Causes of the Revolution

Transcription

1 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. The French Revolution The Revolution and Napoleon Begins Section 1 Causes of the Revolution Main Idea Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy. Reading Focus What caused the French Revolution? What happened during the first events of the Revolution? How did the French create a new nation? Long-standing resentments against the monarchy Inequalities in society Existing social and political structure Called the Old Order, or ancient régime King at the top and estates under him King Louis XVI, shy and indecisive Unpopular, self-indulgent queen, Marie-Antoinette Rest of French society divided into three classes, called estates

2 The Three Estates Varied widely in what they contributed in terms of work and taxes First Estate Second Estate Third Estate Roman Catholic clergy One percent of the population Exempt from taxes Owned 10 percent of the land Collected rents and fees Bishops and other clergy grew wealthy Nobility Less than 2 percent of the population Paid few taxes Controlled much wealth Held key positions Government Military Lived on country estates Largest group 97% of the population Bourgeoisie citydwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals Sans culottes artisans and workers Peasants poor with little hope, paid rents and fees Further Causes Enlightenment Ideas A Financial Crisis Inspiring new ideas from Enlightenment philosophers Great Britain s government limiting the king s power American colonists rebelled successfully against British king New ideas changed government and society in other countries Severe economic problems affected much of the country France in debt, spending lavishly, borrowing money, and facing bankruptcy Hailstorm and drought ruined harvest; harsh winter limited flour production People hungry and angry; clergy and nobility no help First Events of the Revolution By 1789, no group happy Clergy and nobility lost power to monarchy Bourgeoisie resented regulations Poor worse off Estates General meets Desire for reforms Voting process a problem Third Estate proclaimed themselves National Assembly Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille King brought in troops People of Paris armed themselves Searching for weapons, a mob stormed the Bastille Great Fear spread King to punish the Third Estate with foreign soldiers Rumors of massacres Peasants destroyed records and burned nobles houses

3 Legislating New Rights Creating a New Nation Restrictions on Power Feudal dues eliminated Declaration laid out liberty, equality, fraternity Inspired by the English Bill of Rights, American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Enlightenment philosophers Men are born equal and remain equal under the law The rights did not extend to women Louis tried to protect his throne Angered the common people Prices still high; mob broke into the palace demanding bread Royal family seized; National Assembly took bolder steps National Assembly passed laws against the church, clergy, and public employees Some outraged by actions Formation of a New Government In 1791, the Legislative Assembly is formed. Citizens gained broad voting rights, but rights were not universal. Constitution restricted power of king and ended distinctions of birth. King and queen feared they would be harmed. Foreign Powers End of Monarchy The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2 Main Idea The Republic An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. Austria and Prussia warned against harming monarchs Austrian army defeats French Financial strain of war, food shortages, and high prices King blamed; action demanded August 10, 1792 royal family imprisoned by mob Radical faction took charge with National Convention Monarchy abolished; France declared a republic Reading Focus What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics? What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it end? French revolutionary troops won the Battle of Valmy. New French republic held ground against Europe s Old Order.

4 A Radical Government In 1792, the radical representatives were in charge of the National Convention. The constitutional monarchy came to a violent end, and France became a republic. Factions Radical Mountain Moderate Girondins The Plain (swing voters) No group had program or plan of action Personal rivalries Marat Sansculottes, advocate of violence Danton Leaders Compromiser Robespierre Dedicated radical Executions King put to death by guillotine Europeans reacted with horror Revolution savagery condemned Guillotine The execution of Marie Antoinette by guillotine The execution of King Louis XVI by guillotine

5 Tightening Control Committee of Public Safety set up to manage military defense Drafted all able-bodied men between 18 and 45 for service Established the Revolutionary Tribunal to protect the Revolution Transforming Society Leaders wanted to erase connections to old ways of life Clergy members lost positions; churches closed in Paris Robespierre created the cult of the Supreme Being Metric system was introduced Course of Revolution Revolutionary leaders feared counterrevolution and took drastic actions with accusations, trials, and executions. This period was known as the Reign of Terror. An Outbreak of Civil War Peasants, essentially conservative, only wanted an end to feudal dues. Remaining devoutly Catholic, the Vendée region opposed the Revolution in a civil war. The government put down the counterrevolution to regain control. Accusations and Trials The Reign of Terror Robespierre used the Revolutionary Tribunal to rid the country of dissent. It started with the Girondists, but soon anyone who had ever criticized the Revolution, or who had connections to the Old Order, was in danger. No Escape from the Terror Death by Guillotine Most common sentence - death by guillotine Condemned paraded through Paris in open carts Mobs watched at scaffold; executions took less than one minute The Terror s Victims After the Terror No one was spared France started over with new constitution in 1795 Peasants and laborers affected Danton and Robespierre 40,000 executed in 10 months Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in your name! Voting limited to property owners The Directory established High prices, bankruptcy, and citizens unrest continued Power vacuum developed

6 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 3 Main Idea Reading Focus Napoleon s Europe Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks to become emperor over France and much of Europe. How did Napoleon rise to power? How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe? What were Napoleon s most important policies? The execution of Robespierre by guillotine Napoleon s Rise to Power Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution. Opportunities for Glory Napoleon - brilliant military leader In charge of French interior at age 26 Invaded Italy and Egypt Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers Became national hero Napoleon Seizes Power Directory weak and ineffective Fear of royalists and of European opposition November 1799 coup d état France to be led by Consulate Napoleon voted first consul, basically a dictator Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.

7 Emperor Napoleon Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe Napoleon crowns himself Submitted a plebiscite before voters Emperor Napoleon I Desire for empire Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today) failed Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his focus to Europe Quest to Conquer Europe Napoleonic Wars Begin Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution, would last a decade France dominant power in Europe French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more quickly Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar off coast of Spain Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at Austerlitz Continental System Nation of shopkeepers, Great Britain continued to defy Napoleon Blockade prohibited French or allied ships from trade with Britain Britain required ships from neutral countries to stop in British ports War of 1812 one result The Peninsular War Troops to Portugal and Spain Spanish people revolted in 1808 Great Britain stepped in to help Guerrilla war with Spanish kept French busy Napoleon finally pulled out of Spain Mastered Most of Europe Through treaties, alliances, and victories in battle Controlled much of Europe by 1812 Free of Control Rewarded Relatives Napoleon Dominates Europe Great Britain remained an enemy Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped Bonaparte s grip Relatives put in power; brothers on thrones of Holland, Naples, and Sicily Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

8 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 3 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 3 Napoleon s Policies The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4 Church-State Relations Antireligious nature of French Revolution over Economic Reforms Napoleon s Fall and Europe s Reaction Main Idea Concordat recognized influence of Roman Catholic Church Legal and Educational Napoleonic Code developed Order and authority over individual rights Schools for government and military positions Established the Bank of France to regulate the economy More efficient tax-collection system Legacy Age of Napoleon Democratic ideas Equality before law, representative system Spread of nationalism After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe. Reading Focus What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon? What were Napoleon s last campaigns? What did the Congress of Vienna achieve? What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

9 Disaster and Defeat The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4 Portugal Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal Peninsular campaign was a failure Russia Czar Alexander I didn t like French troops on western border Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports Costly Mistake Napoleon turned east in 1812 Hoped to teach Russia a lesson June 1812 Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops Marched across Russian border No One to Fight The Russian Campaign Russian troops pulled east French victory at Borodino, but Russian army still strong Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames French Army New recruits with no loyalty Supplies lost or spoiled Disease, desertion, and hunger Retreat Homeward Ruined city, no winter supplies Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated army Only 100,000 men survived Defeat and Exile to Elba Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations near Leipzig In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris. Terms of surrender Napoleon gave up throne and went into exile on tiny island of Elba

10 The Last Campaigns The Hundred Days French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII King unpopular; Napoleon returns after a year in exile Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by allies Paris cheered Napoleon s return Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days Battle of Waterloo The Last Campaigns Napoleon s Final Days Duke of Wellington led final confrontation Battle of Waterloo British and Prussian armies Crushing defeat for Napoleon End of the Napoleonic Wars Tried to escape capture, sent to exile in Saint Helena Volcanic island in South Atlantic Remained imprisoned for six years Died at 51; cause of death never determined House where Napoleon was imprisoned on St. Helena

11 Negotiators Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain Czar Alexander I of Russia Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France Metternich The Congress of Vienna Distrusted democracy and political change Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power Goals for Other Decision Makers Make sure France could not rise again to such power Put down revolution wherever it might appear Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon s rule National borders Congress changed many borders Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France Process Countries that aided France lost territory Countries that fought France gained territory Talleyrand arranged trades Redrawing the Map New Countries Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation France s loss Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory Boundaries back to 1792 Forced to pay indemnity - compensation for damages Restoring Monarchies Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries. Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily. Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4 Metternich s Influence His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society. Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press. Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.

12 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4 The Revolution s Legacy Was the French Revolution a failure? After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again Citizens rights restricted Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles French Revolution changed Europe Monarchies no longer secure Common people learned they could change the world Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4 Video The Impact of the French Revolution