. Bibliography: p. 1. Iron. 2. Binary systems (Metallurgy). 3. Phase diagrams. 1. Title. TN693.17K ' This work is subjected to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. U nder 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to 'Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort', Munich. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide1berg, 1982 Origina1ly published by Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heide1berg, and Verlag Stahleisen mbh, Diisse1dorf in 1982 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1982 The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this puclication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Offsetprinting and bookbinding: Konrad Triltsch, Wiirzburg 2060/

4 Preface At the official dinner of a meeting in May 1939, I was seated next to Max Hansen. When I congratulated him on the well deserved success of his "Aufbau der Zweistoff-Legierungen", he smiled: "yes, it was a struggle with the hydra, and so it has taken me seven years", meaning that whenever he had thought to have finished the phase diagram of a particular system, new evidence would turn up like the new heads of the Greek monster. There is no need to point out the importance of assessed phase diagrams to metallurgists or even anyone concerned with the technology and application of metals and alloys. The information contained therein is fundamental to considerations concerning the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of alloys. Hansen's German monograph was followed by a revised English edition in 1958 with K. Anderko and the supplements by R.P. Elliott (1965) and F.A. Shunk (1969). All those who have made use of these volumes will admit that much diligent labour has gone into this work, necessary to cope with the ever increasing number of publications and the consequent improvements. In view of the large amount of experimental evidence it has become advisable to subdivide the subject matter and to deal with the binary phase diagrams of individual metals in turn. Mrs Kubaschewski had already elaborated the phase diagrams of a number of metals of interest to reactor technology for the International Atomic Energy Agency and then turned her attention to iron. I have been in the position to bear witness to the painstaking work that she has put into the construction of such diagrams shown on the following pages. A vast amount of experimental, often conflicting, evidence had to be sifted. Thoughts had to be exerted on the position and the limits of nearly every phase, the thermodynamic conditions being always observed. And all this is presented in an improved form on so-called 'raster paper'. The phase boundaries are based mainly on the results of conventional experimental methods, but there are certain boundaries which are better ascertained by thermochemical calculation. The author has taken this into account. It may well be asked whether in these days of thermochemical calculations of phase diagrams (e.g. CALPHAD), one might not store the relevant heat and entropy values of each phase on a computer and let this do the working out. This is certainly true for the evaluation of ternary and higher phase diagrams. However, the binary systems should be treated separately, namely in the way chosen here. In the earlier days when we developed the thermochemical method for describing equilibrium diagrams (in which, incidtmtally, Miss von Goldbeck was also involved), William Hume-Rothery would protest by saying: "you may be able to correct certain phase boundaries by calculation but you cannot predict the existence of intermetallic phases". This is correct, at least at the present state of knowledge concerning the causes of chemical stability of phases. One may add that thermochemical calculations cannot be based on the results of calorimetric and Gibbs energy measurements alone, in particular when the diagrams are more complicated. So I used to reply to Hum-Rothery that the real value of the thermochemical method lay in the possibility of extrapolating v

5 Preface from the binary into the multicomponent ranges, whereas in the binaries it is merely used for adjustments. The problem of predicting phases that do not appear in the binary border systems becomes less and less prominent the greater the number of component elements there are per system. The reason for this is the increasing influence of the entropy of mixing which favours the stability of the disordered solutions and thus depresses (T!1S term!) the appearance of any ordered phase to lower, in practice less important, temperatures. I usually distinguish between 'phase diagrams' and 'equilibrium diagrams', the former being derived wholly from conventional measurements, the latter from thermochemical calculations. One may safely say that the present series of binaries approaches the status of equilibrium diagrams. Hence, I submit that the author has coped with the hydra and expect that many of these diagrams will remain valid in detail for quite a number of years to come. Aachen, May 1982 Oswald Kubaschewski Acknowledgements The author is most grateful to Prof. Dr. O. Knacke who offered her the hospitality of his laboratory and his assistance in many ways, to Prof. Dr. Drs. h.c. O. Kubaschewski for continued interest, advice and, in particular, for meticulously checking the English, to Dipl. Ing. R. Steffen for critically reading the manuscript, to Mrs. G. Stusser and Mrs. E. Klein who made such an excellent job in drawing the raster diagrams and to the Commission of the European Communities, Division Steel, without whose financial assistance this work could not have been accomplished. Ortrud Kubaschewski VI

6 Contents Notation Introduction. 1 Fe-Ag Iron-Silver. 3 Fe-Li (Na, K) Iron-Alkaline Metals 4 Fe-AI Iron-Aluminium. (Figs. 1-3) 5 Fe-Am Iron-Americium. 10 Fe-As Iron-Arsenic (Fig. 4). 10 Fe-Au Iron-Gold (Fig. 5). 13 Fe-B Iron-Boron (Fig. 6). 15 Fe-Ba Iron-Barium 18 Fe-Be Iron-Beryllium (Figs. 7, 8) 18 Fe-Bi Iron-Bismuth. 22 Fe-C Iron-Carbon (Figs. 9-12) 23 Fe-Ca Iron-Calcium. 26 Fe-Cd Iron-Cadmium 26 Fe-Co Iron-Cobalt (Figs. 13, 14). 27 Fe-Cr Iron-Chromium (Figs. 15, 16). 31 Fe-Cu Iron-Copper (Figs ) 35 Fe-Eu Iron-Europium 38 Fe-Ga Iron-Gallium. (Figs ) 38 Fe-Ge Iron-Germanium (Fig. 25) 43 Fe-H Iron-Hydrogen (Figs. 26, 27). 46 Fe-D Iron-Deuterium (Fig. 28) 48 Fe-T Iron-Tritium (Fig. 28) 49 Fe-Hf Iron-Hafnium. (Fig. 29) 50 Fe-Hg Iron-Mercury. (Fig. 30) 52 Fe-In Iron-Indium (Fig. 31) 53 Fe-Ir Iron-Iridium (Fig. 32) 55 Fe-La Iron-Lanthanum. (Fig. 33) 57 Fe-Mg Iron-Magnesium. (Fig. 34) 59 Fe-Mn Iron-Manganese. (Fig. 35) 61 Fe-Mo Iron-Molybdenum (Figs ) 64 Fe-N Iron-Nitrogen. (Figs. 39, 40). 67 Fe-Nb Iron-Niobium. (Fig.41) 70 Fe-Ni Iron-Nickel (Figs ) 73 Fe-O Iron-Oxygen. (Fig.45) 79 Fe-Os Iron-Osmium. (Figs. 46, 47). 82 Fe-P Iron-Phosphorus. (Figs. 48, 49). 84 Fe-Pb Iron-Lead. (Figs. 50, 51). 87 Fe-Pd Iron-Palladium (Fig. 52) 88 Fe-Pt Iron-Platinum. (Fig. 53) 91 IX VII

7 Contents Fe-Pu Iron-Plutonium (Figs. 54, 55). 94 Fe-R Iron-Rare Earth Metals (Figs ) 96 Fe-Ce Iron-Cerium (Figs. 56, 57). 97 Fe-Pr Iron-Praseodymium. (Fig. 58) 100 Fe-Nd Iron-Neodymium (Fig. 59) 101 Fe-Pm Iron-Promethium (Fig. 60) 103 Fe-Sm Iron-Samarium (Fig. 61) 104 Fe-Gd Iron-Gadolinium. (Fig. 62) 106 Fe-Tb Iron-Terbium. (Fig. 63) 108 Fe-Dy Iron-Dysprosium. (Fig. 64) 110 Fe-Ho Iron-Holmium (Fig. 65) 111 Fe-Er Iron-Erbium (Fig. 66) 113 Fe-Tm Iron-Thulium. (Fig.67) 114 Fe-Lu Iron-Lutetium. (Fig. 68) 116 Fe-Re Iron-Rhenium (Fig. 69) 118 Fe-Rh Iron-Rhodium (Fig. 70) 120 Fe-Ru Iron-Ruthenium. (Fig. 71) 123 Fe-S Iron-Sulphur. (Figs. 72, 73). 125 Fe-Sb Iron-Antimony (Figs. 74, 75). 128 Fe-Sc Iron-Scandium (Fig. 76) 131 Fe-Se Iron-Selenium (Fig. 77) 133 Fe-Si Iron-Silicon (Figs. 78, 79). 136 Fe-Sn Iron-Tin (Figs. 80, 81). 139 Fe-Sr Iron-Strontium 142 Fe-Ta Iron-Tantalum (Figs. 82, 83). 143 Fe-Tc Iron-Technetium. (Figs. 84, 85). 146 Fe-Te Iron-Tellurium (Fig. 86) 148 Fe-Th Iron-Thorium. (Fig. 87) 150 Fe-Ti Iron-Titanium. (Figs ) 152 Fe-TI Iron-Thallium. 156 Fe-U Iron-Uranium. (Figs. 91, 92). 157 Fe-V Iron-Vanadium (Figs ) 160 Fe-W Iron-Tungsten (Figs. 96, 97). 164 Fe-Y Iron-Yttrium. (Fig.98) 168 Fe-Yb Iron-Ytterbium (Fig.99) 170 Fe-Zn Iron-Zinc (Figs. 100, 101). 172 Fe-Zr Iron-Zirconium (Figs. 102, 103). 175 Appendix Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of the elements 179 Table 2. Structural types of elements and compounds 183 Table 3. Numerical differences between the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 and that of VIII

8 Notation For the convenience of the reader, the following drawing indicates the various lines that are being used for the description of the phase boundaries in the diagrams of this monograph: assessed uncertain secondary reaction magnetic transformation C i.e. gap between horizontal and vertical line indicates: (solid) solubility unknown a (metal) a-metal pertaining to pure metal pertaining to solution in metal IX

SUB-Programs - Calibration range Fe Base for "FOUNDRY-MASTER UV"

SUB-Programs - Calibration range Fe Base for "FOUNDRY-MASTER UV" Fe 100 low alloy steel Fe 150 free cutting steel Fe 200 cast iron Fe 250 Cr-Hard/Ni.Resist Fe 300 stainless steel Fe 400 tool steel Fe 500