From Province to Independent State: Norway and its people
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1 From Province to Independent State: Norway and its people Arne Solli Assoc. Professor Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen, Norway
2 Oslo every 17th of May
3 What are the Norwegians celebrateing on May the 17th? The MONARCH?
4 Celebrating Monarchy? No? Constitution Freedom Independence Constitution Norwegian Parliament Democracy
5 Freedom and Free from Freedom as «Liberté», «Liberty» But also: Free from Danish rule and domination (Union ended 1814) Free from Nazi occupation ( )
6 Independence No more unions! 1. Kalmar union Denmark Norway Sweden Norway EU referendum 1972 and 1994: NO
7 Democratic constitution of th of May th of November 1814
8 1814 «The Year of Miracles» Peace treaty January 1814 Norway sold as cattle from Danish King to Swedish king March 1814 elections in Norway April-May 1814 Constitutional assembly creates a democratic constitution Declare Norway independent of Sweden Elects Christian Frederic As king of Norway Late July Swedish army returns from France War (2 weeks) Norway Sweden August: Peace and king CF resigns October: 2nd Constitutional assembly Adjust the constitution Elects the Swedish king as king of Norway A personal union As Result Norway got Separate Norw. Constitution Sep. government except foreign ministry Separate law and judicial system Separate national bank and currency (NOK) Separate supreme court
9 Why independence in 1814? 1536: A province of Denmark 1660: Absolute king, no political institutions 1814: Independent state Two conflicting explanations The Freedom as a present: Result of great power policy Result of growth of nationalism in Norway, an urge for freedom and independence
10 Norway a province of Denmark Christian III of Denmark and Norway. ( ) 1536: «Norway is not a kingdom anymore, just a province of Denmark» Traditional 19th c. view : «4 hundreårs natten» =«The 4 hundred year long night»
11 The State : Norway a Province of Copenhagen? The Protestant Reformation: the Catholic church abolished in Denmark-Norway The Danish king seizing land and wealth from Church and Monasteries. No Norwegian nobility Danish noblemen gaining land and power in Norway Norwegian Privy council dissolved Labels of the time period : «Noble dominium» Monarchy of the Nobility Martin Luther ( )
12 1660 a revolution from above 1660: King Frederik III declared himself as absolute ruler Why? Long term changes: Administrative changes: Nonaristocratic and loyal civil servants replaced nobles in state positions (esp. Toll) Military technology changes. The nobles proved their incompetence in modern warfare Economic changes: The rise of merchant capitalist class. War and state-building: The fall of the noble class as ruling elite King Frederick 3. (r )
13 1660 a revolution from above Fall 1660: King Frederik III declare himself as absolute ruler Why? Short term War against Sweden ( ). Sweden nearly seized Denmark. Drastic state measures needed to beat Sweden in war King allies with clergy and merchant class against the noble elite. King promised political power to merchants in return of absolute rule Was the merchants fooled? Geo-politics The Dutch wanted two equal state powers in the Nordic area The Dutch supported Denmark against Sweden. King Frederick 3. (r )
14 Growth of Norwegian Embetsstand 1660 Absolute king The embetsstand (civil servants) becomes the Norwegian elite Descended from Denmark and Germany Gradually established as a ruling class Hereditary positions Shared cultural values distanced from the peasant population The embetsstand until 1814 and beyond 18 th Cent. The embetsstand (civil servants) developed national feelings for Norway?
15 Changing Power of the People No nobility 1660: The civil servants and merchants as ruling elite 17 th cent. State growth: Norwegian peasants integrated into the state on low level (municipal) Late 18 th century Peasant revolts ( ) Peasants resisting the Danish domination? Peasants becoming anti-danish? Hauge-movement (c. 1800). Anti-clergy Peasants becoming land-owners King sell land to get money for war
16 National feelings for Norway: Norwegian Students in Copenhagen 1st National Hymne for Norway For Norge, Kjæmpers Fødeland, Vi denne Skaal vil tømme, Og naar vi først faae Blod paa Tand,Vi sødt om Frihed drømme; Dog vaagne vi vel op engang Og bryde Lænker, Baand og Tvang; For Norge, Kjæmpers Fødeland, Vi denne Skaal udtømme! (Brun 1771) With the help of Google Translate Pentru Norvegia, giganți pământul natal Noi acest bol va goli, iar când primim prima sânge pe dentar, Noi dulciuri de vise de libertate, Câine treaz ne bine din nou și rupe cătușele, obligațiuni, și necesitate, pentru Norvegia, giganți uscat nativ, Noi bolul obositoare! Norwegian Student Association (1771): Det norske selskap
17 Independence as a present (gift) Background Napoleonic wars 1807 Battle of Copenhagen England capture the fleet Denmark- Norway allied to France Emperor of France Napoleon Bonaparte, ally of Denmark
18 Independence as a present (gift) Carl Johan (XIV) of Sweden, 1809: Finland from Sweden to Russia 1810: Jean Baptiste Bernadotte elected as crown prince of Sweden : Sweden allied with France. War Sweden- England 1812: Peace Sweden will have Norway as compensation for loss of Finland, war against France Tsar Alexander: Perfect England say OK Tsar Alexander I of Russia ( )
19 Independence as a present 1814: January 14. The Peace Agreement of Kiel: Denmark cedes Norway to Swedish King Sweden got a problem: Carl Johan (Sweden) fully involved in war with France Crown prince of Denmark starts a resistance (January). Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, former French general under Napoleon, Crown Prince of Sweden in 1810 future King of Sweden and Norway Crown Prince of Denmark Christian Frederick, regent of Norway, king of Norway in 1814
20 Independence Winter and spring of 1814: Norwegian Revolution: National mobilization under leadership of Christian Frederick Constitutional assembly at Eidsvoll 10. April 112 rep. 17. May: Norwegian Constitution adopted and Norwegian King elected (Christian Frederik) Both very democratic for its age and undemocratic (Jews not allowed to enter the country) War of 1814: CF surrenders to Crown Prince Carl Johan of Sweden, but the Constitution remains in place when Norway enters loose union with Sweden Scene from Eidsvoll 1814 Eidsvoll today Crown Prince of Denmark Christian Frederick, regent of Norway, king of Norway in 1814
21 Reformation: Norway becoming a Province of Denmark Lack of Norwegian nobility The free position of the Norwegian peasant population Absolutism 1660 embetsstand as a professional and loyal ruling elite 1814: Independence and Constitution The most radical and democratic Constitution in Europe at the time But: Women did not get the vote, and Jews prohibited from entering the country Both a result of war and the long term inner developments The Norwegian people was well prepared when they got independence as a present To sum up
22 17 th of May in Bergen Small children with guns?
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Objectives Describe the Tudor monarchs relations with Parliament. Analyze how clashes between the Stuarts and Parliament ushered in a century of revolution. Understand how the English Civil War and the