-a series of wars between European Christians and Arab Muslims over the Holy Land. -Europeans went for adventure, gain wealth, & forgiveness of sins
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1 Review
2 The Dark Ages -education is minimal -peasants live in a feudalistic society -invaders attack often -personal hygiene is lacking -knights protect their cities and fight in tournaments The Plague (Black Death)- killed 1/3 of Europe Middle Ages
3 -a series of wars between European Christians and Arab Muslims over the Holy Land -Europeans went for adventure, gain wealth, & forgiveness of sins -Muslims won most wars Crusades
4 Europe began using gunpowder invented by the Chinese Moveable-type printing inspired the Gutenberg press in Europe Trade- along the Silk Road (Europeans begin to use Asian products like silk robes and porcelain vases) Diffusion from Asia to Europe
5 The spreading of Chinese culture to non-chinese countries (Japan, Korea, Vietnam) Sinification
6 New Monarchs
7 New Monarchs Monarch: a head of state; usually a king or queen New Monarchs: 15th Century European rulers who unified their nations and created strong, centralized governments. These leaders often were able to send out explorers. (hint: Our next subject!)
8 Old School Monarchs vs New Monarchs Old School Monarchs were weak (power) relied on Nobles and other for income $ relied on Nobles to gather armies relied on Nobles for advice shared power with the Church
9 How to Become a New Monarch try to take power from the Nobles tax them and/or take their land raise your own army (royal army) eventually attack non-cooperating Noble s castle s with cannons (gunpowder from China!) reduce poltical power of the church create trusted bureaucracies (people that help run the government) that aren t nobles. Many were originally bourgeoisie (middlr class) increased debt (borrowed money from bankers who would WANT the monarch to succeed to be repaid)
10 A New Nation: England William of Normandy, leader of a germanic tribe, the Normans, went fight in the Battle of Hastings. He won and was proclaimed King of England. They originally spoke French but the mixture of Norman and Anglo-Saxon languages (early Germanic time who lived there) created English. Took a census called the Doomsday Book to count population, land and farm animals. It also determined how much taxes was owed to the King. Common Law, or law for the entire kingdom, was created during King Henry II
11 King Richard I History Behind Robin Hood His brother John is put in charge until he returns Leaves to Fight in 3rd Crusades John becomes King King Richard returns King Richard dies Heavily taxes the people
12 Nobles Fight for Liberty King John was disliked lost many battles with France Kicked people out of castles so his friends could have them Heavily taxed the money, to the point of poverty was not loyal to the Nobles/Barons In 1215, the Barons/Nobles demanded King John sign a document limiting his power, or they revolt. This was the first time a King s power was limited by law
13 Magna Carta or Great Charter Focused on the feudal idea that the king and vassals had mutual obligations No freeman could be punished or imprisoned without trial or jury Eventually it lead to a representative government called Parliament- 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town, and all nobles and bishops. This later formed the House of Lords (nobles/church lords), House of Commons (knights/townspeople) who could discuss taxes and pass laws.
14 New Monarchy in England King Henry VII: The First Tudor -ended the Wars of the Roses in 1485 Wars of the Roses ( ): civil war in England for control of the English crown combatants: House of Lancaster (red rose) v. House of York (white rose) civil war won by Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster when Henry defeated Richard III of the House of York at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII (1485), who later married Elizabeth of York (1486) to help ease tensions between the two families
15 New Monarchy in France: Louis XI Expanded French boundaries Raised taxes without parliamentary consent Weakened the nobility Fired his own army and hired Swiss soldiers Louis XI The Spider
16 New Monarchy in Spain: King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella Ferdinand (king of Aragon) & Isabella (queen of Castile) were married in 1469 Also known as the Catholic Monarchs instituted the Spanish Inquisition and the Expulsion of Muslims & Jews Sent Columbus to explore new trade routes
17 New Monarchy in Germany: The Holy Roman Empire Mostly divided and diverse states and manors A Holy Roman Emperor was elected by 7 electors The Holy Roman Emperor was relatively weak compared to France and England
18 Fun Fact: King Richard III King Richard II (1483) was king of England. The last King to die in battle at age 32. Had severe scoliosis In 2012, a skeleton was found under a parking lot during construction Turns out to be the location where King Richard III died in battle He was given proper burial in 2015.
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