RTB Proposal `XX. Vol. I

Transcription

1 RTB Proposal `XX Vol. I

2 Acknowledgments This proposal was prepared by a cross-center and interdisciplinary writing team made up of Bhawana Upadhyay (RTB-CIP), Clair Hershey (CIAT), Claudio Proietti (RTB-CIP), Dagmar Wittine (RTB-CIP), Dietmar Stoian (Bioversity), Elmar Schulte-Geldermann (CIP), Elisabetta Gotor (Bioversity), Gordon Prain (CIP), Graham Thiele (RTB-CIP), Holly Holmes (RTB-CIP), Inge van den Bergh (Bioversity), James Legg (IITA), Michael Friedmann (RTB-CIP), Michelle Rodriguez (CIP), Netsayi Mudege (CIP), Oscar Ortiz (CIP), Philippe Monneveux (CIP), Piet van Asten (IITA), Selim Guvener (RTB-CIP), Simon Heck (CIP), Simone Staiger (CIAT), and Zandra Vasquez (RTB-CIP). Paul Woomer (IITA) provided a helpful text on Youth Empowerment and Agribusiness Opportunities for RTB. Gary Harrison provided final editing and Cecilia Lafosse helped with graphics. It drew on a huge effort from many more CGIAR scientists and collaborators from partner organizations. The document benefited from constructive discussion and feedback around the program structure and governance mechanisms provided by the Independent Evaluation Arrangement team that evaluated RTB in Commentary on the first draft from the CIP Board of Trustees, the RTB Independent Steering Committee, and the CGIAR Consortium Board and Office greatly helped to improve content. Finally, we thank the external reviewers of the business cases at flagship project and cluster level in 2015, which was a vital input into the writing process. i

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: THE CRP Rationale and Scope Goals, objectives, targets Impact pathway and theory of change Gender Youth Program structure and flagship projects Cross CRP collaboration and site integration Partnerships and comparative advantage Evidence of demand and stakeholder commitment Capacity development Program management and governance Intellectual asset management Open access management Communication strategy Risk management Budget narrative summary SECTION 2: FLAGSHIP LEVEL Flagship Project 1: Discovery research for enhanced utilization of RTB genetic resources Flagship Project 2: Adapted productive varieties and quality seed of RTB crops Flagship Project 3: Resilient RTB crops Flagship Project 4: Nutritious RTB Foods and Value Added Through Post-harvest Innovation Flagship Project 5: Improved Livelihoods at Scale SECTION 3: ANNEXES ANNEXES 1 to ANNEX 10 A. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ANNEX 10 B. REFERENCES ANNEX 10 C. RTB COMMUNICATION STRATEGY ANNEX 10 D. RTB ACCOUNTABILITY MATRIX ANNEX 10 E. RTB CONTRIBUTION TO THE SRF TARGET ANNEX 10 F. RTB PERFORMANCE INDICATORS MATRIX ii

4 SECTION 1: THE CRP 1.1 RATIONALE AND SCOPE The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) is one of eight Agri-Food System CRPs (AFS-CRP). It will incorporate livelihood systems work, especially from the CRP Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics (Humidtropics) with which strong collaboration has been established, and expand collaboration with Global Integrating CRPs (GI-CRP) and the other AFS-CRPs making up the portfolio. An external evaluation, commissioned by the Independent Evaluation Arrangement (IEA) in 2015, concluded that in spite of the complexities and challenges of successfully implementing a multi-crop and multi-partner CRP, RTB has made notable progress in the past four years and is already delivering results, in spite of budget cuts. RTB is well-directed and reaching a reasonable number of its near-term milestones and is working towards achieving its goals, particularly those concerning productivity and nutritional improvement for some of its crops (IEA 2016). RTB brings together four CGIAR centers (Bioversity, CIAT, CIP, and IITA) and CIRAD (also representing the French organizations IRD, INRA, and Vitropic) with more than 200 partners for research on banana, cassava, potato, sweetpotato, yam, and minor roots and tubers. Termed vegetatively propagated staple crops, they are linked by common breeding, seed, and post-harvest issues, and by the frequency with which women are involved in their production and use. RTB crops are the backbone of food security in a swathe of countries, running through the humid tropics in sub-saharan Africa (SSA) and in more localized areas of Asia and Latin America. Elsewhere, RTB crops often complement maize, rice, wheat, legumes, vegetables, and livestock, while also forming part of many agro-forestry systems. Around 300 million poor people 1 in developing countries currently depend on RTB value chains for food and nutrition security and income; many more benefit through their consumption. RTB crops are increasingly taking on roles in income generation in value-added markets. However, climate change could potentially undo progress in poverty reduction and markedly increase food insecurity, especially in SSA where RTB crops are the most important. This puts RTB absolutely center stage in the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework (SRF) in addressing the societal grand challenges of the 21 st century, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). An agri-food system includes all processes involved in feeding people: growing, harvesting, processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food and food packages. It includes the inputs needed and outputs generated at each step (Eames-Sheavly et al. 2011). Agri-food systems affect the incomes of those whom they employ, the nutrition and health of consumers, and the quality of the natural resource base. They embody a mosaic of different crops, animals, and fish as well as other options at different levels of scale; women and men are both involved in varied and changing roles. Hence RTB research requires appropriate involvement of women and men at each of these levels from household, to community, to landscape and above and promotes the use of participatory and multistakeholder approaches that aim to strengthen engagement and target livelihoods enhancement. In those geographies where RTB crops predominate in the agri-food system, RTB takes an overall lead role, involving other AFS-CRPs when these can contribute to improving livelihoods. In those geographies where RTB crops play a secondary (or companion ) role in the system, RTB collaborates with the relevant AFS-CRP. This will be organized conjointly within the framework of site integration plans that have been built into the second phase of RTB, which is designed to run from 2017 to Based on expert estimation with poverty line defined as earning less than US$ 1.25 at 2005 purchasing power parity (World Bank 2015). 1

5 RTB crops form part of extremely diverse agri-food systems, much more so than the crops of other AFS- CRPs, and make up part of every major cropping system in the dry areas and humid tropics of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (Table 1). Some key points are discussed below: In a swathe of countries running through the humid tropics in Africa (root crop-based cropping systems in Table 1), RTB crops are the most important staple and the dominant commodity in the system. Across this group of countries, the contribution of foods derived from RTB crops to total calorific needs from all sources ranges from nearly 25% in Nigeria to close to 60% in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (Table 2). Table 1. RTB crops interaction in all major cropping systems Cropping System Banana Cassava Potato Sweetpotato Yam Others* Dry Areas Africa Rain-fed mixed Asia Mixed irrigated arid/semi-arid systems Rain-fed mixed Latin America Rain-fed mixed Humid Tropics Africa Highland perennial Root crop Cereals-roots based Forest-based Asia Upland intensive mixed Lowland rice Tree crop mixed Roots and tubers Rain-fed mixed Latin America Intensive highland mixed Maize and beans High altitude mixed Source: RTB 2011 (Original RTB Proposal). *Includes several Andean roots and tubers and aroids included in the RTB mandate, although most are of local importance. Populations are still growing rapidly in SSA. By 2050 just four of the more important countries for RTB in the humid tropics in Africa (Nigeria, DRC, Ghana, Uganda) are projected to have a combined population of 0.75 billion, reaching 1.4 billion by 2100 (UNDP 2015). The number of people involved in RTB-dominated agri-food systems could more than double by the end of the 21 st century most of it in SSA. 2

6 Table 2. Contribution of RTB crop-based foods to food intake in African countries where RTB crops dominate, measured in kilocalories (kcal) per capita DRC Ivory Coast Ghana Nigeria Rwanda Uganda Country* Item Population '000s 59,077 60,800 62,523 Grand Total kcal 1,566 1,585 1,605 RTB foods kcal % RTB Population 000s 18,601 18,977 19,390 Grand Total kcal 2,727 2,737 2,784 RTB foods kcal 1,021 1,023 1,020 % RTB foods Population' 000s 23,692 24,263 24,821 Grand Total kcal 2,937 2,976 3,003 RTB foods kcal 1,392 1,376 1,451 % RTB foods Population '000s 155, , ,193 Grand Total kcal 2,683 2,706 2,706 RTB foods kcal % RTB foods Population '000s 10,530 10,837 11,144 Grand Total kcal 2,128 2,141 2,148 RTB foods kcal % RTB foods Population '000s 32,864 33,987 35,148 Grand Total kcal 2,273 2,291 2,279 RTB foods kcal % RTB foods Source: FAOstat *Five of the six countries are prioritized for site integration by the CGIAR. DRC 2006, 2007, and There are marked cultural preferences for RTB crops in these SSA countries. Using the Impact General Equilibrium Model, an analysis in 2015 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) shows that per capita consumption will continue to rise (Fig. 1). Because of low productivity, current production of RTB crops in SSA does not meet basic food security needs in rural areas, and is often uncompetitive with imported staples from international markets for national urban consumers, resulting in missed smallholder income opportunities. As more people move to cities, value chains for RTB crops will need to be reconfigured to improve efficiency and convenience and reduce post-harvest losses so as to compete with imported staples. 3

7 Meat Roots & tubers Fruits & veg Cereals Source: IFPRI Note: WLD = World; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; EUR = Europe; FSU = Former Soviet Union; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; MEN = Middle East and North Africa; NAM = North America; SAS = South Asia; SSA = sub-saharan Africa. Bananas are included under fruits and vegetables Figure 1. Forecasting model shows sustained per capita demand for roots and tubers through to 2050 Outside of the humid tropics in Africa and in most of Asia and Latin America, RTB crops are generally important in rotations, or as secondary crops, and can be key to increasing efficiency with income in the off-season or to addressing important nutritional deficiencies. And although RTB crops can play an increased role in food security with climate change and more extreme weather events, by and large, cereals remain the dominant crops in the agri-food systems. However, even in those parts of the world where RTB crops are not dominant at the national level, there are important but more localized areas of importance at sub-national level. These include (1) cassava-based cropping systems in Southeast Asia, mostly for processing into starch and chips but with important food uses in some places such as Indonesia; (2) potato-based cropping systems at subnational level in more temperate areas of SSA, China, and Central Asia and at higher elevations in the Andes; and (3) banana in parts of Latin America, providing employment and fair trade opportunities in export markets. Climate change will impact agri-food systems and worsen poverty in different ways. One of the most important effects is through reducing productivity and raising food prices (Fig. 2). This is of concern worldwide, but without significant technological change to cope with climate change, this is likely to be of special importance in SSA. As noted previously, this is precisely the part of the world where RTB 4

8 crops are of the highest relative importance, with further expansion in the pipeline as the population of these countries continues to grow. Change in agriclutural prices (%) a. World Poverty and high emissions w/o CO 2 fertilization Poverty and high emissions Poverty and low emissions Prosperity and high emissions w/o CO 2 fertilization Prosperity and high emissions Prosperity and low emissions Change in agriclutural prices (%) 40 b. Sub-Saharan Africa Source: World Bank Change in agriclutural prices (%) 40 c. South Asia Figure 2. Effect of climate change on agricultural prices under different scenarios A key dynamic as a result of climate change will be crop substitution, especially where RTB crops replace more sensitive cereals and legumes. Maize will be particularly vulnerable to higher frequency of periodic drought, whereas production of cassava and, potentially, sweetpotato can be much more reliable. Considering the wide diversity of RTB crops, their significant roles in every major cropping system, and the future trends related to climate change, research on RTB crops contributes through a wide range of pathways to the System Level Outcomes (SLOs) of the SRF (CGIAR 2015) as well as the SDGs ( SLO 1 aligns primarily with SDG 1 to address poverty, SLO 2 aligns with SDG 2 on zero hunger and SDG 3 on good health, and SLO 3 aligns with SDG 12 on responsible consumption and production. All SLOs contribute to the SDGs on gender equity, reduced inequalities, climate action, and partnerships (see Fig. 3, which presents the full set of SDGs addressed). SLO 1: Reduced poverty (SDG 1: No poverty) Innovations in RTB crops have tremendous impact on poverty reduction by (1) increasing farmers income through raised productivity and linkages to markets and adding value, (2) enhancing non-agricultural rural employment with better remuneration especially through processing (often predominantly a woman s activity), (3) creating opportunities for youth employment, and (4) lowering food costs to consumers. There is already a general shift underway towards greater commercialization of RTB crops which creates new incentives for increasing yield, investing in inputs and raising incomes. Linked with this, because RTB crops are more perishable and bulky than cereals, they create opportunities for value addition and employment in post-harvest and processing in rural areas. This is particularly evident for cassava (e.g., in 5

9 gari processing in West Africa) but true for other crops as well. Providing growing urban populations with RTB crops-based food will require extensive transformation of current technology to capture these benefits. But unless gender roles and needs are considered, innovation can worsen gender inequity (Sarapura 2012). Increasing opportunities for women can have a powerful impact on productivity and agriculture-led development, and reduce gender disparities in access to inputs, assets, opportunities, information, and other resources (Margolies and Buckingham 2013; FAO 2014). The area under RTB crops has doubled in developing countries since 1960, and expanded even more in Africa. The picture is mixed, however, for yield increase and area planted (Table 3). For some crops and regions, there has been little change. But where market conditions were favorable and appropriate new technology available, yield gains have been considerable. For example, industrial markets for cassava in Southeast Asia (Robinson and Srinivasan 2013) have spurred a 3.4% annual rate of yield increase in the last decade in Asia as a whole (Table 4). In Africa, potato is grown increasingly as a cash crop for urban markets, showing consistent growth with the second highest rate of yield increase of any crop in the last decade. Table 3. Change in production, area, and yield for RTB crops in developing countries Crops Production (million t) Area (million ha) Yield (t/ha) Banana Cassava Plantain Potato Sweetpotato Yam Source: FAOstat FAOstat reports banana and plantain separately; however, no systematic criteria are used to make this separation. Note: (t) = ton; ha = hectare. Table 4. Rate of yield increase by continent for RTB crops and other staples Region Africa Asia Rate of yield increase (%) Crop Banana Cassava Maize Plantain Potato Rice, paddy Sweetpotato Wheat Yam Banana Cassava Maize Plantain Potato Rice, paddy Sweetpotato Wheat Yam

10 Region Crop Rate of yield increase (%) Banana Cassava Maize Plantain Latin Potato America Rice, paddy Sweetpotato Wheat Yam Source: FAOSTAT Note: Excluded are Israel and Japan in Asia. The yield constraints in cassava illustrate the progress that is possible for RTB crops (Table 5). In Southeast Asia the introduction of improved varieties of cassava (supported by CIAT), followed by adoption of improved soil and crop management, raised yields from 13.0 t/ha in 1995 to 19.6 t/ha in 2011 (Howeler 2014). (As stated above, this is reflected in the annual yield increase of 3.4% over the past decade in Asia.) Estimates using the information presented in Table 5 suggest that if all economically viable practices were adopted in Asia, cassava yields could increase to at least 25.4 t/ha. In Africa, however, a wider set of constraints (e.g., pests and diseases, limitations in markets and infrastructure) has limited progress. Over the past decade there has been only a 1.6% rate of increase in yield, to just over 10 t/ha (Table 4), or less than 50% of economically achievable potential, thus leaving a considerable yield gap. Table 5. Constraints limiting the yield potential of cassava by region, with contribution each constraint could make to increasing yield as a percentage of current yield Constraint Africa Latin America Asia Soil Crop Management Varietal (yield potential) Abiotic factors Diseases Pests Source: Howeler Recent adoption studies in SSA are grounds for optimism that yield gaps can be closed. Adoption of modern varieties of cassava, potato, yam, sweetpotato, and banana (many developed or disseminated by CGIAR) was 39.7%, 34.4%, 30.2%, 6.9%, and 6.2%, respectively, of the total area cropped (ISPC, SPIA 2014). RTB crops offer high potential yields, but farmers often realize less than half that potential due to the use of poor quality seed (planting material consisting of tubers, cuttings, suckers, etc.) of limited genetic potential; biotic and abiotic constraints; and poor management practices. Broad experience shows that robust market demand is the most effective driver of agricultural technology adoption. Conversely, limited institutional arrangements that support markets, policy, knowledge, and technological development restrain yield potential. Women s farm yields are typically much lower than men s, reflecting specific gender barriers that lower women s productivity, including competing priorities (e.g., child care), and limit their access to information and technology (FAO 2014; Mudege et al. 2015). Low productivity in turn prevents women farmers from taking full advantage of market opportunities and the chance to increase income. Hence there are several strategies needed to make use of the full potential of RTB crops to exit poverty: (1) 7

11 breeding for higher nutritional and processing quality; (2) identification of traits that are user-preferred and adapted to biotic and abiotic stresses; (3) provision of access to improved quality planting material; (4) development of better management practices; (5) implementation of sex-disaggregated data collection and integrated gender research; and (6) improved institutional arrangements. SLO 2: Improved food security and nutrition for health (SDG 2: zero hunger and SDG 3: good health and well-being) With an average production of around 790 million t on 59 million ha in (FAOstat 2015), RTB crops represent the second most important set of crops in developing countries after cereals. The energy output/ha/day of RTB crops is considerably higher than that of grains, providing one of the cheapest sources of dietary energy. In 2011, RTB crops provided around 15% of the daily per capita calorie intake for the 763 million people living in least developed countries. In SSA and Asia, hunger is still common. RTB crops can increase food availability and diversity, especially during hungry periods or in the event of failure or damage to cereals during extreme weather events. Furthermore, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is widespread, contributing to increased risks of blindness, illness, and premature death, particularly in young children and pregnant/postpartum women. Globally, 163 million children under 5 years of age are vitamin A deficient; Fe and Zn deficiencies are also common. Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is a proven biofortified crop: 50 g/day can meet the vitamin A requirements of a young child, and 1.1 million households (HH) have adopted OFSP across several African countries. Yellow cassava, also rich in vitamin A, is going to scale in Nigeria. Banana cultivars can be significant sources of vitamin A (Davey et al. 2009) and are being promoted in several countries in East Africa; potato breeding has achieved nutritionally significant levels of Fe and Zn (Thiele et al. 2010). RTB crops are mostly produced, processed, and traded locally, making them less vulnerable to abrupt price rises in international markets. Their potential is often limited, however, by the lack of preferred nutritious varieties, poor stability of micronutrients in fresh and processed food, unfavorable value chains, and weak institutional innovation arrangements. SLO 3: Improved natural resources systems and ecosystem management (SDG 12: responsible consumption and production) The impact of RTB crops on the natural resource base and the larger environment varies with the crop and cropping system. As populations grow and extend their environmental impacts, the different systems will need to be evaluated for their potential to sustainably increase productivity. Approaches need to be devised that enable rural women and men smallholders to meet their food and income needs while safeguarding the long-term health (productivity) of farming and natural environments. RTB crops are highly suited to complex agri-food systems that include diverse and dense nutrient sources such as legumes, fruits, and vegetables, with the latter projected to show marked growth (Fig. 1). These complex systems also help to mitigate negative environmental impact. Conservation and on-farm use of crop genetic diversity can contribute to resilient cropping systems and increase the capacity to respond to evolving stresses. Some RTB crops tolerate stresses such as drought and heat and should be relatively robust in the face of climate change; others may require major supplemental efforts to maintain production. A strong focus on conserving and restoring the soil resource base will be essential to ensure total systems sustainability in the face of increasing shocks from climate change. More generally, sustainable intensification of RTB agri-food systems will reduce deforestation. 8

12 1.2 GOALS, OBJECTIVES, TARGETS RTB, together with its wide array of partners, will conduct research for development (R4D) on its mandate crops and support options for scaling, taking a systems perspective to ensure relevance and impact. RTB made careful estimates of the numbers of beneficiaries based on impact pathways, considering the likelihood of success in research and probability of adoption, which is described in each of the flagship project (FP) sections. Achieving these targets will require extensive engagement of multiple partners for scaling and expanded capacity development ( CapDev ) (see Annex 1 on partnerships and Annex 2 on capacity development). The aggregation of the figures presented at the flagship level is the basis for RTB and its partners to propose the following goals as its contribution to those of the SRF: 20,000,000 people (50% women) have increased their income 30,000 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are operating profitably in the RTB seed and processing sectors 8,000,000 farm HH have increased RTB crop yield through the adoption of improved varieties and sustainable management practices 10,000,000 people (50% women) have improved their diet quality 1,900,000 ha of current RTB crops production area converted to sustainable cropping systems. These goals are achieved via a set of targets identified as Intermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs) and their associated Sub-IDOs, achieved through RTB s five FPs. The detailed alignment of goals and targets with the SDGs is shown in Figure 3. Each of the five interlinked and interactive FPs has its own overall objective: FP1: Discovery research for enhanced utilization of RTB genetic resources: develop and apply leadingedge science toward faster and more precise development of user-demanded varieties, and to enhance the long-term conservation and use of genetic diversity. FP2: Adapted productive varieties and quality seed of RTB crops: make available good-quality planting materials of a diverse set of high-yielding RTB varieties that are adapted to the needs and preferences of different stakeholders in the value chain. FP3: Resilient RTB crops: close yield gaps of RTB crops arising from biotic and abiotic threats and to develop more resilient production systems, thereby strengthening food security and improving natural resource quality. FP4: Nutritious RTB food and added value through post-harvest intervention: support the fuller, equitable, and sustainable utilization of RTB crops for healthier diets and improved income opportunities. FP5: Improving livelihoods at scale: improve livelihood resilience by scaling RTB solutions in agri-food systems. Each FP is composed of a set of interrelated activities (referred to as clusters ), each with its own aim and attributable targets (presented below in Section 2). 9

13 SDGs SLOs IDOs 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 17 1 Reduced Poverty 1.3 Increased incomes and employment 1.4 Increased productivity Sub IDOs Flagship projects contribution Diversified enterprise opportunities x x x More efficient use of inputs x Reduced pre- and -post production losses, including those caused by climate change Closed yield gaps through improved agronomic and animal husbandry practices Enhanced genetic gain x x x x x x x Increased conservation and use of genetic resources x x 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17 2 Improved food and nutrition security and health 2.1 Improved diets for poor and vulnerable people Increased availability of diverse nutrientrich foods Optimized consumption of diverse nutrientrich foods x x x 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 3 Improved natural resources systems and ecosystems services 3.2 Enhanced benefits from ecosystem goods and services 3.3 More sustainably managed agroecosystem Agricultural systems diversified and intensified in ways that protect soils and water Enrichment of plant and animal biodiversity for multiple goods and services Increased resilience of agro-ecosystems and communities, especially those including smallholders Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks x x x x x x x Crosscutting A.1 Mitigation A.1.4 Enhanced capacity to deal with climatic and adaptation risks and extremes achieved B.1 Equity and inclusion achieved C.1 Enabling environment improved D.1 National partners and beneficiaries enabled Figure 3. SDGs, SLOs, IDOs, and (Sub)-IDOs: mapping with RTB flagship projects x x x x B.1.1 Gender-equitable control of productive assets and resources x x x x B.1.3 Improved capacity of women and young people to participate in decision-making x C.1.1 Increased capacity of beneficiaries to adopt research outputs x C.1.3 Conducive agricultural policy environment x x x D.1.1 Enhanced institutional capacity of partner research organizations x x D.1.2 Enhanced individual capacity in partner research organizations through training and x x x exchange D.1.4 Increased capacity for innovation in partner development organizations and in poor and vulnerable communities x x x One essential difference between Phase I and Phase II of RTB is the integration of systems thinking into commodity research to build a comprehensive AFS-CRP. The linkages between FPs to reach CGIAR goals (SLOs) are presented in Figure 4. This broader program design matches commodity research with livelihood contexts, and takes a broader systems perspective to accelerate the process of going to scale, guided by FP5. It includes an array of linkages with other crops, livestock, and fish in diverse agri-food systems through partnerships with other AFS-CRPs in the CGIAR portfolio. The systems innovation fund 10

14 (described under FP5) creates an incentive structure for systems integration with a livelihood focus among FPs and with other CRPs. Figure 4. Interlinked and interactive FPs in RTB The 29 primary target countries where RTB crops are of greatest importance include 17 of the 20 countries prioritized for the CGIAR s site integration (CGIAR 2015) and all the 6 fast-tracked countries for more intensive integration ( + and ++ respectively, Table 6). The involvement with AFS-CRPs in site integration plans for these countries is crucial (see Annex 6). Table 6. Primary RTB target countries Africa Region Latin America and the Caribbean Asia CGIAR ++ target countries CGIAR + target countries Other countries Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon, DRC, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Burundi, Congo, Ivory Tanzania Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia Coast Nicaragua none Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Peru Bangladesh, Vietnam India, Nepal China, Indonesia, Thailand, The Philippines RTB (Sub)-IDO targets are driven by the available evidence base and foresight analysis. In RTB carried out a priority assessment to identify research options with highest priority and greatest expected impact on poverty reduction for the major RTB crops. The exercise included five steps: (1) mapping of crop production by agro-ecology and targeting of research areas; (2) constraints analysis; (3) identification of main research options, which included stakeholder consultation and expert surveys; (4) quantification of key parameters; and (5) estimation of research impacts ( Building on this, an ex-ante analysis of preferred technology options was carried out for all crops, based on quantitative assessments of adoption potentials and the use of an economic surplus model to estimate key impact variables (Table 7). The technology options with highest potential impact were translated into RTB clusters in the new RTB structure (Fig. 5). 11

15 Table 7. Selected results of ex-ante assessment of selected technologies lower adoption scenario Technology Management Banana Bunchy Top Virus Cassava high-yielding varieties with resistance to cassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease Area 000 ha NPV (m USD) IRR (%) 000,000 HH '000,000 persons Poverty reduction '000,000 persons 413 1, ,610 1, Potato late blight resistance 774 1, OFSP inc. health benefits 673 1, Yam clean planting materials and agronomic practices Note 1: NPV = net present value (10%), IRR = internal rate of return. Project investment period 6 years; benefits, 25 years. Note 2: Two adoption scenarios were projected for the ex-ante assessment. Adoption rates in the higher adoption scenario were based on expert opinions. In the lower adoption scenario, adoption rates were reduced by 50%. Parameters elicited for the economic surplus model for each research option, and the results obtained such as the area under adoption and the number of beneficiaries (Table 7), provided the basis for estimating RTB s expected contribution to the SRF targets. The estimated adoption curve was used as the basis for estimating the number of beneficiaries. The impact of each research option on rural poverty reduction (final column in Table 7) was estimated. This was done by first estimating the marginal impact on poverty reduction of an increase in the value of agricultural production, using poverty reduction elasticities of agricultural productivity growth. The reduction in the total number of poor was then calculated by considering the estimated economic benefits as the additional increase in agricultural production value. The target definition process at the cluster level reveals the broad geographical scope (multi-country) and the integrated approach (multidisciplinary interventions, causal pathway built on the effects promoted by sets of different research outputs) adopted by RTB. Expected changes in crop yields and economic surplus results for the RTB target countries were used to quantify IDO-related targets at the cluster level. A conservative approach was applied to limit overestimation of targets and double-counting. In particular, where more than one research option was mapped into the same cluster and country, results were not aggregated and only the research option with the greatest number of adopters was considered. The priority assessment guided the selection of prioritized technologies for the design of crop-specific clusters under FP2 FP4. The close correspondence between the research priorities identified in the priority assessment and the RTB program structure can be seen in Figure 5. In light of Recommendation 4 of the IEA (2016), RTB is concluding a congruence analysis using a composite impact index of key variables (Table 7) that will be taken into consideration in resource mobilization and setting priorities. 12

16 DISCOVERY DELIVERY FP1: FP2: FP3: FP4: Enhanced genetic resources Productive varieties & quality seed Resilient crops Nutritious food & added value DI1.1 Breeding CoP DI1.2 Next generation breeding DI1.3 Game changing traits DI1.4 Genetic diversity CC2.1 Access to quality seeds/varieties BA2.2 User preferred banana cultivars/hybrids CA2.3 Added value cassava varieties PO2.4 Seed potato for Africa PO2.5 Potato varieties for Asia SW2.6 User preferred sweetpotato varieties YA2.7 Quality seed yam CC3.1 (Pest/disease management CC3.2 Crop production systems BA3.3 Banana fungal & bacterial wilts (Foc/BXW) BA3.4 Banana viral diseases (BBTD) CA3.5 Cassava biological constraints, Asia/Americas CA3.6 Cassava biological threats, Africa FP 5: Improved livelihoods at scale CC5.1 Foresight and impact assessment CC4.1 Post-harvest innovation CA4.2 Cassava processing CA4.3 Biofortified cassava SW4.4 Nutritious sweetpotato CC5.2 Sustainable intensification and diversification for improved resilience, nutrition and income CC5.3 Gender-equitable development and youth employment CC5.4 Institutional innovation and scaling Note: FP= Flagship; prefix indicates crop where relevant: DI=discovery, CC=crosscutting, BA=banana, CA=cassava, PO=potato, SW=sweetpotato, YA=yam. Figure 5. Correspondence of RTB clusters with priority assessment results Good match with priority assessment research option Partial match with one or more priority assessment research option(s) 1.3 IMPACT PATHWAY AND THEORY OF CHANGE RTB uses theories of change (ToCs) and their impact pathways as a dynamic framework for planning, assessing, learning, and adjusting the program s interventions and effects. The ToC describes how interventions by RTB lead to the expected results, including key assumptions and risks; causal linkages are visualized in an impact pathway. RTB works with a nested hierarchy of ToCs at the program, FP, and cluster levels. The program-level contribution to (Sub)-IDOs and higher level outcomes is shown in Figure 3. Figure 6 schematizes the initial stage of the impact pathway and key products. ToCs are presented for each FP in their respective section. ToCs were also prepared at cluster level, although space does not permit their inclusion in this proposal. 13

17 Note: A: Assumptions, R: Risks. Figure 6. RTB impact pathway: key products and immediate outcomes The program-level ToC addresses poverty, food and nutrition security, and sustainable development challenges through a synergistic approach that integrates contributions from all RTB FPs. Tapping into underutilized RTB genetic diversity, FP1 collaborates with advanced research institutes (ARIs), universities, national agricultural research systems (NARS), and other CRPs. It is informed by FP2 FP5 on next and end user needs to make available breeding products that, through gender-responsive breeding pipelines supported in FP2, are used to obtain high-yielding and nutrient-rich varieties in line with consumer demand and adapted to future climates and resistant to biotic and abiotic threats. With national and international partners, FP1 seeks to influence changes in policy and regulatory frameworks for enhancing conservation and safe exchange of RTB genetic diversity. FP2 includes the upstream part of the breeding for each crop and helps to identify existing landraces with desired agronomic and user traits. FP2 works in close relation with national breeding, genetics, and phenotyping programs, ARIs, and universities. It is informed by FP3 FP5 as regards the needs of next users of prototype varieties and particular constraints (e.g., disease resistance). FP2 includes a crosscutting component on seed and approaches for demand creation. Scaling occurs with national seed agencies, private companies (e.g., seed business, traders, processors), service providers, and development partners. 14

18 At the policy level, FP2 promotes the adaptation of national regulations on seed/planting material to introduce frameworks and standards that better respond to farmers needs. FP3 develops an array of products for pest and disease characterization and management and improved agronomic practices for more resilient cropping systems. Pest/disease risks models related to climate change and pest risks analyses (PRAs) are developed with strategic research partners and the CRP on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Results are used to devise policy and technical advice for national plant protection organizations and regional and subregional organizations. Optimized land, crop, and water management techniques are developed in collaboration with NARS and universities and promoted through well-trained extension services and other service providers. More conducive policies for ecologically sustainable intensification of RTB-related farming systems and strategies for pest/disease containment and management support NARS and development partners in going to scale. FP4 promotes collaborations among public partners (e.g., national research institutes) and private partners (e.g., food technology firms, machinery manufacturers and fabricators, small and medium processors). The objective is to develop and disseminate improved and more efficient processing and post-harvest technologies and protocols for RTB-based food products that help to reduce waste and losses and make healthy and nutritious food available. Moreover, FP4 provides technical evidence and policy advice to national authorities, development partners, and donors for designing and implementing agriculture for nutrition initiatives and education/communication programs. Particular attention is paid to identify value chain opportunities that generate more equitable employment and income opportunities for women and youth. FP5 has a dual role as a space for systems research and for providing CapDev and backstopping in support of innovation and scaling in FP1 FP4. In this regard it provides a livelihood systems-related guiding framework for all FPs to steer them toward promising institutional innovations, opportunities for advancing gender and intergenerational equity, expected and proven areas of greatest return, and scientific evidence on impactful partnership and scaling models. CapDev activities are integrated and specified in all impact pathways at cluster and FP levels (see 1.10; Section 2; Annex 2). Moreover, achieving development outcomes requires strong partnerships with development stakeholders spanning public and private sector and civil society. Such multisector, multistakeholder partnerships will have particular impact in site integration countries where, in collaboration with other CRPs, innovation and scaling processes will be co-developed with ownership among local stakeholders (see 1.8). Research on the science of delivery with a focus on the design, implementation, and performance of partnership and scaling models and their underlying institutional arrangements is integrated into FP5 and will guide cross-flagship learning. Cluster-level ToC: pathways for going to scale with RTB-innovations As described, the program ToC guides and builds on more detailed ToCs developed at the FP level (see Section 2). Flagship projects, in turn, are an aggregation of clusters with shared objectives and related R4D domains. Each cluster has its own structure, key outputs, and impact pathway nested within the FP s impact pathway. An RTB cluster functions as a time-bound project, each with a team that can manage for results. RTB defined three types of clusters: (1) Discovery focused on innovative upstream research, yielding prototype products with potential to enter in delivery pipelines; (2) Delivery focused on adaptive research and scaling with direct contributions to scientific and development results; and (3) Crosscutting facilitate learning and achievement of outcomes across clusters and FPs. Crosscutting clusters provide advice and theoretical and operational frameworks for improving other clusters effectiveness. 15

19 Clusters comprise a set of products, each with its own work package (see Section 2: ToC subsections). In particular, Delivery clusters comprise lead and linked products. Lead products in Delivery clusters closely correspond to the concept of scalable technology and the associated inventory proposed by the U.S. Agency for International Development ( Linked products complement the lead product to support uptake. CapDev plays a critical role in creating the capacities amongst different types of users for the ToC to translate into envisaged outcomes. Gender aspects are taken into consideration in an integrative manner to improve user orientation and adoptability of technologies and to improve gender equity in relation to producing, processing, and marketing RTB. As an example, Figure 7 shows how a cluster (CA4.2 in FP4) combines different disciplinary areas of work: cassava processing centers, lifecycle analysis, and protocols for high product quality. Assessments methods for and enhanced knowledge on end users preferences Market-driven inclusive approaches for scaling out small- to medium-scale cassava processing Improved technology and knowledge for small- to medium-scale cassava processors Product specifications and processing protocols for high-quality and safe cassava-based foods Profitable and environmentally friendly technologies for use of byproducts Figure 7. Products developed in cluster CA4.2 Cassava processing Delivery clusters pass through different stages as the scale of RTB outcomes increases (Table 8). Stage 1 focuses on client-oriented participatory research and the assembly of products for piloting. In stages 2 and 3, the emphasis shifts to outcome support and the scale increases from initial to massive scaling. Transitions require a learning agenda based on feedback loops involving next and, where possible, end users to identify adoption levels and patterns and their drivers. Included here are supply-side constraints and market opportunities, context-specific influence of norms and agency on gender equity, and opportunities and needs for technology refinement and successful scaling. Progressive scaling from stage 2 to stage 3 will be based on evidence of efficacy and efficiency for scaling. Table 8. Stages of clusters in delivery flagships Stage 1: Assembly and Pilot Stage 2: Initial Scaling Stage 3: Massive Scaling Scale of impact <10,000 farmers <100,000 farmers 1 10 million farmers RTB role Lead Coordinate Support/backstop Research emphasis * Outcome support emphasis * Note: * = significant, = important, = major emphasis. 16

20 As clusters move from one stage to the next, and as new Delivery clusters emerge out of discovery, the balance of research and outcome support and the roles of partners will change. By the end of the 6-year period, a majority of Delivery FPs will most likely be in stage 3. Others, especially those recently graduated from Discovery, will either be in stage 2 or continue to be in stage 1. So although the program portfolio is already generating significant outcomes from 2017, most outcomes from the current Delivery FPs will occur in the second period ( ) of Phase II. Managing for results ToCs need flexibility and a participatory process of validation, reflection, and readjustment to respond to specific and additional challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned through the course of the program s implementation. The set of nested ToCs constituted the backbone of the RTB s results-based management (RBM) framework. For all FPs and clusters, research products were identified, impact pathways mapped out, scaling strategies agreed, and indicators for (Sub)-IDOs and lower result levels constructed to provide the basis for RBM. They are shown in the Performance Indicator Matrix (included as a separate file). An RBM strategy (see Annex 5), piloted in Phase I by RTB and Humidtropics, is founded on five principles: (1) a clear and logical program design that ties resources and activities to expected results; (2) clear roles and shared responsibilities for RTB scientists/management and partners involved in implementation; (3) commitment to improve performance on an ongoing basis; (4) demonstrated accountability and benefits to stakeholders; and (5) reliable and timely information made available to program management, CGIAR, donors, and key stakeholders. A results-oriented culture will be promoted at all management levels through an integrated system that includes the following components: planning, monitoring, evaluation, and learning platform (PMELP), and impact assessment. PMELP focuses both on output delivery and outcome achievement. It provides quantitative and qualitative information on scientific results and their uptake by next and end users, CapDev activities, partnership management, and indicators for Open Access (OA) and Intellectual Assets (IA) management. It includes a learning agenda so that program refinements are built into the resultsoriented culture. The evaluation component covers summative and formative aspects, is implemented in coordination with IEA, and integrates thematic (e.g., key challenges in RTB seed systems) and managerial issues (e.g., resizing and adjustment of FPs and clusters). The impact assessment component (primarily in FP5) will include ex-ante and ex-post assessments, contribute to strategic program planning and resource allocation, and provide evidence of impact. Alignment with national and international partners (SDGframework, other CRPs) and their monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems is a requirement for the RBM strategy to function effectively and avoid parallel systems. RBM is supported by a PMELP, an information technology for the collection, storage, analysis, and sharing of technical data, developed with the CRP on Dryland Cereals and Legumes (DCL). PMELP links data with financial information to enable timely and informed decision making, transparent reporting to donors, and savings in administrative costs. 1.4 GENDER RTB management is committed to mainstreaming gender across research as essential to enhancing impact and gender equity. The RTB Gender Strategy (RTB 2013a) identified seven specific objectives where gender analysis could make the biggest difference to program outcomes. RTB dedicated funding in Phase I to undertake gender analysis and gender integration research in these seven prioritized areas; the findings have contributed to integrating gender into FPs proposed for Phase II (see also Annex 3). 17

21 Women are often the main producers, processors, and beneficiaries of RTB crops. Yet women s needs and concerns are often not duly considered in agricultural research. For example, in Malawi women regard potato as a key cash and food crop but are rarely targeted with relevant agronomic advice to improve their potato yields, which are half of men s (Mudege et al. 2015). Women were also not targeted with training in marketing, which means that they cannot effectively participate in and benefit from markets. A lack of attention to gender in innovation processes may even undermine women s livelihoods. In Kenya, the commercialization of banana value chains displaced women from producing and marketing the crop (Fischer and Qaim 2012). Exclusion has implications for efficiency and equity as well, leading to agricultural underperformance in terms of yield (World Bank et al. 2009; FAO 2011). Gender specialists took part in the cross-center team for the RTB priority assessment, and various measures were taken to capture gender. Three gender questions were included among 90 research options in the expert survey to identify priority research areas. Expert respondents were asked to rank the importance of (1) research and development (R&D) of gender-friendly labor-saving tools, (2) research on gender-equitable value chains, and (3) study on gender inequality in crop production systems. The three gender research options were, however, ranked low compared with other research options. Probable reasons are lack of awareness of: The importance of social aspects of technical research and focus on technical outputs rather than outcomes along the impact pathway. The inadequate capacity for integrating gender concerns, using available tools and undertaking gender analysis in agricultural R4D. As a follow-up to the priority assessment, focus group discussions were initiated to identify the key gender implications of future RTB research in different locations. This fed into a separate, cross-crp qualitative comparative field study, in which RTB is a leading proponent in design, training, and implementation: GENNOVATE (Enabling Gender Equality in Agricultural and Natural Resource Management). The 3-year project started in 2013 and involved 11 CRPs, reaching 125 villages across 25 countries where CGIAR is active (RTB and Humidtropics have 20 cases in 7 countries). Research explores differences in women and men s capacities to access, adopt, and benefit from innovations in agriculture. Results will contribute to adjustments to the design of the RTB gender portfolio in Phase II. In line with the scope of work outlined in the gender strategy and the findings of the priority assessment, RTB developed a gender capacity-strengthening plan (RTB 2013b) to raise awareness and build capacity among scientists and partners on the importance of gender mainstreaming and gender integration research. The team conducted an online (SurveyMonkey) Gender Training Needs Assessment, sent to 80 staff and partners, 62 of whom responded. Lack of skills/trained staff, lack of financial resources for gender activities, and lack of input from gender scientists were frequently cited obstacles to gender integration. RTB developed a gender training curriculum based on this assessment, with different flexible modules; 80 scientists and partners were trained in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in Additional theme-specific capacity-strengthening efforts for partners were conducted on participatory varietal selection (PVS) (Ethiopia, Uganda) and nutrition (Ethiopia) in In addition, the gender team implemented an analysis of all gender research published by RTB centers between 2007 and 2012 (RTB 2013c). Table 9 gives a synopsis of gender analysis undertaken in Phase I, the FP it relates to, and the gender relevance of the FP based on scoring its constituent clusters. 18

22 Table 9. Synopsis of gender analysis undertaken in Phase I relating to FPs with gender relevance based on scoring its constituent clusters Gender Analysis Done Gender and trait preference for cassava, translation of local trait descriptions to standardized scientific terms (Nigeria, Cameroon) Sex-disaggregated analysis of PVS databases for potato; development of gender-responsive guidelines for mother and baby trials (Peru) Gender analysis of potato seed systems (Malawi) and sweetpotato seed systems (Malawi, Bangladesh) Guidelines for gender mainstreaming in seed production and multiplication Development of a gender-mainstreamed RTB multistakeholder framework for intervening in seed systems Gender analysis of management of priority pests and diseases focusing on gender roles and gender knowledge in banana (Malawi, Burundi, DRC) and cassava (Thailand, Cameroon) Gender analysis of value chains for cassava industrialization (Colombia); banana (Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania); sweetpotato (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania); and potato (Peru; Sarapura-Escobar et al. 2015) Gender-responsive value chain tools and applications developed, implemented, and tested GENNOVATE: Project focusing on the role of gender norms in technological innovation. Flagship FP1: Enhanced genetic resources FP2: Productive varieties & quality seed FP2: Productive varieties & quality seed FP Gender Relevance FP3: Resilient crops 1.7 FP4: Nutritious food & added value FP5: Integrated livelihood systems Legend: 0=cluster that does not meet criteria of gender relevance or gender responsiveness; 1= cluster satisfies one of the criteria; 2=cluster includes both criteria. The final score is the average score across all clusters of that particular flagship. Lessons Learned A major lesson learned for mainstreaming and integrating gender is the importance of institutional mechanisms that promote a framework of genuine cooperation and collaboration between gender scientists and other social and biophysical scientists in the design of research projects and interventions. This was evident in the NEXTGEN cassava work in Nigeria, potato work in Malawi, and banana work in Uganda. Scientists involved were more open to integrating gender results into breeding, design of farmer training, and development and dissemination of post-harvest technologies. RTB has also been adopting an approach to create strategic partnerships with regional and national organizations such as the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) and ASARECA to develop synergies and to draw on their rich experience in gender mainstreaming and women s empowerment. Additionally, RTB is promoting (1) minimum gender standards in research, (2) strengthening of gender content in the RTB portfolio, and (3) building of stronger partnerships with key academic institutions to improve and increase the capacity to conduct gender research. In this regard, RTB is developing models for gender-responsive partnerships by establishing partnerships with universities. The primary objective is to facilitate interdisciplinary exchange among faculty, students, and RTB scientists/researchers in order to address the challenges of integrating gender into RTB projects. In , six graduate students participated and completed their research through the RTB-University Gender Partnership. The network now includes faculties from nine different U.S. universities, with plans for extension. We envisage this partnership as an opportunity to engage graduate students and faculties with RTB scientists and researchers, to integrate the needs of women farmers, and be attentive to gender relations

23 in project design and implementation. We hope that the RTB-University Gender Partnership develops a strong and innovative community of practice (CoP) by creating the next generation of gender and development practitioners and scholars. To improve capacity, RTB has significantly increased financial and human resources for gender research. It has made dedicated funding available, hired a full-time gender research coordinator, and supports gender focal points for each of the CGIAR centers. The gender team increased from two members in 2012 to nine in The team collaborates closely with the CGIAR Gender Network, providing inputs and developing indicators and metrics for the crosscutting IDO on Equity and inclusion achieved. Close collaboration with the network has meant that RTB has influenced gender integration processes and aligned itself to gender work and targets at a wider CGIAR level (CGIAR 2013). Mainstreaming and integrating gender research Building on lessons from RTB-Phase I, Phase II will ensure that gender is integrated across the portfolio and that gender work is resourced. Gender work will adopt a two-pronged approach: (1) integrate gender within FPs and clusters and (2) conduct strategic gender research across FPs, with a dedicated crosscutting gender learning and support cluster in FP5 (CC5.3 Gender equitable development and youth employment). Strategic research will deepen the analysis of the relationship between gender and agrifood system innovations, and thus help to streamline gender elements across the RTB research cycle. This, in turn, will contribute to gender-responsive and, in some cases, gender-transformative outcomes. Integrating gender in R&D interventions. Gender integration research based on interdisciplinary collaboration will collect and analyze sex-disaggregated data on key areas in the different FPs and clusters. Key research areas will include the following: (1) gender-friendly labor-saving tools (trade-off analysis on technology/mechanization vs. women s workloads [FP5]); (2) research on gender-equitable value chains (FP2, FP4); (3) post-harvest and nutrition (FP2, FP4, FP5); (4) gender inequality in crop production systems (FP3, FP5); (5) seed systems and varietal development (FP2); and (6) innovation processes for significant, equitable, and large-scale outcomes and impact (FP5). Capacity development on gender integration and strategic research. RTB will revise and implement the CapDev plan that responds to the needs of researchers and experts, to achieve outcomes that are gender responsive and transformative. CapDev is expected to harmonize, strengthen, and improve the overall understanding of concepts and processes of gender analysis and integration of gender equity concerns in all FPs and clusters. Synthesis of best practices, to facilitate and contribute to the development of a gender equity and inclusion toolbox. Although some tools have already begun to be developed within RTB and the larger CGIAR Gender Network, other tools (e.g., those related to the measurement of intra-household distribution of income or gender and labor input) still need to be developed as a multi-crp initiative. These tools will help gender work have greater impact through the use of big data and interoperable databases, and the standardization of survey instruments to ensure collection of comparable data. The synthesis will be based on a meta-analysis of experiences and results of gender integration research across the different FPs. Gender research will provide evidence-based lessons on the positive and negative interactions between gender norms and agricultural innovation; gender CapDev materials and strategies; and gender-responsive and gender-transformative metrics that will be fed into the RTB-RBM system (via impact pathway). Broad-based partnerships. The gender team will continue to build alliances through the RTB-University Gender Partnership. This effort will increase capacity to integrate gender into RTB agricultural research projects, while providing professional development opportunities for a new generation of visiting 20

24 scholars. RTB will also partner with national agricultural research and extension systems (NARES) to mainstream gender, and will offer gender CapDev programs as well as technical advice by gender focal points in those institutions. Additionally, more emphasis will be given on working with partners (such as FARA and ASARECA, women s networks, self-help groups, gender alliances) who are oriented on gender equity and women s empowerment issues and who promote gender-equitable approaches. Tracking progress and evaluation The M&E system will be used to track progress toward gender outcomes generated from integrated and strategic gender research. Indicators that are gender responsive and transformative have been included in line with different (Sub)-IDOs and as outlined in the different FPs (see Performance Implementation Matrix). Some of the gender indicators especially those related to institutional change are developed as a result of the various audits and needs assessment in collaboration with the CGIAR Gender Network. RTB s Program Management Unit (PMU) and gender specialists will ensure that gender issues are addressed in the RTB portfolio through periodic workshops aimed at reviewing and reflecting on monitoring and knowledge-sharing. RTB will closely monitor changes for end users from pre-intervention situations, and will monitor, evaluate, and assess (ex-post) whether distribution of benefits is taking gender roles and relations into account. For work related to development of methods and tools for strategic gender research, the main indicator of impact will be tracking down by identifying the use of such developed tools by next and end users of RTB and its partners. In addition, RTB s PMU and gender specialists will develop templates to meet demand from scientists for guidelines to help them monitor whether or not the clusters are integrating gender aspects satisfactorily into their initiatives and are allocating sufficient resources for undertaking gender research. RTB will also conduct periodic assessment of gender knowledge among scientists to ensure that CapDev is adequately covered. 1.5 YOUTH Youth unemployment is both a challenge and an opportunity for youth to become the engine for driving new agriculture and agribusiness enterprises as well as rural transformation (Brooks et al. 2012). But youth face many hurdles in trying to earn a livelihood from agriculture and agribusiness (FAO, CTA IFAD 2014): each year in Africa alone, million of its young people seek to enter the workforce, too many with little success (AGRA 2015). RTB will seek to engage youth as key stakeholders with an overall objective of developing their capacity and creating more economic opportunities to engage them in RTBlinked enterprises. RTB will link practical initiatives to engage youth in pilot sites with youth analysis as a framework to learn, link, and leverage resources to increase youth employment. A systematic youth analysis of key production constraints, opportunities, and value chains vis-à-vis RTB crops will be developed to ensure that youth benefit from RTB interventions (see also Annex 4). This will include the following research questions: 1. What are the different roles, responsibilities, assets, and agency of young men and women, including their access to, control over, and use of resources? 2. What are the aspirations of youth considering different contexts and gender differences? 3. Which technical breakthroughs in RTB production and processing offer the best opportunities for youth advancement, and what is the best way to package them? 4. How do the yields and profits of accelerated youth agricultural ventures based on RTB technologies compare with other options, and how can they be optimized? 5. What incentives are required to strengthen business skills among youth? 21

25 Youth analysis and practical action to stimulate youth employment will be integrated into different FPs. In addition, RTB has a dedicated cluster for gender-equitable development and youth employment in FP5. This will learn from and build on IITA s youth agripreneur initiative, which engaged youth in crop production practices, seed multiplication, agribusiness, and inclusion of commercial processing and sale of vitamin A-rich cassava flour. 1.6 PROGRAM STRUCTURE AND FLAGSHIP PROJECTS The design of FPs and their clusters that make up the program build on the RTB-led assessment of research priorities for each of the crops and the new systems thinking (see 1.2). The IEA external review (2016) commended RTB on its set of interlinked and interactive FPs, noting that it has better potential than the previous structure to facilitate RTB to contribute to CGIAR goals (SLOs) through sub-idos, thus addressing one of the core principles of CGIAR reform. The program structure includes three types of interlinked FPs and their associated clusters. Discovery FP1 includes a set of four clusters that provides well-targeted, high-potential upstream research and next-generation breeding activities to accelerate genetic gains in yield, adaptation, resilience, and quality traits across all crops in a client-responsive way. The RTB breeding CoP brings together breeders, geneticists, and molecular biologists. It tracks variety and trait pipelines; monitors genetic gains; and supports shared services, tools, and information. FP1 also generates products for the Delivery FPs once proof of concept is established, including markers, approaches to genomic selection, and game-changing traits (where these present recalcitrant challenges to breeding). Finally, it adds value to genebanks by enhancing and characterizing the genetic diversity found there and promoting its utilization in breeding programs. FP1 supports the monitoring and management of in situ diversity to ensure resilient cropping systems and capacity to respond to climate change and other stresses, as well as opportunities for new uses and markets. RTB-Phase II envisages strong interaction between this FP and the CGIAR-wide platforms Genebank and Genetic Gain. Delivery FPs (FP2 FP4) consist of crosscutting and crop-specific clusters that focus on research products that generate significant outcomes and impact over the next six years. Delivery clusters include lead products that can achieve novel or disruptive innovation (Christensen 2012). For example, OFSP was a disruptive innovation for SSA farmers who initially preferred a white-fleshed type. OFSP has been vigorously promoted by building awareness of its health benefits, especially among women as primary caregivers, to generate strong demand pull and is now moving to aggressive scaling. Delivery clusters also include more routine products that rely on incremental improvement rather than disruptive innovation. Each Delivery cluster includes linked research products from different disciplines to enable uptake of the lead product, recognizing that varieties require functional seed systems and evidence of efficacy can influence policy change. Improved livelihoods at scale (FP5) enables uptake of key technologies from Delivery FPs that contribute to livelihoods. It incorporates elements from broader production systems in an institutional context, creating a strong feedback loop to the other FPs to ensure that technology is relevant for clients. It will develop tools, methods, and approaches that improve identification and prioritization of problems and opportunities. In addition, FP5 will encourage investment and develop, test, and experiment with RTB tools/methods/technologies within the larger systems context for sustainable intensification and improved livelihoods. It includes outcome support services and feedback loops to create the capacities, R&D partnerships, and innovation environments for product delivery to take research products and outcomes to scale. It addresses strategic gender- and youth-focused research to promote genderequitable development and youth employment jointly with the other FPs. Strategic gender research will 22

26 be implemented to understand key constraints and opportunities affecting the differential participation of women and men in RTB value chains and technology innovation. It will seek ways to make participation more equitable and effective, leading to larger scale development outcomes. Foresight, as well as ex-ante and ex-post studies, will instill an impact culture to better align RTB research with outcomes and ensure value for money. FP5 will guide and backstop the implementation of the systems innovation fund, which facilitates systems integration among FPs and with other AFS-CRPs. All FPs contain one or more crosscutting clusters; FP5 is predominantly crosscutting. Under FP5 research is conducted to develop new tools and methods jointly with other clusters. They provide methodological support to and spaces for shared learning with other clusters, both inside the same FP and across other FPs. Flagship and cluster business cases were laid out during 2014/15 and subjected to an intensive external review process in May/June Detailed feedback informed the feasibility of each cluster and their integration into FPs as well as the RTB program structure as such. Although reviewers found business cases generally solid, they drew attention to gaps and inconsistencies that led to ongoing reformulation of the cluster and FP descriptions and their incorporation into this proposal. The reviews (1) highlighted the absence of a sweetpotato cluster in FP2, with all other crops represented (this was subsequently included in the current version of this flagship); (2) pointed up the need to take a broader approach in FP4, considering the contribution of RTB crops as healthy functional foods; and (3) proposed that FP3 be framed so as to better reflect the broader work on crop management aspects. 1.7 CROSS CRP COLLABORATION AND SITE INTEGRATION RTB is vigorously pursuing collaboration with other AFS-CRPs both where their commodities form an integral part of RTB cropping systems, such as legumes intercropped with cassava (with DCL), or where RTB crops contribute as companions in another AFS, such as potato as a rotation crop with rice (with RICE). This type of collaboration forms a key element of FP2 FP4. In addition, broader collaboration with other AFS-CRPs, guided by FP5, is planned at the livelihood level; considering, for example, transitions into more diverse sets of enterprises and inter-household linkages at the community and landscape levels. To leverage best practices across CRPs and greater contribution to SRF targets, as well as stimulate interdisciplinary research, RTB will link with all GI-CRPs: Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) for complementary approaches to value chain analysis and development Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), with shared evidence base and advocacy for adoption of RTB varieties with higher levels of micronutrients CCAFS, models, and metrics for climate-sensitive breeding, and pest and disease modeling under climate change scenarios Water, Land and Ecosystem (WLE) for wastewater utilization linked to cassava processing, and for integration into improvement of ecosystem services. FP5 and the other AFS-CRPs (i.e., DCL, FISH, MAIZE, RICE, WHEAT, LIVESTOCK, and FTA) open a new space for collaboration where RTB crops can be rotations, intercropped, or used as sources of feed. FP1 will interact closely with the Genebanks and Genetic Gains Platforms to best utilize new technologies, sources of genetic diversity, information, and databases to enhance breeding programs. Likewise, the cluster on gender-equitable development and youth employment in FP5 (CC5.3) will work closely with the gender 23

27 coordinating platform to share and synthesize knowledge on how gender inequalities affect agri-food systems, and to understand the approaches and tools required to improve equitable access to RTB innovations. Annex 6 gives further details of collaboration between RTB and other CRPs and the new CGIAR-wide proposed platforms. A key dimension in the SRF and the CGIAR second-phase portfolio is the increased integration across the CRPs and a strengthened ability to work with a wide range of partners and stakeholders in achieving key development goals. RTB is fully committed to and will designate funding for site integration countries of highest priority, linked to a proposed systems innovation fund (see Section 2: FP5) for RTB crops. Site integration meetings were held in the final quarter of 2015 for countries identified as highest priority (++ Site) and in 2016 for second-level priority (+ Sites). It is important to bear in mind that these priority countries are not intended to exclude other countries that are also critical for RTB deliverables. RTB is setting up a systems innovation fund for Phase II that will support collaboration across CRPs at different levels of scale, with a particular focus on the site integration countries. RTB s PMU has worked closely with each of the prioritized site integration processes (see Table 6), providing co-funding and designating RTB focal points across all participating centers. These processes represent an opportunity to: Support dialogue and engagement with partners and stakeholders to understand and align with the national priorities and actions (i.e., demand for RTB research and also evidence-based advocacy where national priorities are inappropriate). Get closer to RTB partners in the CGIAR system (i.e., other CGIAR centers, CRPs) for strengthening collaboration across crops/commodities and with the relevant GI-CRPs in that country. Identify specific opportunities for integration into other CRPs where RTB could move ahead (e.g., work on sweetpotato silage or cassava waste utilization with LIVESTOCK). Provide input to organize an inventory of interventions by geography in the country and explore possibilities of focusing efforts in particular sites where co-location, shared services/research activities, and even staff could make sense. Provide a space to link impact pathways of RTB with those of the other CRPs. 1.8 PARTNERSHIPS AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE Under RTB, the expertise of CGIAR and French organizations that had been dispersed across individual centers was brought together to exploit several comparative advantages: (1) scientific capacity in human resources and research infrastructure; (2) individual center s capacity to act as conveners and facilitators across national boundaries, and as an honest broker to assemble a broad range of public, private, and development organizations; and (3) access to well-characterized global germplasm collections of major RTB crops. Phase I built on this comparative advantage by establishing a common umbrella to expand partnerships and capacity for crosscutting synergistic work relating to (1) their status as crops of the poor and the implications for poverty reduction and nutrition; (2) predominant roles of women in value chains; (3) vegetative propagation as related broadly to seed systems and to breeding systems; and (4) commonalities in post-harvest management, including transportation, storage, and processing. RTB, as a program with high scientific capability and global outreach in developing countries, has a comparative advantage and key pivotal role in integrative research generating international public goods, which would otherwise not be delivered by NARES, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), universities, 24

28 or the private sector. Cassava, banana, sweetpotato, and yam are largely crops of developing countries with limited research investment in the developed world. Potato has a long history of first-world research, but technologies in developing countries lag far behind. Hence RTB and its centers include extensive expertise across these crops. The focus on crops that mostly fall outside the private sector area of interest, frequently with smallholder farmers, is a unique comparative advantage. Furthermore, RTB and its centers ability to think across national and regional boundaries is a unique strength for international public goods research. Often the solution to a pest, disease, or other problems lies outside the place where it was found. Hence when cassava mealy bug appeared in SSA, IITA and CIAT were able to jointly mobilize to locate a natural enemy in South America. Similar emerging problems, such as the appearance of TR4 of fusarium in SSA and the new cassava pests in Asia, will require a similar approach. RTB actively supports research on partnerships. FP5 will promote best practices for partnering, including selecting the right partners and partnership health check-ups that build on influential earlier work (Horton et al. 2010). RTB especially supports partnership platforms that bring together multiple partners to learn and scale up. The RTB partnership strategy is based on an analysis of research needs and roles of partners along the impact pathway, closely linked with the CapDev strategy (see Annexes 1 and 2). Many ARIs are involved; some contributed directly to the preparation of the FPs and their associated clusters (e.g., Cornell University in FP1, Wageningen University and Research Centre in FP2 and FP5, Fera Science Ltd. in FP3, and Natural Resources Institute, UK in FP4). RTB will build on existing partnerships for multicrop research to leverage synergies, including strategic partnerships with the Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL) for metabolomics profiling; with Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (BTI), at Cornell University, for shared databases and bioinformatics platforms to support next-generation breeding of RTB crops ( and with University of Gembloux for virus indexing. RTB is active in the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme and with ASARECA, and is committed to alignment with subregional and national plans. RTB is pursuing linkages with the West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development, the Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa and FARA ( RTB is particularly interested in sharing of knowledge and experience of gender-responsive R&D and with women farmers associations and alliances. Currently, under the RTB-University Gender Partnership, RTB is collaborating closely with several universities to help mainstream gender research and prepare a new generation of researchers to cross disciplinary divides. NARES are partners of choice for much adaptive research, complemented increasingly by novel partnerships to go to scale. RTB will build on the array of networks, partnership arrangements, and innovation platforms already established. This includes partnerships with development organizations for scaling and with local organizations, NGOs, and institutions adept at developing capacity particularly for producers and other stakeholders along the value chains and that have the capacity to provide feedback and input into RTB strategies. Collaboration with the private sector will further increase going to scale, leveraging additional resources and entrepreneurial dynamism for accelerated technology promotion. 1.9 EVIDENCE OF DEMAND AND STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENT Sections 1.1 and 1.2 provided much direct evidence of demand, aligned with grand societal challenges. Information was also provided about the importance of RTB crops for smallholders livelihoods and for meeting food security needs for energy and micronutrients. 25

29 During consultations with 255 stakeholders in 2010 for the design of RTB-Phase I, respondents expressed support for a systems-based program on RTB crops. Many suggested a stronger production or livelihoodsystems approach, including participatory action research (Woolley et al. 2011). This was addressed in RTB by co-locating with the Systems CRPs, especially Humidtropics, to achieve a livelihood focus. By transitioning to an AFS, RTB enhances this approach. In 2012 RTB conducted a comprehensive, online expert consultation in coordination with ASARECA, CORAF, and CCARDESA in Africa; IICA in Latin America; and multiple partners in Asia. The goal was to identify the highest priorities for research on each of the RTB crops, with 1,620 responses 2. Participatory stakeholder workshops were held to delve deeper (see Section 1.2). Findings from the consultation and exante analysis were published and shared widely ( RTB also carried out an online consultation with stakeholders on the Phase-II proposal, which attracted 1,757 page views by 1,025 individuals visits and insightful commentary ( As part of RBM, RTB organized stakeholder planning workshops for three delivery clusters: seed potato systems in Kenya, Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) management in East and Central Africa, and cassava processing in Nigeria ( A broad range of stakeholders participated: farmers and farmer organizations; national, regional, and international research organizations; ministries and national agencies; private companies; NGOs; and international development agencies. RTB has expanded collaboration with stakeholders for the site integration consultation and is playing an active role in GCARD3 (CGIAR 2015). During the workshops mentioned above, stakeholders and RTB scientists co-constructed realistic, nonlinear impact pathways illustrating the interactions between outcome levels and among products and outcomes ( Priorities were then identified and specific scaling strategies formulated. Stakeholders collaborated to identify enabling and disenabling factors for the causal sequences to play out as expected. Partnership strategies and a framework for action were identified, and key elements of a joint monitoring, evaluation, and learning (M&EL) system identified, joint accountability framed, and the process of joint learning and scaling laid out. Co-constructing the results framework facilitated the definition of an agreed indicators framework for monitoring expected changes that was based on and aligned with existing national M&E frameworks, data collections, and statistical sources from stakeholders, partners, and the like. In the case of the Discovery cluster Next-generation breeding workshop, stakeholders from private sector companies involved in crop improvement, universities, and NARS developed a set of metrics to measure genetic gain and created strong linkages for joint definition and alignment of breeding targets. RTB will continue to roll out RBM and organize stakeholder workshops for all clusters. This will make it possible to agree shared responsibilities with stakeholders for achieving SLOs and SDGs (see Section 1.3) CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT CapDev actions are summarized in Template 1. 2 Of these 43% were NARS, 22% University, 9% NGOs, 8% CGIAR, 6% extension, 6% policy makers, 4% private sector and 2% donors. 26

30 Template 1. Capacity development in RTB 1. CapDev role in impact pathway Address key gaps among upstream partners for co-development and uptake of research products and of downstream partners for accelerated uptake and scaling. 2. Strategic CapDev actions (see CapDev Framework) Intensity of implementation of chosen elements Capacity needs assessment and intervention strategy design Design and delivery of innovative learning materials and approaches Low Low How chosen elements will be implemented FP2: e-learning training modules on technical protocols, guidelines on best practices and principles, interactive decision support tools 3. Indicators to track progress & contribution to CapDev Sub-IDOs # tools annually planned and released Develop CRPs and centers partnering capacities Developing future research leaders through fellowships Medium Medium See organizational CapDev and Capacity to innovate FP1: Individual training for breeders, geneticists, genetic resource managers; staff exchanges; training at MSC, PhD (RTB countries esp. women scientists) FP2: Technical skills seed multipliers; MSc and PhD training on design and implementation of smallholderoriented breeding programs and sustainable seed systems; hands-on mentorship # training courses and trainees Amount of funding # of fellowship # scientists assigned mentors # early career scientists of partner organizations participating RTB research Gender-sensitive approaches throughout capacity development High FP1 and 2: Training for breeders and geneticists on gender roles and consumer preferences, reduce barriers for women's participation (e.g., as seed multipliers) FP3: Gender-sensitive approaches for NARS in IPDM. Mentoring, post-graduate training for women; gendersensitive extension FP4: Strengthening capacity of boys and girls to develop as agri-preneurs, integration of key messages into school curricula FP5: Engaging students and university faculty through BMGF GREAT project. M&E of gender CapDev # women participating in training, field demonstrations, activities # women seed-multipliers after training # gender-sensitive training programs delivered, made available, evaluated, # of trainees Mentoring (see row above) # of boys, girls enrolled in entrepreneurship Institutional strengthening High FP1: Nonconventional breeding (research partners and regulatory agencies) FP2: Information sharing and backstopping for application of evidence-based analytical procedures for sustainable seed system interventions FP3: Advocacy for effective policies and practice for partners to use improved data management, define conducive regulatory frameworks for movement and exchange planting material # CapDev interventions and advocacy approaches with regulatory agencies Changes in knowledge, attitudes and skills of members of regulatory agent. 27

31 2. Strategic CapDev actions (see CapDev Framework) Intensity of implementation of chosen elements How chosen elements will be implemented FP4: Partnership models, value chain approaches, and evidence base to strengthen institutional capacity for scaling M&E of CapDev Low FP5: M&E system with partners on progress towards CapDev outcomes, with gender focus 3. Indicators to track progress & contribution to CapDev Sub-IDOs # M&E activities to track shifts in policy framing, agenda settings % budget allocation # of M&E interventions on CapDev Organizational development High FP1: Enhance regional networked initiatives. Strengthen CGIAR labs as regional platforms. Participation of Asian advanced labs. Knowledge sharing through breeding CoP FP3: Establishment of ICM, IPM learning platforms. Participatory action research on expert systems (NARES) FP4: Research uptake of post-harvest interventions (NARES). Adapt environmentally friendly processing and storage technologies with focus on women and youth (end users) # networks established and evaluated Changes in knowledge, attitudes and skills of members of breeding CoP NARS capacity in postharvest technologies and processing Research on capacity development Medium FP4: Public-private CapDev arrangements along the value chain. Education research. Communications platforms for social learning FP5: Research on: best CapDev models and mechanisms, information and communication technology, CapDev and scaling, Communications # papers on CapDev published Information shared on participant satisfaction, knowledge and skill gains, behavioral change # learning opportunities created on CapDev research questions Capacity to innovate Medium FP5: Identifying critical activities for advancing along impact pathway of RTB crops. CapDev for RTB centers and international and national partners to upgrade skills for translating and customizing research outputs into products, raise awareness, and brokering relations among diverse stakeholders to achieve change Adaptation, adoption, spread of innovation Degree of adoption by stakeholders of approaches that support experimentation, learning, reflection 4. Budget and resource allocation The CRP should demonstrate that budgets allocated for CapDev have a credible share of the total CRP budget (e.g., totaling around 10% although amounts may vary in individual Flagship budgets). IMPORTANT: Please indicate in Table 3 of the PIM the investments of each FP on the CapDev sub-idos Budget for CRP: Approximately 10% of total budget Budget for Flagships/other % FP total: FP1 4% FP2 10% FP3 10% 1.11 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE RTB operates as an alliance of four CGIAR centers and CIRAD, with CIP as the lead center. Following best practices (IEA 2014) and lessons learned from RTB-Phase I, the Independent Steering Committee (ISC) comprises nine members appointed for three years, with possible reappointment for an additional three years. A majority of the ISC are independent members with competencies in gender, partnership, FP4 10% FP5 16% PMU 5% 28

32 evaluation, and ToC, as well as capacity strengthening and cutting-edge science. The ISC includes the RTB program director as ex-officio member, the director general (DG) of the lead center as a permanent member, a DG of another participating center (on a rotating two-year appointment), and a high-level representative of CIRAD. Both DGs represent all partner CGIAR centers. The ISC chair is elected from among the independent members. The ISC meets face to face once a year with quarterly video meetings and the chair s interim updates. It has oversight responsibility for the implementation of RTB and strategic alignment of RTB with the SRF; guides management for results; and approves plans, reports, and budgets. The ISC reports to the lead center board, which has fiduciary responsibility for implementation of RTB. The Management Committee (MC) consists of the deputy directors general-research for each of the centers and CIRAD on behalf of French partners. The MC, which meets quarterly, leads the management of the CRP and ensures timely implementation of plans, reporting, budgeting, and management for results. The RTB program director chairs the MC and reports to the ISC programmatically and to the DG of lead center administratively (Fig. 8). The program director is supported by PMU (see also Annex 7). Lead Center Board (LCB) Independent Steering Committee (ISC) Director General (DG) (Lead Center) Program Director (PD) Management Committee (MC) Program Management Unit (PMU) Flagship Project Leaders Cluster Leaders Figure 8. RTB organogram Flagship project leaders and the RTB gender research coordinator meet monthly to report and plan research. FP leaders provide scientific leadership, ensure science quality in planning and reporting of cluster leaders, and provide advice to the MC on strategic issues regarding RTB. Cluster leaders form part of the management team for the FP with the FP leader and other cluster leaders. They provide scientific leadership for the cluster, including updating the strategy for the cluster and identifying new research opportunities. Individual centers are responsible for managing their own scientists and ensuring that they are contributing to RTB in line with the performance agreements of the FP and for talent management of flagship and cluster leaders and gender focal points. The centers are responsible for obtaining and maintaining bilateral grants 29

33 to complement the W1/2 funds made available as part of the RTB scope of work for , subject to approval for their inclusion in the RTB portfolio by the program director. The IEA (2016) review noted that RTB used principles of equity and fairness in building the governance, management and coordination structures of the alliance. As far as possible, all centers were represented in all major Governance & Management bodies and program leadership. A high-quality PMU gained the confidence of all parties in short time because of its fair handedness and open communication. The review recommended that RTB partners should develop and agree on an alliance compact building on the progress already made in inter-center collaboration. Such an alliance would bring clarity and greater understanding to critical partnership questions such as: allocation and use of W1/W2 funds, handling of W3/bilateral projects, participation in RTB governance and management, alignment of management processes, handling of joint appointments, handling joint undertakings and codes of conduct in program participation. The RTB management response concurs with the basic concept that a soft contractual vehicle, among centers, to better define basic rules of engagement, could strengthen the partnership ( INTELLECTUAL ASSET MANAGEMENT RTB will continue to fully adhere to the CGIAR Principles on the Management of Intellectual Assets (CGIAR IA principles) and their Implementation Guidelines. Participating centers will own and manage their IA (see Annex 9). A CRP-level IA management policy and an enabling environment for collaboration and capacity building will be implemented. The IA management policy will facilitate: (1) the achievement of R&D objectives within the program, and (2) the delivery of research results to next users for scaling and impact. The policy will build on the CGIAR IA principles and complement the contractual arrangements between the lead center and the program participants for sharing and use of background and foreground IA within RTB. The policy will also aim to harmonize the program participants best practices in the dissemination of research results, with prompt and broad dissemination by release into the public domain as the general strategy. Intellectual property (IP) focal points and impact specialists in program participants will, however, monitor technology uptake trends for target beneficiaries to fully use alternative dissemination strategies, involving legal and contractual mechanisms for achieving better impact in furtherance of CGIAR s vision. Collaboration within RTB will increase capacity of program participants, partners, and next users to strategically manage their IA. The RTB PMELP will record the deliverables generated by program participants. Program participants will provide annual statements of self-certification with program requirements. RTB s governance bodies will be supported by a task force composed of the IP focal points of each program participant. The RTB compliance and IA manager (0.5 FTE within PMU) will be responsible for oversight and coordination of IA management and queries at program level. IP focal points of program participants will be responsible for day-to-day management of IA of their institutions. A specific budget has not been earmarked for IA management; however, some PMU funding may be allocated for specific collaborative activities. Specific IA management requirements have been identified in each FP from which necessary funding allocation will be made OPEN ACCESS MANAGEMENT RTB research results will be made publicly available in compliance with the CGIAR Open Access and Data Management Policy (OADM Policy) and the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable) principles. All RTB program participants are implementing open access/open data (OA/OD) in order to achieve prompt and broad dissemination of research results mandated by the CGIAR IA principles (see 30

34 also Annex 8). To achieve an efficient use of resources, RTB will implement a harvesting interface that will use the metadata to harvest and index RTB knowledge products from RTB program participant s OA repositories (Table 10). Technical infrastructure and human resources of the lead center will be relied on for this implementation. Table 10. Key elements of the RTB OA installations Technical installation RTB Dataverse RTB CGSpace RTB Open Access Portal RTB website (rtb.cgiar.org) Makes harvested OD available Makes harvested OA publications available Characteristics Provides a one-stop entry point for all RTB knowledge products, while the original publications and datasets will be accessed via redirecting to repositories of the program participants. This solution will: increase the visibility and accessibility of RTB research; conserve program participants control and curation over their IA; and ensure the availability of the information products beyond the life-cycle of RTB. Will host the RTB Open Access Portal and will include the RTB OA toolkit, including policy documents, training videos, donor OA information, and regularly updated OA publisher information RTB publication and acknowledgment guidelines will be developed to provide adequate information regarding metadata input for adequate harvesting. OA/OD, and compliance with these guidelines, will be a contractual requirement for the program participants. The lead center s OADM team will collaborate with their counterparts in program participants to achieve a harmonized implementation. During program implementation, OA will be subject to the governance structure of RTB, which will benefit from the support of the RTB OA task force composed of the OADM focal points of program participants. Copyright, licensing, and legal support will be provided to the RTB compliance and IA manager and the IP focal points. And although a specific budget has not been earmarked for OA, some PMU funding may be allocated for the development of the infrastructure and implementation of specific collaborative activities. RTB FPs and clusters will budget for data management and OA publication fees COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Communication tools and approaches will be integrated across the program to support the achievement of R&D impact at the FP level and promote RTB externally to raise its visibility among key stakeholders at the CRP level. At the FP level, communications will help to achieve outcomes at multiple scales, supporting: (1) delivery, uptake, and adoption of knowledge, practices, and technologies by stakeholders; (2) policy influence by generating evidence-based products and facilitating dialogues with decision makers at local, national, and regional levels; and (3) knowledge sharing and learning mechanisms to connect partners and/or stakeholders. At the CRP level, communications promotes RTB s scientific progress, process, and results throughout the life-cycle of the program, emphasizing the unique potential of RTB crops to improve livelihoods, and the program s linkages to the SRF and SDGs. Communication goals include: 31

35 Making program information, documents, OA databases, and publications accessible to key audiences (e.g., donors, policymakers, and partners) through channels and platforms such as the RTB website, social media, and e-newsletters. Raising the profile of RTB research through media engagement and participation in key international and regional events. Supporting partnerships and knowledge sharing through internal and external events, maintaining and promoting platforms such as the Sweetpotato Knowledge Portal, MusaNet, and more. A detailed and measureable communications strategy that builds on Phase I will specify a combination of online and offline, internal and external tactics to achieve RTB s communications goals (see Annex 10C). The RTB communications specialist will coordinate the program s communications efforts, working with communication focal points in the centers, drawing on their capacities and sharing lessons learned to grow RTB communications. At the FP level, communications will be implemented by FP and cluster teams, drawing on resources in partner organizations and contracting specialists where necessary. Adequate financial and human resources will be allocated to achieve RTB s communication goals at CRP and FP levels RISK MANAGEMENT RTB recognizes that risk management is critical to program success. The strategy for managing the different risk dimensions associated with the management of a large-scale program builds on lessons learned by the lead center and the alliance of the four CGIAR centers and CIRAD from RTB-Phase I. The objective is to ensure that program cost, schedule, and performance objectives are achieved along the RTB life-cycle, and to engage stakeholders in the process of uncovering program uncertainties, determining their scope, and managing them. Several dimensions of risk management can be identified. Governance. Key risks associated with the overall governance and execution of the program have been addressed through the establishment of the RTB governance bodies (see 1.11) with clear and specific roles and responsibilities. The establishment of this structure ensures the right degree of checks and balances between the responsibilities assigned to the lead center and the RTB management structure. In 2015, the ISC formed an internal working group on risk which will build on the lead center s procedures for risk analysis and mitigation. Program Performance. A set of relevant critical assumptions and risks associated with, and identified within, the ToC have been identified for each FP (see 1.2; Section 2). For each risk factor, RTB will assess the degree to which the FP team can identify, control, and mitigate critical risks, and how the identified assumptions and risks will be assessed periodically. An RBM function has been developed to assess performance in achieving research outcomes as well as contributions to IDOs and SLOs (see 1.2). The function will establish measures and set out indicators, baselines, and targets, to monitor and communicate key risks to RTB stakeholders. Partner Management. The program participant agreement is the vertical contractual vehicle used to allocate programmatic and financial risk among program implementers for work under their responsibility. Each participant bears their portion of liability arising from (1) its own negligence, wrongful act, or omission during the term of the program; (2) breach of the agreement terms and conditions; and/or (3) improper use of IP. Following risk management best practices, RTB will encourage each center to create a risk register to enable the proper management of risks at the partner level. 32

36 Source of Funding. One of the most critical risks associated with the implementation of RTB-Phase I, was the lack of clarity on the allocation/commitment of funds and payment triggers/procedures. The program implementation arrangement, signed by CIP on behalf of RTB, lacked mechanisms to facilitate the timely availability of resources. This most critical factor had a tremendous impact on overall design and planning. The inability to meet agreed commitments carries with it reputational risk amongst program participants and partners. Furthermore, funding shortfalls from those of the projected levels of allocation in the plan of work and budget often result in non-delivery of parts or whole portions of a set of deliverables; they can lead to a loss of some level of program integrity. The lead center will request in the new funding agreement, or program implementation arrangement, equivalent, better described mechanisms. The intent is to allow for a guaranteed annual budget to make possible, at a minimum, responsible yearly planning and execution of activities BUDGET NARRATIVE SUMMARY Full details of the budget at the CRP level and for each flagship are provided in the on-line tool and the excel files which complement this narrative and the flagship level descriptions. Table 11 shows the breakdown of the budget by flagship project and for the PMU. Table 11. RTB budget for Phase II, for all funding windows by flagship (USD) Flagships TOTAL (USD Millions) TOTAL FP 1: Discovery research for enhanced utilization of RTB genetic resources 17,098,832 17,782,785 18,494,097 19,233,861 20,003,216 20,803, ,416,136 FP 2: Adapted productive varieties and quality seed of RTB crops 40,140,405 41,746,022 43,415,863 45,152,497 46,958,597 48,836, ,250,324 FP 3: Resilient RTB crops 23,900,488 24,856,507 25,850,767 26,884,798 27,960,190 29,078, ,531,348 FP 4: Nutritious RTB food and added value through post harvest intervention 17,318,949 18,011,707 18,732,175 19,481,462 20,260,721 21,071, ,876,164 FP 5: Integrated systems for improved livelihoods 19,254,336 20,024,509 20,825,490 21,658,509 22,524,850 23,425, ,713,538 Management & Support Cost 2,000,000 2,080,000 2,163,200 2,249,728 2,339,717 2,433,306 13,265,951 Strategic Competitive Research Grant 3,500,000 3,640,000 3,785,600 3,937,024 4,094,505 4,258,285 23,215,414 Total 123,213, ,141, ,267, ,597, ,141, ,907, ,268,875 The provisional base budget presented for of $817M is an estimate of the amount needed to achieve the outcomes described in the Proposal and FP narratives and the Performance Indicators Matrix. The process of budget formulation has been consultative with the Management Committee and flagship and cluster leaders. However, these are based on projections, and amounts are likely to change during the course of implementation. The commitment to results based management and the revision of the congruence analysis of the fit between outcomes and budgets by cluster will necessitate adjustment in response to varying levels of performance of program participants. A transparent process will be put in place for budget allocations of W1&2, taking into account prospects for delivery, quality of science and partnerships and credibility of the impact pathway. Guided by the Management Committee, the PMU will develop annual budgets linked to a plan of work that will be presented to the ISC for endorsement and approval by the Board of the Lead Center. Funding allocation for 2017 was made according to the distribution recommended by the Consortium Office (Full Proposal Guidance) assuming $22.5M available for 2017 from W1&2 (based on the anticipated figure for 2015). The total CRP funding allocation recommended by the CO assumes the availability of 20% from W1&2 and 80% from W3/Bilateral. This distribution of the total budget presented by RTB by windows is $149.2M in W1&2, $415.7M in W3, and $229.1M Bilateral for the six 33

37 years of the program. This also assumes an annual growth of 4% per year from Management & Support Cost is 2% of the total Budget. FP1 and FP2 including discovery and breeding are areas of clear comparative advantage for CGIAR with 48% of total funding under the base scenario. Discovery research which tends to be underfunded in W3 and bilateral attracts 26% of W1&2 funding, the highest of any FP. Discovery research is harder to fund and under the uplift scenario a relatively higher proportional increase will be applied here. FP3 which works on resilient RTB crops is the second highest funded project. FP5 works on the science of delivery, as well as contributing to scaling, sustainable intensification, and enabling outcomes. FP5 draws on experience gained from systems work (and budget mapped from Humidtropics) and also includes foresight, impact assessment and gender and youth components and hence is also a relatively well funded FP. FP4 which deals with postharvest and nutrition has a relatively smaller funding currently, reflecting the fact that massive scaling will be achieved first with sweetpotato and cassava, and other crops have more work on piloting. A systems innovation fund is also projected under strategic research fund and this appears as distributed across FP1-5 but also with a matching amount in the strategic research fund which is unsecured. All FPs include W1&2 funding for strategic research, described in the budget narrative for each FP and other key coordination functions which would not ordinarily be covered by W3 and Bilateral. 34

38 SECTION 2: FLAGSHIP LEVEL FLAGSHIP PROJECT 1: DISCOVERY RESEARCH FOR ENHANCED UTILIZATION OF RTB GENETIC RESOURCES 1. RATIONALE, SCOPE The objective of FP1 is to develop and apply leading-edge science toward faster and more precise development of user-demanded varieties, and to enhance the long-term conservation and use of genetic diversity. FP1 will mobilize various actors in the varietal improvement research landscape, connecting genetic diversity, biotechnology, breeding, and use, both technically and from socioeconomic perspectives. New varieties have the potential to respond to a wide range of development and environmental opportunities and challenges, and are typically near the top of the list of production technology components requested by farmers. Varietal characteristics have impact throughout the value chain from production to processing to consumer acceptance. Consumers have a strong interest in a range of traits that these new varieties offer, such as flavor, nutrition, and appearance. Higher productivity, resilience, and high consumer acceptability in intensified, sustainable systems can raise incomes and nutritional status of small-scale farmers and also reduce the expansion of crops into fragile ecosystems. Breeders have achieved significant success and impact in some crops, such as cassava in Southeast Asia and nutritious sweetpotato in East Africa. But progress on further improving rates of genetic gain has been constrained by overall low investment in RTB breeding relative to other major crops. Greater coordination between applied and molecular breeding, and between breeders and social scientists, is a prerequisite to capitalizing on latest science. Men and women s varietal needs sometimes differ, and breeders must recognize and target those needs, toward more gender-equitable opportunities. FP1 will address four grand challenges, with results mainly channeled through the other RTB-FPs, especially FP2. Nutritious and diverse agri-food systems and diets. By 2050, population growth and changes in dietary preferences will more than double food demand in SSA, where people are highly dependent on RTB crops. Yield increases at farm level have generally not kept pace with demand, which is being radically affected by urbanization and increasing incomes. Discovery research will enable incorporation of new traits to revolutionize RTB crops from locally produced, processed, and consumed products to those that are storable, transportable, convenient, nutritious, and affordable, and with linkages to animal-based production systems through feed. Emergent and persistent pests and diseases. Emergence of new pests and diseases, pathogen evolution, and spread of current constraints such as cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) (and the associated vector, super-abundant whitefly), banana bacterial wilt (BXW), and potato late blight (LB) threaten livelihoods. In 2015, cassava mosaic disease (CMD), the world s most devastating disease on cassava, was reported in Cambodia, with potential threats to the entire Southeast Asia region. An accelerated response is needed, especially the identification of molecular markers for resistance to speed up the incorporation of diverse genes for durable resistance. Climate change. Climate change will drive the demand for research on biotic and abiotic stresses. Disease and pest incidence will be shifted, and weather uncertainty (e.g., drought and flooding) will increase. Several RTB crops are highly resilient to drought, flooding, or higher temperatures; but these can be improved, thus creating the need for access to new genetic variation and for accelerated breeding. 35

39 Climate change modeling will guide enhanced utilization of genetic resources. FP1 will breed for heat and drought tolerance and resistance to pests whose range and intensity will shift. Diminishing genetic resources. Genetic diversity of RTB landraces and crop wild relatives (CWR) sources of novel traits and genes are at risk from replacement of traditional varieties by modern cultivars; agricultural intensification; and increased population, poverty, land degradation, and a changing climate. Improved management, collection, characterization, and use of material from ex situ genebanks, coupled with support for in situ monitoring and on-farm conservation, are central to a coordinated approach to meet this challenge. As stated in the SRF: The role of in situ conservation (in farmers fields), alongside the collections held in genebanks, will continue to grow together with data integration. RTB s ability to meet a wide range of rapidly evolving user demands to address these challenges can be greatly enhanced by new tools and methods to (1) accelerate genetic gains, (2) characterize and pinpoint particular desired traits, (3) access broader and better-defined genetic diversity, (4) work together more effectively to exploit synergies, and (5) share common resources within and across RTB crops. For the clonally propagated RTB crops, breeders have unique advantages, especially to fix any genes, even in heterozygous condition, through continual clonal propagation. Any individual superior plant, at any stage of selection, can be propagated indefinitely, carrying along the identical gene combinations from one generation to the next. These advantages have always been appreciated by breeders of clonally propagated crops, but are now even more advantageous as molecular tools for early growth stage trait selection are becoming reality. However, there are also breeding constraints related to complex genetic make-up, difficulties in generating seed from crosses or in fixing traits transferred through breeding from one generation to the next, among others (Table FP1.1). The slow recombination rate is a serious limitation to genetic gain per unit time. The multiple species structure of the crop, especially in banana and also somewhat for potato and yam, makes breeding more complex. Table FP1.1. Breeding complexity by crop as constraint for accelerating genetic gain Breeding complexity* Bananas Cassava Potato Sweetpotato Yam Multiple species among cultivated Polyploidy Heterozygosity and genetic load Slow recombination rate (time from planting to seed production) Annual vegetative seed multiplication rate 1:10 1:5 1:10 1:15 1:20 Plant spacing required (m 2 ) Source: RTB FP1 and FP2. * (+, ++, +++) indicate a low, medium, or high level of constraint, respectively. (-) indicates no constraint. RTB crops require large experimental plot sizes for yield and agronomy trials. 2. OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS The objective of FP1 is to develop and apply leading-edge science toward faster and more precise development of user-demanded varieties, and to enhance the long-term conservation and use of genetic diversity. For the achievement of research results, FP1 is based on four Discovery (DI) clusters, each with its own aim and rationale (Table FP1.2): DI1.1: RTB Breeding Community of Practice (BCoP) DI1.2: Next-generation (NextGen) Breeding for Roots, Tubers and Bananas DI1.3: Genetically engineered RTB varieties with game-changing traits 36

40 DI1.4: Tapping into RTB genetic diversity. Table FP1.2. Aims and rationale of the clusters of FP1 Cluster Proposed aim statement Proposed rationale Establish a decentralized, integrated, and crosscutting community of practice to orient and support accelerated breeding gains DI1.1: BCoP DI1.2: NextGen Breeding DI1.3: Gamechanging Traits DI1.4: Genetic Diversity Develop and demonstrate the added value of next-generation tools, methods, and information for adoption and routine use by breeders Develop prototypes and products that allow the introduction of new traits, without disturbing any other traits and characteristics of the original genotype Develop and promote an integrated and complementary conservation and use system for RTB genetic diversity on farm, in wild habitats, and in genebanks Identify and facilitate resolving the major challenges to RTB breeding research that can best be addressed in a crosscutting way (complement the System-wide Genetic Gains Platform, with specificity for clonal crops) Accelerate genetic gains for key end-user relevant traits Overcome the limitations of conventional breeding for clonal crops to add new traits to highly preferred existing varieties Optimize the long-term contribution of RTB genetic resources to crop improvement and natural resources sustainability FP1 focuses on discovery research and achieves (Sub)-IDOs through the Delivery flagships FP2 FP4, especially through coordination and integration with the breeding clusters of FP2 (Table FP1.3). The BCoP, housed in FP1 but crosscutting all the RTB flagships, helps define and fine-tune breeding targets through consultation among all the RTB flagship clusters and with partners and end users. FP1 supports accelerated genetic gains both through work on specific traits as well as on the development of advanced tools and methods that can be broadly applied across all target traits. Examples of the work on specific traits include marker development, metabolomics, and exploration of genetic diversity. An example of a broad application includes genomic selection. Since discovery research and breeding are long-term endeavors, development outcomes will mostly occur beyond RTB s Phase II end-point in Table FP1.3. RTB outcomes and (Sub)-IDOs for FP1 with details of 2022 targets and geographies by cluster RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C) Outcome 1.1: RTB populations with end users-preferred traits and adapted to targeted environments available (for more details see Table FP1.4) Enhanced genetic gain Outcome 1.2: Across RTB crops, average 25% reduction of time needed for traits discovery and incorporation into breeding pipelines Increased conservation and use of genetic resources Outcome 1.3: Conservation status of CWR and landraces of at least 3 RTB crops improved in 5 key hotspots Enrichment of plant and animal biodiversity for multiple goods and services. Outcome 1.4: At least 25% of newly developed RTB breeding populations with enhanced resilience to climatic shocks tested in national breeding programs Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks A.1.4 Enhanced capacity to deal with climatic risks and extremes Outcome 1.5: Collaboration for more effective breeding enhanced through a BCoP, including at least 40 stakeholders in 10 countries D.1.1 Enhanced institutional capacity of partner research organizations Outcome 1.6: Enhanced capacity of at least 400 R&D partners, of which at least 30% are female, through short- and longterm trainings D.1.2 Enhanced individual capacity in partner research organizations through training and exchange 37

41 Targets for RTB genetic improvement are exceptionally diverse and complex. First, RTB includes multiple crops, each with distinct breeding targets. Second, RTB crops cover a very wide agro-ecological range and need to include adaptations to the variations of biotic and abiotic stresses in those environments. In most situations, farmers use low levels of inputs (fertilizer, water, pesticides). The stresses and environmental variations experienced by the crop are therefore less mitigated by management, compared with, for example, irrigated rice or maize cultivated under more intensive conditions. Third, end uses are quite diverse, each with its particular set of end user preferences that often vary distinctly between men and women. Table FP1.4 summarizes key traits identified as breeding targets during the RBM Pilot of NextGen Breeding, and how DI1.2 and DI1.3 clusters will contribute to achieving the target levels for these traits. Target traits and levels of expression are provisional, and DI1.1 will coordinate continual review and updating. Table FP1.4. Overview of target traits for breeding of RTB crops Examples of Contributions from Region Target Traits for Breeding ab Target Level 2022 c FP1 Clusters to Genetic Gains NextGen Breeding Game Changing Traits d BANANA & PLANTAIN High yield; resistance to BLS Markers for BLS BBTV resistance; elimination Global of the endogenous Brown Streak virus sequences from the genome East Africa West and Central Africa Latin America Asia CASSAVA Global West and Central Africa East Africa Earliness; drought tolerance; resistance to nematodes, weevil, Fusarium wilt, and BXW Earliness; drought tolerance; resistance to nematodes and weevils Resistance to BLS and Fusarium wilt Resistance to BLS and Fusarium wilt Yield, high dry matter (starch) High carotenoids; CMD, and preemptive CBSD resistance; poundable; low cyanogenic potential CMD and CBSD resistance; preferred culinary attributes 3% per year yield increase, with drought tolerance; resistance to Fusarium wilt, nematodes, weevil, BXW and BLS QTLs/markers for drought. Fusarium, nematodes, weevils 3% per year yield increase, in QTLs/markers for drought, early-maturing varieties; with nematodes, weevils drought tolerance; resistance to nematodes, weevils and BLS 3% per year yield increase; QTLs/markers for Fusarium with resistance to BLS and Fusarium wilt 2% per year yield increase; with resistance to BLS and Fusarium wilt 2% per year increase in carotenoids content; 2% per year increase in dry matter content; 2% per year yield gains 2% annual dry yield gains with combined resistance to CMD and CBSD Markers for carotenoids; markers and high throughput phenotyping for consumer preference traits; markers for CMD and CBSD Markers for resistance to CMD and CBSD Resistance to BXW, nematodes, fusarium wilt, black Sigatoka, high β- carotene and iron Resistance to nematodes Resistance to Moko disease Resistance to bugtok and blood disease Post-harvest deterioration; haploids from centromeremediated genome elimination; herbicide tolerance/resistance Resistance CMD, CBB and preemptive for CBSD, drought tolerance; high β- carotene; Resistance to CMD, CBB and CBSD; drought tolerance 38

42 Region Latin America Target Traits for Breeding ab High pro-vitamin A; valueadded starch functional properties; resistance to CBB and green mites Target Level 2022 c Examples of Contributions from FP1 Clusters to Genetic Gains NextGen Breeding > 20 µg beta-carotene Discovery of starch mutants in genebanks; markers for starch variants and carotenoids Game Changing Traits d High carotenoids Asia New starches; resistance to CWBD; earliness for multicropping systems New starches with >40% amylose; amylose free starch; intermediate to high resistance for CMD, cassava green mite Discovery of starch mutants in genebanks; markers for starch variants Resistance to CMD (preemptive); POTATO Global Earliness Drought tolerance; late African and blight resistance; Andean biofortification with Fe, highland tropics Zn; table-potato preference African and Asian midelevation tropics Asian Subtropical lowlands: (Indo-gangetic Plains, Indochina) Central Asian Temperate lowland and mid- altitude agro-ecologies Resistance to late blight and PVY; chipping ability; heat tolerance; low antinutrient content Virus resistance; heat tolerance; long dormancy period; cold chipping ability; high dry matter content Photoperiod insensitivity; drought tolerance; salinity tolerance; virus resistance; red skin days maturity; drought tolerance in 20% of clones; late blight susceptibility score 2-3; 45-ppm Fe and 35-ppm Zn; vitamin C, 130 mg/100g fresh weight 90 day maturity; extreme resistance to PVY; resistance to PLRV; late blight rating 3-4; tuberization and bulking under warm day temps.; 80% of clones without glycoalkyloid formation under stress 70-day maturity; combined resistance to PVY, PVX, and PLRV; tuberization at up to 25 C night temp.; 20 % clones with improved cold chipping ability; dry matter content 18 22%; table quality 2% per year yield gains in 90-day potatoes; high resistance to PVY, PVX, and PLRV; drought / salinity tolerance level in 20% of clones; red skin in 50% of clones Markers for late blight resistance; GS model for nutritional traits (Fe. Zn, vitamin C) and anthocyanins; genomic regions associated with late blight resist. and drought tol.; biochemical traits underlying consumer preferences Multiplex marker for PVY and PLRV resistance; GS prediction model for early bulking; rapid assay/marker for glycoalkyloid content GS prediction model for earliness; heat tolerance markers GS model for adaptive traits (photoperiod insensitivity and high temperature bulking) Extreme and durable resistance for late blight; high resistance to all known PVY strains Extreme and durable resistance to late blight; high resistance to all known PVY strains; resistance to bacterial wilt; editing glycoalkyloid pathway Heat and drought tolerance; high resistance to all known PVY strains Heat and drought tolerance; hi resistance to all known PVY strains ; photoperiod insensitivity 39

43 Region SWEET POTATO Global Africa Tropical and sub-tropical lowlands and mid-elevation tropics Target Traits for Breeding ab Yield and earliness SPVD resistance; adaptation to droughtprone environments Non-sweet; storability; S&SE Asia - Yield and earliness; orange Tropical and subtropical lowlands flesh color; and dry matter and midelevation tropics YAMS Global West Africa Other Regions: Asia, East Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Yield, earliness, anthracnose resistance Dry matter; nematode resistance Tuber quality; yam mosaic virus resistance Target Level 2022 c 3% per year yield gains with 120-day maturity; orange flesh; 10% SPVD resistance in orange breeding populations; among droughtresistant orange clones 20 30% respond to rains Sucrose 6% dry weight basis ; 3% per year yield gains for 100-day orange sweetpotato; beta-carotene 150 ppm dry weight basis; dry matter 31% 3% per year yield increase; anthracnose and viruses resistance; reduced postharvest losses by 30% Genetic diversity characterized; superior parents identified; 1.5% per year yield increase; breeding for quality and resistance target traits initiated Examples of Contributions from FP1 Clusters to Genetic Gains NextGen Breeding Game Changing Traits d MAS for SPCSV and SPFMV Weevil and virus resistance resistance / susceptibility; GS for yield and drought tol.; application of aerial photog. to field phenotyping MAS for b-amylase negative / positive and non-sweet after cooking; transcript profiles for storage root development Markers for anthracnose resistance Trait-based gene pools High throughput phenotyping for target traits Anthracnose resistance Nematode resistance a Targets generally defined as those levels achieved in extensive on-farm, farmer-managed multilocation trials throughout the target region. b GS: genomic selection; BBTV: Banana bunchy top virus; BXW: Banana Xanthomonas Wilt; BLS: Black leaf streak; CMD: Cassava mosaic disease; CBSD: Cassava brown streak disease; CBB: cassava bacterial blight; LB: Late blight; Fe: Iron; Zn: Zinc; PVS: Potato virus S; PVY: Potato virus Y; PLRV: Potato leaf roll virus; SPVD: Sweetpotato virus disease; SPCSV: Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus; SPFMV: sweetpotato feathery mottle virus. c For Global target traits, Target Level may vary by region and in such cases, levels are indicated by region. d Contributions of Game Changing Traits cluster: From the results of classical transformation or genome editing, e.g. through CRISPR Cas9. Much of the discussion about accelerating genetic gains in the AFS-CRPs has centered on yield improvement, which is typically the metric targeted by breeders and used as the standard of success in evaluating impact. For RTB crops, yield is clearly important to farmers, but yield potential by itself is rarely sufficient to motivate adoption. A myriad of adaptive traits for soil and climate; pest and disease resistance; growth habit; root, tuber, or fruit shape and size; peeling characteristics; cooking time; and taste and texture enter the mix for end user acceptance. 40

44 The products of discovery research connect to next and end users indirectly, through delivery research. Therefore M&E will depend on intermediate indicators rather than specific countries or end users (Table FP1.5). Table FP1.5. Intermediate indicators for target breeding traits Traits Pest and disease resistance Consumer preference traits Nutrition traits Resilience to abiotic stress Intermediate indicators Level of increased precision for identifying resistance genes using dense marker data; number of new sources of resistance in genebanks discovered with high throughput in vitro screening Non-suitable genotypes can be discarded in early generations through use of molecular profiles linked to consumer preferences, thereby channeling more phenotyping resources to high-value selections Increase in the maximum expression of a trait that can be achieved by combining complementary genes with molecular markers Increase in maximum temperature or drought stress that can be tolerated through identification of new genes in the photosynthetic pathway, stomatal control, root growth, and other mechanisms of both cultivated and wild species 3. IMPACT PATHWAY AND THEORY OF CHANGE FP1 makes critical contributions to accelerating genetic gains for priority traits for end users in the plantbreeding pipeline. The flagship focuses on taking leading-edge science to the level of establishing proof of concept. Once developed for routine use, the application is integrated into and delivered through the RTB Delivery FPs (FP2 FP5). Feedback mechanisms, especially through the RTB BCoP, will keep genderdifferentiated end users needs at the forefront of research design. The impact pathway of FP1 (Fig. FP1.1) begins with discovery products that generate a set of research outcomes with next users. Next users will include both scientists supporting crop improvement in FP2 and, increasingly, partners who gain capacity to use advanced breeding tools and methods. The BCoP links discovery products and research outcomes to support metrics and the sharing of genetic resources, genetic stocks, data, knowledge, services, and facilities. Likewise, the BCoP links research outcomes with the delivery products of FP2 FP5 by facilitating feedback loops between upstream research, breeding programs, and users/consumers needs assessments. FP1 will contribute to some Sub-IDOs in its own right, and links through FP2 FP5 to five broad products for delivery: High-yielding candidate varieties with consumer-preferred traits More nutritious candidate varieties (e.g., vitamin A, Fe, Zn) Candidate varieties resistant to major pests and diseases Candidate varieties with increased resilience to climate risks and extremes Candidate varieties suited to environmentally sound and economically viable systems (links to FP5). The discovery products reach end users and contribute to Sub-IDOs through institutional partnerships, mainly NARS breeding and extension programs, farmers organizations, and the private sector. 41

45 Figure FP1.1. Impact Pathway FP1 main risks/assumptions and capacity development interventions Women typically are the principal cultivators, processors, and marketers of RTB crops in Africa, but the roles of men and women vary widely at the global level. Varietal trait preferences such as texture, flavor, appearance, and nutritional value are often gender differentiated, especially when crops are consumed and processed locally as in much of Africa. A major challenge that RTB will address through foresight (FP5) and value chain analysis (FP4) is understanding the evolving market drivers, differentiated by men and women market actors, in order to prepare technical responses years in anticipation of need. For example, nearly all cassava peeling in West Africa is currently done manually, and mostly by women. Some traits facilitate either hand peeling or mechanized peeling. The breeding strategies will thus have a major impact on how this massive employer of women s labor in West Africa evolves in the next decade. FP1, especially through the RTB BCoP, will link with FP4 and FP5 to evaluate the possible consequences of the new technology, gender equity, and productivity trade-offs, and to define gender-responsive, development-oriented research strategies. And though some progress was made during RTB-Phase I toward integrating gender for defining target traits, much remains to be done. The target traits will 42

46 continually undergo updating and revision with new information about end user needs, particularly as it relates to gender impact. During Phase II, RTB will take into further account breeding targets that might especially have benefits for youth. For example, traits with implications for labor-savings and added value can be relevant to expanding opportunities for youth in enterprise development. These new variety traits will often be driven by demand created by industry for new or modified products. 4. SCIENCE QUALITY FP1 will innovate in a fast-evolving scientific environment where DNA, RNA, and metabolite-level characterization, digitalization, automation, precision trait manipulation, and big data are pillars of creation of new technologies. The new breeding technologies will allow RTB to react more quickly to producer, market, and consumer demands, and create greater efficiencies in breeding (Pérez-de-Castro et al. 2012). FP1 will be the home of higher risk/higher pay-off products. DI1.1 RTB BCoP. Each candidate target trait, tool, or methodology will be carefully evaluated for likelihood of success and at what cost. Each research aim will include development and analysis of a credible pathway to success, with support from the broad community of both applied and molecular breeders, along with all other disciplines that feed into successful variety development and deployment. The BCoP assures science quality through its consultation and integration roles of bringing together, promoting shared resources, and finding consensus in developing goals and approaches among all the flagships and partners. The BCoP will contribute to achieving, evaluating, and monitoring science quality, and to fostering greater interaction among scientists. DI1.2 NextGen Breeding. DI1.2 will focus on upstream research using multidisciplinary approaches (genomics, phenomics, statistics) for enhancing the efficiency of RTB breeding programs. The participating members of the RTB centers offer a critical mass of expertise in quantitative genetics and plant breeding, genomics and bioinformatics, statistics, and phenomics. These disciplines will work together toward maximum synergy and specialization while continuously ensuring cross-learning among crops and traits research. Quality of science is indicated in the following: High-density profiling of genome-wide genetic variation using SNP markers (SNP-Chip, GBS, RAD, and DArTseq). Collaborate with cluster DI1.4 and the CGIAR-wide Genebank Platform to add value to germplasm collections, breeders populations, and in situ diversity. Molecular markers for rapid translational breeding, genomic selection (including strategies for forming a training population for estimating breeding value for genomic selection), improved prediction models for parent and variety selection, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and quantitative trait loci studies with a view toward breeding. Use of aerial imagery (e.g., from drones) for monitoring and selecting for growth and development traits under environmental variations such as drought or pest and disease pressure, ground penetrating radar, electronic data collection, and image-based analysis. High-capacity data analysis, especially from the high volume of data generated from genotyping applied to breeding and genebank material and interoperability with genome resources. Development of high-density markers to identify and fix target genes for priority traits in homozygous condition, development of doubled haploid systems and rapid-cycle selfing options for inbred generation and fixing of genes. DI1.3 Game-changing Traits. This cluster has considerable overlap with NextGen, but is distinguished especially by two factors: the unique regulatory environment that surrounds the products of genetic 43

47 engineering, and the insertion of individual traits into existing varieties without changing other background genes. This is not possible by other means in the heterozygous RTB crops. In this case, the quality of science becomes intertwined with policy and with consumers perceptions of the safety of the product. Because this regulatory process is so complex and costly, it requires a completely different set of tools and expertise as compared with non-genetically engineered traits. In just the past few years, the prospects for using the power of gene editing (e.g., via CRISPR Cas9, a gene editing technique that can target and modify DNA using engineered nucleases) has increased significantly. Though still in its infancy for RTB crops, the technology will likely move very quickly from theory to practice based on successes in maize, wheat, rice, and model species. With gene editing, the debate has just begun in many countries as to whether varieties resulting from gene editing will be regulated or not. Gene editing technologies will have cross-rtb applicability once the technology has been established. Novel approaches include: Cassava: Cassava starch composition by switching on/off genes of the starch synthesis pathway using genome editing. Modifying alleles for herbicide tolerance or carotenoid production (editing ALS and PSY genes). Cassava virus replication can be altered by modifying host protein required for their replication and movement. Proof-of-concept work at Danforth Center and ETH, Switzerland, and the National Agricultural Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Uganda, has demonstrated efficacy of transgenic approaches. Bacterial effectors of Xanthomonas pathogens affecting cassava have been recently identified, together with some of their cognate genes in the host. Potato: Cisgenes for LB, virus Y, and leafroll exist; transgenes for bacterial wilt disease appear promising. Bacterial effectors of Ralstonia, pathogens, have been recently identified together with some of their cognate genes in the host. This opens the way to edit susceptibility genes as well as adding executor genes (Kyndt et al. 2015; Nyabonga et al. 2014). Gene editing to alter day-length sensitivity, early tuberization, and heat tolerance in potato. Potatoes with 3R genes from wild relatives have been able to withstand LB disease in the absence of any fungicide protections in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Uganda. NARS partners are now engaged in event selection and soon in multilocational trials. Sweetpotato: Bt and RNAi technology for weevils and virus disease resistance. Yam: RNAi and transgenes are under the concept phase for nematode resistance. Banana and plantain: Transgenes and RNAi for control of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and aphids; resistance to nematodes using cystatins, synthetic peptides, and targeting the expression of genes to roots only. Gene editing to inactivate integrated Banana streak virus copies so they cannot reconstitute infections after tissue culture or other stresses. Transgenic bananas with resistance to Xanthomonas wilt have passed successfully the proof-of-concept stage using constitutive expression of sweetpotato genes conferring disease resistance. National partners are now in the first stages of multilocational trials. 44

48 DI1.4 Genetic Diversity. In situ work will include diversity analysis and cultivar/species identification, coupled with meta-analysis of grower, processor, and consumer-linked information for landrace varieties (de Haan et al. 2014; Säkinen et al. 2015) and gap analysis (Castañeda-Alvarez et al 2015; Khoury et al. 2015). Ex situ contributions from RTB will include new tools and methods for in vitro conservation and cryo-conservation. Research to develop more efficient, cost-effective, and secure methods for ex situ conservation could include research into prolonging seed longevity, understanding the complex reproductive biology of RTB crops, diversity and taxonomic analysis in the collections, support to digital genebanks, and, with DI1.2, development of marker systems to monitor genetic integrity. RTB will carry out molecular and phenotypic characterization and evaluation of CWR in RTB crops, feeding into prebreeding work in other clusters. RTB will conduct research on the organization of global genetic diversity of the cultivated species and CWR (Tessema et al. 2014). Detailed accession-specific, genomic-linked phenotypic information is needed to identify new traits for adaptation to climate change, pest and disease resistance, and consumer-preferred quality attributes for inclusion in pre-breeding programs in FP2. Predictive characterization will allow rapid screening of germplasm, making the breeding and other end user processes more efficient and cost effective. Highdensity marker diversity analyses of genebanks will help to identify evolutionary gene pools, which in turn can help breeders select best parents to maximize heterosis or for specific trait expression. Selfing and germplasm enhancement using genebank accessions will allow expression and selection for hidden recessive traits. 5. LESSONS LEARNED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES Working together the RTB BCoP. RTB-Phase I demonstrated the need for a mechanism to coordinate and integrate research and CapDev among clusters and flagships with input into development of breeding products. This mechanism should create greater efficiencies in RTB breeding by effective engagement within and among the RTB Discovery and Delivery clusters, by crop, opportunity, and constraint. Such cross-cluster collaboration would allow breeders to set breeding targets, advocate for the responsive development and timely testing of solutions, help optimize resource allocation in breeding schemes, and monitor progress toward breeding goals. Advanced tools and methodologies to accelerate breeding. In Phase I it became clear that there were large synergies to be realized in the development and application of advanced tools for breeding across the RTB crops. The commonalities and often the complexities of the clonally propagated crops could be exploited in crosscutting approaches. RTB should target the RTB-specific challenges that result from shared elements of their breeding complexity, and link to the CGIAR-wide Genetic Gains Platform for more broadly applicable technologies. Extensive cross-crop metabolomics work showed that RTB should best focus on a relatively few priority traits, based on specific hypotheses (e.g., quality traits or drought) rather than broad trawling for metabolites. Developing targets and metrics for RTB crops. During the RBM Pilot for the NextGen Breeding cluster, a major lesson learned was the need to link breeding goals and SMART targets (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time bound) through the full value chain, back to the definition of NextGen tools and methodologies. RTB held a workshop jointly with the NEXTGEN Cassava Project and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop strategies for linking consumer acceptance traits to next-generation tools and methods (BMGF et al. 2015). Outcomes of the workshop emphasized the need to bridge disciplines in order to truly integrate end user preferences in breeding, with inputs from experts in agricultural economics, gender, food science, molecular biology, and plant breeding. 45

49 Genetic diversity. A persistent lesson from Phase I is that there are frequently gaps between conservation and use of genetic resources. FP1 will work with other Discovery and Delivery programs inside and outside of RTB, including the Genebanks Platform, to analyze and uncover the value of a broad base of alleles and haplotypes that are linked to key traits and in a form easier to exploit by researchers and breeders. Phase I work also pointed out the need to develop capacity that will promote an integrated and complementary conservation and use system for RTB genetic diversity on farm, in wild habitats, and in genebanks. Women play a central role in managing home gardens and selecting and exchanging RTB planting material that meets their particular domestic food and health needs. Enhancing their livelihoods is essential to establishing a sustainable, long-term in situ conservation system for locally adapted landraces and associated CWR. Stewardship and advocacy. Advanced science is often confusing for the general public, as it is for most policymakers. One of the lessons learned in Phase I was that RTB should take initiatives to bridge this knowledge gap. Stewardship and advocacy for science-based management are needed to ensure that risk assessment of new technology addresses the relevant risks and uses established standards and methods. It is important that more effort is invested in communicating the facts supporting the need, as well as the absence of need, for risk assessment of genetic modification (GM). The involvement of stakeholders, in particular the NARS, is critical to maximizing the chances of success for product development or largescale dissemination of planting material. This implies responsible communication on relevant GM matters, stewardship of the GM technologies intended for product development, and science-based advice to regulatory bodies in the target countries. 6. CLUSTERS OF ACTIVITY FP1 comprises four clusters of activity that integrate to lead RTB discovery research. Table FP1.6 summarizes the discovery products for these four clusters. Table FP1.6. Summary of cluster discovery research products Cluster DI1.1: BCoP DI1.2: NextGen Breeding DI1.3: Gamechanging Traits Discovery research products Capacity building for clonal crop breeding Trait priorities, metrics, and M&E coordination Facilitation and sharing of RTB omics and breeding databases Improving station management, facilities and scalable tools for precision clone breeding Documentation, communication, and promotion for use of populations and elite breeding lines Genotype profiling and diversity analysis Omics tools for breeding High-throughput phenotyping tools and methods Bioinformatics; knowledge management system for omics data integration Genetic stocks and populations Proof of concept of transgenic RTB varieties New GM technologies Prototypes with game-changing traits Stewardship and advocacy for science-based management Local capacity to develop and approve genetically improved varieties Ex-ante/ex-post socioeconomic studies 46

50 Cluster DI1.4: Genetic Diversity Discovery research products Analysis and management of in situ diversity Improved methods and tools for ex situ conservation of RTB diversity Characterization and knowledge management for RTB diversity Enhanced linkage of genetic resources with use in breeding Foresight and capacity building for genetic resources management DI1.1 RTB BCoP DI1.1 aims to set up a decentralized, integrated, and cross-crop BCoP to support accelerated genetic gains for yield, quality (nutrition, added-value), and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance/resistance in multiple RTB crops. Its value proposition is to identify and resolve the major challenges to RTB breeding research that can best be addressed in a crosscutting way. It will convene expertise and funds to link targeting (with special attention to gender), discovery, delivery, and use of breeding research tools and products and monitor their movement along RTB s impact pathways. This cluster directly responds to the IEA (2015) evaluation Recommendation 7 to further modernize its breeding program and adopt best breeding strategies for its crops that involve harmonizing breeding approaches within crops and transferring lessons across crops, where possible. Capacity building for breeding is a broad function of FP1 and FP2. The BCoP plays a coordination/ facilitation role. CapDev will be aligned with and responsive to the Genetic Gains Platform to address breeding excellence, including benchmarking with the private sector, and to improve utilization and dissemination of knowledge, breeding products, and methodologies focusing on clonal crops. The BCoP will benchmark successful breeding schemes and selection models, including accelerated breeding schemes, genomic selection, and other performance prediction models. Moreover, the BCoP will scope and help scale up or adapt effective decision support tools (DST), algorithms, and pipelines for integrating and applying genotyping, phenotyping, and profiling data to RTB breeding targets. Consultative processes among FP1 FP5 clusters are key functions of the BCoP. This component will bridge Delivery and Discovery FPs through collaboration to develop meaningful metrics for M&E of genetic gains. The BCoP will stimulate the development of tools, such as standard scales for trait assessment, and a knowledge base to improve and enhance the capacity of RTB breeders to define metrics and monitor progress in genetic gains. Metrics will be developed that address specific goals of increased productivity, nutritional contents, profitability, disease or pest resistance, and water or nutrient use efficiency toward target trait levels set with the Delivery FPs. The improvement of the RTB breeding database will facilitate use of diverse in-house and crop-specific integrating database environments to help speed up the extension of the Integrated Breeding Platform to clonal crops. As such, it will contribute to the success of data management tools and information types, thereby linking DI1.2, DI1.4, and the Delivery FPs as users and beneficiaries of plant-breeding data management systems. A primary objective of this component is to support communication and innovation on the application of appropriate biological experimental design and analytical approaches to accelerate RTB breeding. It will contribute to and stimulate the development of shared data capture and analysis pipelines and facilities for integrating data sets; and user-friendly tools for tracking and sharing breeding information, materials exchange, and seed and product movement along the impact pathway. Cross-learning and scalable methods for clonal crop breeding and variety selection will link phenotyping and trait transfer methods from DI1.2 and the Genetic Gains Platform with multiple RTB breeding programs to increase selection efficiency and variety deployment. Tools that may have spillover synergies across RTB include calibrations and prediction models for high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) methods, root and 47

51 tuber growth assessment, some aspects of modeling, and the strategic use of distributed phenotyping networks that can help to unravel genotype x environment (GxE) interaction and improve selection accuracy. The BCoP will demonstrate how cross-crop research on RTB development, biology, and performance can translate into new approaches and accelerated gains from breeding. This module will develop links with the Genetic Gains Platform to assess and improve experimental station facilities and capacity to implement effective RTB evaluation to optimize gain from selection on genetic diversity. The documentation, communication, and promotion for use of populations, stocks, and elite breeding lines are especially pertinent for clonal crops for which the maintenance and exchange of intermediate products are costly and encumbered by quarantine concerns. Its purposes are to benchmark and systematize maintenance, communicate availability, and guide the use of intermediate products and tools (e.g., prebreeding stocks, genetic panels and mapping populations, selectable markers and respective gene source germplasm, and breeding lines in the pipeline). DI1.2 NextGen Breeding for RTB crops DI1.2 aims to develop and demonstrate the added value of next-generation tools, methods, and information for adoption and routine use in breeding programs (in FP2) to accelerate genetic gains for target traits. This cluster will seek to overcome some of the key RTB-specific challenges that result from shared elements of their breeding complexity (Table FP1.1), and link to the System-wide Genetic Gains Platform for more broadly applicable technologies. DI1.2 will employ efficient and high-throughput phenomics and genomics platforms as well as bioinformatics and biometrics capabilities to discover traitlinked DNA markers for deployment in breeding programs. Proof-of-concept research, including GWAS, genomic selection, and RTB inbred lines, will be a foundation for innovative breeding systems in the RTB crops (Cenci et al. 2014; Folgado et al. 2013, 2014; Lindqvist-Kreuze et al. 2014; Rabbi et al. 2014a, 2014b; Vanhove et al ) Genotype profiling and diversity analysis will add value to RTB germplasm collections and in situ diversity, mainly through collaboration with DI1.4 and FP2. Use of advanced tools for discovery of agronomic traits (e.g., GWAS) will enable more efficient and targeted use of genetic resources in breeding programs. NextGen breeding will translate proof-of-concept discoveries into tangible breeding tools, providing breeders with faster and more precise ways to identify and capture genes controlling target traits. Sequence-based genotyping will be used to continue generating dense marker data for genome-wide associations for trait discovery and genomic selection. Given the current very low adoption of markers for RTB breeding programs in low-income countries, DI1.2 has a key responsibility to quickly transfer tools and methodologies from the lab to the breeders hands, based on clear end user priorities and constraints. Together with FP2 FP4, this cluster will spearhead the adaptation and adoption of novel, HTP approaches throughout the variety development pipeline. Such methods include use of aerial imaging, optical measurements for quality traits, advanced electronic data collection through smartphone apps for feature extraction and modeling plant phenotypes, characterization of root system architecture, and novel methods for root and tuber bulking rate assessment (e.g., with ground-penetrating radar). The HTP approaches will address some of the challenges associated with traditional phenotyping, especially physico-chemical characterization of bulky and perishable RTB crops. Metabolomics approaches will be developed and deployed for traits where useful variability is discovered for breeding. Bioinformatics and knowledge management for data analysis and integration adapt breeding databases with embedded analytical tools and workflow for bioinformatics and quantitative genetic analysis, variety selection, and geographic targeting. DI1.2 includes access to relevant publications and tutorials through webinars. All information assets will be annotated using ontologies (e.g., crop ontology) and made available as OA. RTB will work within the framework of existing databases related to management of 48

52 breeding material, genetic resources, and omics data such as GOBII, IBP, Musa Germplasm Information System, RTB bases (cassava, Musa, yam, sweetpotato, potato) and RTB genome hubs (banana, cassava). DI1.2 will support work of breeders, especially through marker development, to create genetic stocks that are genetically fixed for specific traits for example, pest or disease resistance, high DM content, or betacarotene content. These stocks will enable consistent expression of traits in breeding populations. Pure, homozygous lines will be generated through traditional self-pollinations (in the diploid RTB species) and, where available, doubled haploid or self-incompatibility inhibition systems, for the purpose of breeding by design (e.g., to exploit heterosis and for back-crossing). DI1.3 RTB varieties with game-changing traits DI1.3 aims to develop prototypes and products that allow new traits to be introduced without disturbing economically and agronomically important traits and characteristics of the original variety. DI1.3 will continue to broaden the spectrum of utilization of RTB genetic resources by transferring genes from other organisms or editing existing genes. We will continue the efforts to develop GM RTB products while increasing coordinated activities in communication and regulatory requirements. Genome editing technologies will be applied to modify existing alleles to resemble alleles, not only from wild relatives but also from other organisms. Proof of concept is usually the first step needed to focus on the optimization of a gene construct and the assessment of the trait value (e.g., high disease resistance or tolerance to abiotic stresses). This will be done in partnership with breeders, geneticists, genomics scientists of RTB, and partners in ARIs. When proof of concept is completed, a prototype (a pre-product) will be developed. We will generally use genetic elements for which there is freedom-to-operate for our purpose, minimum regulatory requirements, and maximum potential benefit to final users. New GM technologies can be developed for RTB crops to improve efficacy and either reduce or eliminate regulatory burden. Some are already well known such as intragenic or cisgenic methods free of selectable marker genes but are yet to be developed for most RTB crops (e.g., marker-free vectors, genome editing, or site-specific mutagenesis). Genome editing has already shown great promise in crop improvement (enhanced resistance to powdery mildew in wheat, improved oil quality in soybean, etc.). Applicability crop by crop and trait by trait will require some time, but genome editing is clearly leading to a new wave of improved varieties. DI1.3 will provide research evidence that the development of genetically improved RTB varieties with specific traits is achievable using GM technologies. The term prototype refers to a pre-product that will have to be released following national regulation to become a product, typically in partnership with NARS and other stakeholders, using relevant recipient varieties and pilot sites. Trait performance has to be exhaustively assessed in order to better estimate potential impact. This concerns exposure to a wide spectrum of environments, abiotic stresses, and pathogen strains when dealing with disease resistance, or influence of growth, environment, and storage conditions on nutritional traits. Stewardship and advocacy are needed to ensure that the activities required for risk assessment of the new technology address the relevant risks and use established standards and methods. Involvement of stakeholders, in particular the NARS, is critical to maximizing the chances of success for product development or large-scale dissemination. This implies responsible communication on relevant GM matters, stewardship of the GM technologies intended for product development, and science-based advice to regulatory bodies in the target countries. Enabling environments involving local institutions need to be created all along the pipeline of product development. In many cases, it is a legal requirement to have infrastructure with containment or 49

53 confinement measures, as well as the operational staff equipped with a biosafety regulatory degree in the country. Ex-ante/ex-post socioeconomic studies with FP5 have to be continuously conducted to redirect investments and support communication to stakeholders to create a sense of urgency and thus reduce delays in deregulation. Such studies also need to assess cost of restrictions, sometimes accompanying IPprotected technologies, to warrant freedom to operate for our purpose. DI1.4 Tapping into RTB genetic diversity DI1.4 aims to undertake research and develop capacity to promote an integrated and complementary conservation and use system for RTB genetic diversity both in and ex situ one that will enable their contribution to food security, poverty alleviation, and climate change adaptation. DI1.4 will complement the Genebank Platform by focusing on research that aims to develop novel methods and tools for improving and refining existing ex situ conservation methods (seeds, in vitro, field collections, pollen, DNA) and characterization. It will also develop better understanding of what, where, and how RTB diversity is maintained on farm and in wild habitats, and their threats by working in partnership with relevant stakeholders. Techniques for identifying specific types of knowledge (e.g., traits that will be needed in climate resilient varieties to users of the germplasm) will also be addressed. DI1.4 will learn from and strengthen the capacities of partners, including farmers and local communities. It will also identify and transfer appropriate technologies to allow breeders and scientists to search for adapted traits in local landraces and CWR. Status and threats will be analyzed and diversity analysis carried out among the main RTB crops in order to identify priority populations for in situ conservation and supported where necessary by transfer to genebanks. Cost-effective action plans will be developed with partners in targeted geographies. Improved understanding of the relative benefits and cost of conservation and sustainable use will be used to inform policymakers and other stakeholders about the benefits of RTB landraces and CWR conservation. The conservation of clonal RTB crops requires novel approaches to enhance long-term sustainability and efficiency for both the clonal in vitro-preserved material and the CWR preserved as seed populations. New cost-efficient conservation tools and methods for RTB accessions and techniques will be developed to ensure that healthy individuals are safely conserved and distributed. This will include development of novel approaches to analyze genetic integrity and stability and new phytosanitary cleaning tools. There is also a need to consider and develop new thinking and approaches about the value of conservation of targeted cultivated RTB crops as true seed (conserving alleles rather than genotypes), and how this can be integrated into a modern genomics-informed approach to RTB crops conservation. The power of recent advances in genomic and informatics technologies for RTB crop improvement programs, combined with participatory characterization and phenotyping, will be used to characterize the targeted RTB crop diversity held in genebanks and in situ. Methods will be established to bring together genotyping efforts in target crops to develop systems to mine accessions with sequence, function, or biochemical/metabolic information. This research will have a strong accession-level focus on application of omics and bioinformatics tools. It needs to be strongly interconnected with both the Genebank and Genetic Gain Platforms and other clusters within RTB. Genebanks hold a wealth of untapped value, but this value is not always in a form that can be readily used and exploited in breeding programs. DI1.4 will work with other discovery and delivery platforms inside and outside of RTB to analyze and uncover the value of a broad base of alleles and haplotypes. These in turn will be linked to key traits and in a form easier to exploit by the researchers and breeders with a particular focus on development of germplasm to develop climate-resilient new varieties. 50

54 Foresight and CapDev will be directed toward genetic resources management, primarily for NARS and smallholder farmers, with complementary approaches to both in situ (including on farm) and ex situ conservation and use of RTB crops. Partners will be trained in the assessment, characterization, evaluation, valuation, and documentation of RTB crop diversity, participatory selection with repatriated materials from the genebanks. 7. PARTNERSHIPS An existing broad range of partners provides the key multidisciplinary expertise, capability, and research resources to deliver tools, information, and characterized genetic diversity and gains to next users (Table FP1.7). High-income countries have a lead on developing and deploying cutting-edge technologies. RTB supports multilateral partnerships that maximize access, implementation, and CapDev especially to increase capacity for discovery research in developing countries. Much of RTB s discovery research relies on the outputs from advanced public and private sector laboratories in molecular genetics and other discovery research. CGIAR typically does not have a comparative or competitive advantage to invest in the large-scale, long-term basic molecular research that is typically done by consortia of universities or the private sector. FP1 will partner with those labs and research teams and provide the linkages and expertise to help move from basic research to the RTB crop-specific tools and methodologies (Table FP1.7). Most of the collaboration will be supported by bilateral projects, with a relatively small investment from W1/2 sources, in order to maintain and build core capacities within the RTB centers. RTB will also co-invest with other AFS-CRPs (RICE, MAIZE, WHEAT, DCL) through the Genetic Gains Platform to share genotyping, HTP, and bioinformatics tools, methods, and facilities. Because of some of the unique features of the RTB crops, there will also need to be considerable RTB-specific investment in HTP. The Genebanks Platform will be a critical co-investor with RTB for integration of gene discovery, germplasm enhancement, pre-breeding (in FP2), and in situ research. With CCAFS, RTB will co-invest to develop climate-sensitive breeding strategies under the CCAFS Learning Platform Foresight, models and metrics for climate-sensitive breeding. This will integrate climate change models with trait prioritization (e.g., drought and heat tolerance, pest and disease resistance) by target region. RTB will link with each of the research activities proposed by CCAFS for climate-sensitive breeding, and will inform the CCAFS modeling teams on the plausible targets that can be reached by breeding programs. Table FP1.7. Key partnerships for FP1 Partner or player Universities/ARIs Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL), UK Role in developing product or achieving outcome Metabolomics analysis (ongoing diversity assessment) and metabolite profiling for defined quality traits (global leader in metabolomics) Kasetsart University, Thailand Development of markers for pest and disease traits Martin-Luther-Universität Halle- Genome editing tools and methodologies Wittenberg, Germany Freiburg University, Germany; RHUL Elucidate pathways and develop markers for carotenoids Cornell University/Boyce Thompson Institute, USA University of Birmingham, UK Agropolis Foundation, France Data management tools for genotyping, linked to breeding; genotyping by sequencing; genomic selection; linking gender and genomics On-farm and in situ conservation; systematic monitoring of landrace and CWR diversity 51

55 Partner or player Sybioma, KU Leuven, Belgium Global Crop Diversity Trust National Research Systems NaCRRI, Uganda, NRCRI, Nigeria KALRO, Kenya Embrapa, Brazil CAS, CATAS, China CTCRI, India INIA system (Peru, Bolivia, Chile) CRI/SARI, Ghana BecA, Kenya BGI, China CGIAR CRPs (see Annex 6) AFS-CRPs CCAFS A4NH Genetic Gains Platform Genebanks Platform Role in developing product or achieving outcome Facility for systems biology-based mass spectrometry; proteomics platform, characterization of peptides linked to stress responses (already applied on banana and potato); drought phenotyping for banana Conservation and collection of CWR; DivSeek Initiative to link genebank genomics and phenomics Genomic selection cassava and yam (only Nigeria); protocols for doubled haploid production GM field crop testing Development of HPT; in situ conservation Development of markers for quality traits; induction of flowering Trait discovery for starch functional properties and non-root uses for RTB On-farm/in situ conservation; incentive mechanisms; systematic monitoring of landrace and CWR diversity Yam breeding Research and CapDev in Central and East Africa Genotyping by sequencing and re-sequencing Shared genotyping, HTP, and bioinformatics platforms Trait discovery and prioritization for traits for climate change adaptation Elucidate pathways and develop markers for carotenoids Shared expertise and access to cost-effective services for genotyping and bioinformatics Links between conservation and use (e.g., through feedback on trait prioritization and pre-breeding) 8. CLIMATE CHANGE Several of the RTB crops, especially cassava, are already known to be inherently well-adapted to higher temperatures and more variable rainfall, relative to many crop species. Yet there will still be dramatic effects for some crops both directly (temperature and rainfall) and indirectly (changes in biotic effects). Much of FP1 s focus will be on identifying and incorporating tolerance to periodic drought, pest and disease resistance, and tolerance to higher temperatures. FP1 will work with CCAFS on metrics and downscaled models to guide climate responsive/smart breeding, including seeking co-funding for crop and climate change modeling, and definition of scenarios for which RTB breeding has specific response options. FP1 will identify climate homologues for germplasm and breeding population screening, where current sites are expected to have climate conditions similar to future conditions of our target impact regions. For example, sites with 2 C higher temperature would be homologues for current target regions, so as to begin to select for adaptation to future conditions; or select pest and disease hot spots that will have levels of pressure similar to projected target regions in a scenario of changed climate. In addition to the key focus on abiotic and biotic stresses, FP1 will gather experimental evidence to determine the value for money of breeding RTB crops for tolerance, or even higher yield response, to elevated levels of carbon dioxide. 52

56 This flagship promotes an integrated and complementary conservation and use system for RTB genetic diversity on farm, in wild habitats, and in genebanks that will enable their optimum contribution to climate change adaptation. FP1 will develop better understanding of what, where, and how RTB diversity is maintained on farm and in wild habitats, and their threats from climate change, by working in partnership with relevant stakeholders. Techniques for identifying specific types of knowledge (e.g., traits that will be needed in climate-resilient varieties by users of the germplasm) will be addressed. 9. GENDER Gender research in FP1 is driven by gender-differentiated preferences and impacts for varietal traits and by gender roles in in situ conservation. RTB-Phase I has shown how gender perspectives are vitally important for RTB technology development. Table FP1.8 indicates how the baseline gender work will be integrated into breeding objectives for RTB crops. Gender-relevant traits are not always evident to scientists and always need to be verified through participatory technology development methods. FP1 will monitor trend data on varietal adoption in order to develop a direct link between preferred traits, adopted technology, and farmer income or performance of agripreneurs. Table FP1.8. Examples of RTB traits with an important gender dimension User-preferred traits (crop) Branching habit (cassava) Starch quality (all) Post-harvest physiological deterioration (mainly cassava) Easy peeling (mainly cassava) Vine and foliage production (all) Earliness for harvesting (potato, sweetpotato, yam) Why user-preferred trait is important Early branching can reduce field weeding activities, but late branching can facilitate access to manage intercrops Cooking characteristic ideal for food preparation; processing traits Extended shelf life expands market opportunities Reduce labor needed for peeling Ensure good establishment; robust canopies will reduce weeding Reduce exposure to virus infection; suitability for multicropping systems Gender dimension Weeding is often performed by women, although there is much variation by localities Women often decide what is the acceptable quality to process (e.g., for poundability for cassava in Nigeria) Harvesting flexibility and market differentiation, to benefit women, can occur based on capacity for post-harvest storage Ease of peeling will reduce workload for SME processing Women incorporate leaves from RTB crops as source of protein and vitamins or for animal feed Typically benefits both men and women; may shift peak workloads during crop cycle to differentially affect competing labor demands for men and women How to address it in breeding programs Study the inherent and environmental control of flowering, which affects branching pattern Physical-chemical traits can be linked to cooking qualities and consumer preferences Breed for longer shelf life Thickness of the root peel and ease of peeling are genetically controlled and can be selected according to consumer needs Select for, for example, canopy growth habit; virus resistance; animal feed suitability; consumer preferences Breed for early bulking/ early maturity 53

57 User-preferred traits (crop) Yield (all) Anti-nutritional factors (mainly cassava and potato) Poundability mealiness (cassava) Diversity of products (all) Why user-preferred trait is important Availability of the preferred product Reduced benefits of crop consumption Important for cooking quality, especially in West Africa Provide consumers with diverse options Gender dimension Benefits both men and women Particularly important for nutrition of children and women Benefits both men and women, but women often make decisions about the best poundable types Benefits both men and women, but they may benefit differentially from specific products Source: Modified from RTB 2014 (report of Next Generation Breeding RBM workshop). How to address it in breeding programs Breeding for high yield, DM, starch yield Study composition of foliage and roots to help assess potential benefits and hazards for consumers Include processing methodologies as phenotyping strategy; associate physicalchemical factors with poundability Apply participatory breeding to capture diverse genderdifferentiated needs Gender-differentiated target traits are relevant across the breeding pipeline, especially for FP1 and FP2, but with critical feedback loops from FP3 FP5 as well. The BCoP will lead the coordination of crosscutting, participatory methods and actions for setting breeding targets and metrics, M&E of progress toward gender-differentiated traits, and ensuring gender inclusion in CapDev. DI1.2 will aim to identify the molecular basis for gender differences in trait preferences and develop DNA-based markers and HTP methods (e.g., near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy scanning) to speed up breeding. RTB is receiving support from RHUL on metabolomics, and the NEXTGEN cassava project is providing input to identify gender-differentiated traits and methods for indirect selection. The gender roles of in situ conservation will also be studied to understand gender dimensions of in situ management, which involves seed selection, farmer food choices and preference traits (drivers of conservation), child nutrition, folk taxonomy, and medicinal uses and feminized conservation, where temporal or permanent male migration occurs (the Andes, West Africa). 10. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Building advanced science capacity for individuals, organizations, and networks is a key part of achieving impact through discovery research. RTB will capitalize on regionally networked initiatives such as Bioscience Eastern and Central Africa. Strengthening labs within the CGIAR centers as regional platforms will also complement and fill gaps for national partners to strengthen their organizational capacities. In West Africa (IITA), in the Americas (CIAT and CIP), and in Asia (CIAT), RTB centers strongly encourage and support access to their advanced labs. Asia has some of the world s most advanced labs for RTB crop work, especially in India, China, and Thailand. Key labs in Africa, such as NaCRRI in Uganda and the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) in Nigeria, are quickly developing advanced research capacity. FP1 will actively support their participation (also considering that they are key RTB producers) in regional CapDev. The BCoP will become a knowledge-sharing mechanism for breeders, geneticists, and end users, and also address capacity needs for data analysis and IP, OD, and communications which are essential for enabling discovery CapDev. The work on breeding based on genetic engineering will require RTB partners and regulatory agencies to increase their institutional capacity. Specific regulatory requirements will need to be developed in parallel with derived prototypes or products with new traits. 54

58 CapDev efforts will aim at enabling breeders and geneticists to make breeding objectives more responsive to the preferences of both male and female farmers. FP1 will provide new opportunities for the degree training of women scientists. Staff exchanges will be integral to CapDev. For example, RTB discovery research could benefit from senior scientist exchanges (1 3 months) and a longer term sabbatical leave (e.g., from partner university labs) at an RTB center. Training at the MSc and PhD level will be sought in bilateral projects, in priority topics for RTB. These candidates preferably should be from key RTB countries, and with strong support to women scientists. 11. INTELLECTUAL ASSET AND OPEN ACCESS MANAGEMENT RTB crops are part of the Annex 1 of the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and will be accessed, studied, improved, and disseminated with the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA). FP1 will generate, manage, and disseminate large amounts of omics and breeding data as OA and publish to keep FP1-generated data and knowledge in the public domain. Crop-specific databases (see Annex 9) will be accessible via the RTB Open Access Portal. The BCoP will provide the coordinating function to facilitate the success of data management tools and information by linking FP1 and the Delivery clusters, including partners, as users and beneficiaries of a plant-breeding data management systems. The BCoP will also benchmark and systematize the maintenance of pre-breeding stocks, genetic resources, and breeding lines in the pipeline for dissemination, and communicate their availability. NextGen Breeding will adopt breeding databases with embedded analytical tools and workflow for bioinformatics and quantitative genetic analysis, variety selection, and geographic targeting. FP1 will provide access to relevant publications and tutorials through webinars and make them available as OA. Genetic engineering is an area where IP will have a strategic importance. Private sector licensing is common, and regulatory issues define success or failure of a technology. Patent searches will be practiced to identify need for freedom to operate for third-party technologies (such as markers, genes, or gene constructs). Where applicable, humanitarian use license will be preferred to make new technologies available to farmers at reduced cost. The involvement of stakeholders, in particular the NARS, is critical to access genetic resources, maximize the chances of success for product development, and disseminate planting material on a large scale. FP1 will enhance participation in initiatives such as the Cornell Alliance for Science and strengthen partnership with National Biosafety Committees and Authorities. 12. FP MANAGEMENT FP1 management will follow the general structure and guidelines for all of RTB. Nonetheless, FP1 will recognize its unique role of full dependence on the Delivery FPs to provide guidance on targets for breeding improvement and participation in M&E. The BCoP will in fact be a cross-flagship BCoP; but as a matter of structural requirement within CGIAR, it will be housed within FP1. Leadership of the BCoP will be through representation by each relevant cluster, in a management system that will be defined to fit the needs of the community as it evolves. This will begin in 2016 as a pilot, with the BCoP cluster leader having the principal management role and with primary responsibility for the community (RTB clusters and partners) to interact. 55

59 FP1, because of its products, will have an especially high level of coordination and interaction with some of the CGIAR system-level platforms (Genebanks, Genetic Gains, Big Data). For each of these, FP1 will be both a major contributor and beneficiary. Governance of the flagship will take into account the need for extensive formal interaction with the platforms, by naming key liaisons or focal points to the platforms. While there will be complex interactions that need to be fostered and maintained, FP1 will also be strongly cognizant of the desirability of a light governance structure that keeps transaction costs to a minimum and provides high value for money for time invested in collaboration and interaction. Most of the governance functions will be standardized across FPs by the RTB MC. 56

60 FLAGSHIP PROJECT 2: ADAPTED PRODUCTIVE VARIETIES AND QUALITY SEED OF RTB CROPS 1. RATIONALE, SCOPE The objective of FP2 is to make available good-quality planting materials of a diverse set of high-yielding RTB varieties that are adapted to the needs and preferences of different stakeholders in the value chain. RTB crops represent a diverse group of clonal crops that face similar challenges of persistent low yields per unit area and high costs of production that limit their success in achieving food security for many of the world s poorest inhabitants, especially women and children. Where high-yielding varieties exist, their adoption is often hampered because they do not fully respond to end users needs and preferences. Poorquality planting material further lowers productivity of RTB crop production systems. The use of RTB crops in other agri-food systems has been limited due to a lack of suitable varieties (e.g., short-cycle potato in a cereal-based cropping system). Hence, FP2 will address the following grand challenges, as identified by the SRF: Producing sufficient nutritious food. More than 800 million people worldwide remain acutely or chronically undernourished, and the number suffering from micronutrient deficiency is even greater. Additional pressure on RTB agri-food systems to meet food needs is caused by an increasing population, especially in the humid tropics in SSA, continuing soil degradation, and climate change. This FP will exploit the existing diversity of RTB crops and deploy new varieties with good and stable agronomic traits, resistance to destructive pests and diseases, and end user-preferred traits. Male and female farmers will benefit from improved crop varieties that better fit their needs and preferences, taking into account local agro-ecological conditions and the socioeconomic context. Populations who depend on RTB crops will also benefit from nutrient- and micronutrient-dense RTB varieties to improve food security and nutrition as well as market access to increase income. Climate change and risk of biodiversity loss. Climate change is expected to severely affect agricultural production, increasing constraints of water and temperature. This will be especially severe in those areas where RTB crops are a significant source of food security (Fay et al. 2015). Genetic diversity will be threatened by changing environments, reduced ecosystem stability, and increased pressures on land use. Climate-smart varieties will include traits for resistance to emerging pests and diseases as well as tolerance to drought, heat, salinity, and extreme weather events linked to climate change. Other climatesmart technologies include seed systems to preserve planting material during dry spells and extreme weather conditions, and to protect cultivar diversity for farming communities. Soil degradation. Low productivity often drives the expansion of the frontier of cultivation onto marginal lands prone to soil degradation. The cultivation of quality seed of more productive RTB varieties should improve efficiency in the use of external inputs, increase land and water productivity, and thus contribute to reducing pressure on expanding the frontier of cultivation. Post-harvest losses and value-addition opportunities. RTB crops are perishable and prone to postharvest loss. Expanding urban populations will mean reconfigured supply chains to meet the need for more convenient and storable RTB-based foods. Varieties will be developed that store longer in ground or post-harvest, retain nutritional quality longer after harvest, and provide novel and income-generating processing opportunities. Women are heavily involved in post-harvest processing and storage of RTB crops, yet their needs are often not sufficiently considered or targeted by CapDev to promote good post- 57

61 harvest practices. FP2 will ensure that both men and women farmers, processors, and traders are actively engaged and involved in evaluating improved varieties for post-harvest processing and storage. New entrepreneurial and job opportunities. FP2 will open up new opportunities for employment and income generation through the profitable sale of diverse, locally available, high-quality RTB seed. To leverage these opportunities FP2 will work closely with the gender and youth cluster in FP5. In addition, varieties with higher processing quality will enable producers to link with a wide range of processors, from industrial to small scale, that can create additional employment opportunities. Through a demand-driven process, RTB will collaborate with a broad range of partners to achieve equitable access to varieties and seed and related information as well as business opportunities. RTB offers the combined assets of scientists from Bioversity, CIAT, CIP, IITA, and CIRAD, and a strong strategic partner network that draws on ARIs, national programs, the private sector, NGOs, and women s alliances. Such an arrangement will enable RTB to address the challenges of varietal improvement and seed distribution of clonal crops synergistically. A major comparative advantage of RTB is the extensive genetic resources base held by CGIAR centers and accumulated research experience with conventional breeding. 2. OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS The overall objective of FP2 is to make available good-quality planting materials of a diverse set of highyielding RTB varieties that are adapted to the needs and preferences of different stakeholders in the value chain. By seeking to realize synergies across crops and learning across countries and regions, FP2 will provide more inclusive answers to complex questions of variety adoption and seed systems, aiming for more cost-effective interventions in close cooperation with other RTB flagships. Additionally, it will increase availability of RTB-based staple foods to urban consumers. Key elements of the FP2 strategy to achieve the overall objective are: Implement strategies to accelerate genetic gains, improve efficiency of RTB breeding pipelines, and shorten the breeding cycle so as to accelerate farmers access to new varieties exhibiting genetic gains. Develop varieties with user-preferred traits through PVS, drawing on gender-differentiated assessments of varietal preferences. Reduce bottlenecks in seed quality and distribution, using rapid multiplication and integrative systems-oriented, gender-equitable, and evidence-based seed interventions. Improve key seed system services focused on farm-level quality management, enabling regulation, basic diagnostics focused on breeder seed, and business and marketing skills for RTB out-growers. FP2 reaches multiple clients and beneficiaries: (1) consumers, especially women and children, with improved access to affordable, more diverse and nutritious cultivars and derived products with good sensory properties; (2) smallholder farmers, with access to a range of cultivars/hybrids possessing complementary traits, to increase productivity while enhancing agri-food system resilience; (3) processors and post-harvest handlers, with access to a more diverse range of cultivars, supporting profitable new market diversification opportunities as well as traditional processes; and (4) value chain participants (e.g., local market vendors), with access and understanding of preferred alternative cultivars. To achieve these research results, FP2 comprises seven clusters, each with its own aim and rationale (Table FP2.1): CC2.1: Improving smallholder access to healthy RTB planting material and new varieties BA2.2: Matching banana cultivars and hybrids with the needs of farmers, consumers, and markets for more sustainable food and production systems 58

62 CA2.3: Added-value cassava varieties for traditional uses and high-impact markets PO2.4: Improving livelihoods of potato farmers in Africa by tackling deteriorated potato seed quality through an integrated approach PO2.5: Agile potato for Asia SW2.6: User-preferred sweetpotato varieties and seed technologies YA2.7: Yam varieties and sustainable seed systems. Table FP2.1. Aims and rationale of the clusters of FP2 Cluster Proposed aim Proposed rationale Learn from and support other clusters across all crops to improve the economic sustainability of RTB seed systems in providing quality seed of demanded varieties CC2.1: Access to quality seed/ varieties BA2.2: Userpreferred banana cultivars/hybrids CA2.3: Addedvalue cassava varieties PO2.4: Seed Potato for Africa PO2.5: Agile potato for Asia SW2.6: Userpreferred sweetpotato varieties YA 2.7: Quality seed yam Make available high-yielding cultivars/ hybrids that better fit demands and are adapted to target environments and populations Produce cassava varieties and production packages to meet the needs of regionally diverse markets and production constraints in Africa, Asia, and Latin America Establish functional seed system to improve health status of planting material and to disseminate advanced newly developed varieties and existing market demanded varieties Provide alternatives for sustainably intensifying, diversifying, and increasing productivity and quality value of potato food systems, many of which are cereal based Investigate, develop, and disseminate better sweetpotato varieties and ensure that they meet farmer and consumer preferences Develop and deploy improved varieties with enhanced pest and disease resistance, adapted to competitive cropping systems, with viable seed and ware yam value chains Reduce disease transmission through infected RTB seed; address the need for a flexible, dynamic seed supply approach; improve farmers access to improved varieties to increase income and food security Exploit better existing diversity and the deployment of new hybrids, with useful agronomic, host resistance/ tolerance and end user traits lead to more stable yields of consumer- and market-demanded varieties Address cassava production constraints through efficient use of labor and inputs and improved varieties to provide regionally diverse markets with a consistent supply of preferred varieties that increase income opportunities while providing food and nutrition security Raise potato yields in SSA from 6 to 10 t/ha currently to economically attainable yields by improved seed systems and access to high-yielding varieties Improve smallholders livelihoods in cereal-based systems in target areas of Asia Improve bioavailability of pro-vitamin A to vulnerable populations through OFSP adapted varieties and meet other diverse needs with other sweetpotato types Increase productivity and incomes of smallholder farmers through development and deployment of improved varieties with enhanced pest and disease resistance, adapted to competitive cropping systems, and underpinning a viable value chain based on an improved and sustainable seed system The targeting of interventions is guided by (1) importance of RTB crops for food security and livelihoods of vulnerable people, with specific attention to women and youth; (2) size of yield gap of RTB crops; and (3) potential for varietal change and improving seed systems. Selected (Sub)-IDOs with quantified targets for 2022 are presented in Table FP

63 Table FP2.2. RTB outcomes and (Sub)-IDOs for FP2 with details on 2022 targets and geographies by cluster RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C) Outcome 2.1: 20,000,000 people (4,000,000 HH), of which 50% are women, increased their annual income by increasing RTB sales and diversifying market strategies Diversified enterprise opportunities Outcome 2.2: At least 5,000,000 HH increased their annual RTB yield by at least 10% Closed yield gaps through improved agronomic and animal husbandry practices Enhanced genetic gain Outcome 2.3: Targeted breeding programs increased by 10% the diversity of the genetic base used (e.g., number of banana wild species used as parental lines) Increased conservation and use of genetic resources Outcome 2.4: Annual production of at least one nutrient-rich RTB crop increased by 5 10% in 10 targeted countries Increased availability of diverse nutrient-rich foods Total number of beneficiaries estimated by Cluster (2022) Annual average income/ha increased CA2.3: 14,000,000 people $116 PO2.4: 3,0000,000 people $250 PO2.5: 6,400,000 people $171 YA2.7: 1,200,000 people $700 Diversified opportunities for income generation in RTB value chains enhanced, especially for women and youth BA2.2: 50,000 women entrepreneurs PO2.4: 1,000 seed multipliers YA2.7: 4,000 seed multipliers Yield increased at farm HH level BA2.2: 800,000 HH: 10 15% yield increase CA2.3: 2,800,000 HH: 20 50% yield increase PO2.4: 660,000 HH: 20 40% yield increase PO2.5: 1,280,000 HH: 7 40% yield increase SW2.6: 1,200,000 HH: 50% yield increase YA2.7: 1,300,000 HH: 40% yield increase Across all clusters Annual production increased PO2.4: 3 5% in target countries PO2.5: 12% in cereal-based systems Availability of nutrient-rich foods BA2.2: Vitamin A-rich banana cultivars available for 500,000 people PO2.4: Micronutrient-dense (Fe & Zn) potatoes available to 20,000 people Target countries BA2.2 Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, DRC, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Americas: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica Ecuador, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela Asia: China, India, Indonesia, The Philippines, Vietnam CA2.3 Africa: Cameroon, DRC, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Americas: Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Haiti, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam PO2.4 Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, DRC, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda PO2.5 Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Uzbekistan, Vietnam SW2.6 Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Caribbean: Haiti YA2. Africa: Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo Crosscutting issues Outcome 2.5: Capacity to deal with climate risks and extremes increased for at least 1,000,000 HH Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks A.1.4 Enhanced capacity to deal with climatic risks and extremes Outcome 2.6: At least 35% increase in number of female and young beneficiaries of at least 500,000 HH perceive to have better control over assets and resources B.1.1 Gender-equitable control of productive assets and resources Outcome 2.7: Regulatory frameworks for seed production and seed quality control (including quality declared seed) under implementation in10 countries C.1.3 Conducive agricultural policy environment Outcome 2.8: Every year, 8,000 R&D stakeholders (50% female) trained through short-term programs on designing and implementing smallholder-oriented breeding programs and sustainable seed systems D.1.2 Enhanced individual capacity in partner research organizations through training and exchange 60

64 3. IMPACT PATHWAY AND THEORY OF CHANGE FP2 represents a dynamic and interactive set of clusters for research on banana, cassava, potato, sweetpotato, and yam. CC2.1 is a Crosscutting cluster that supports and learns from research in cropbased clusters in FP2 and also in FP3 FP5 (e.g., modeling of seed degeneration can guide protocols for seed replacement for varietal uptake). FP2 will closely collaborate with FP1 in the development of novel breeding methods, tools, and products as well as in the strategic use of plant genetic resources. FP2 and FP3 will co-develop and implement technologies to manage diseases and apply smallholder-adapted best agricultural practices recommendations. Breeding work on biofortification and processing qualities will be coordinated with FP4 on respective targets inclusive of research on bioavailability, processing yields, and product qualities and storability. Research work in collaboration with FP5 and its partners will be conducted in all aspects of FP2 technology and method development and dissemination in respect to gender responsiveness, capacity building, farm and livelihood integration, ex-ante and ex-post impact assessments, and institutional scaling strategies, among others. The impact pathway of FP2 (Fig. FP2.1) is based on three fundamental elements: (1) methods and tools for accelerating genetic gains in crop improvement to utilize genetic diversity more efficiently in making improved varieties available faster; (2) improved quality of planting material and improved smallholder access to healthy planting material by schemes that integrate and improve formal, semi-formal, and informal seed systems; and (3) going to scale through developed and validated equitable dissemination models implemented in strategic partnerships with stakeholders from development organizations and private sector value chain actors. Reaching out to next users will often be in close cooperation with FP3 FP5 scientists and their respective partners where varieties selected through PVS will be incorporated into resilient cropping systems, processing opportunities, and nutrition-responsive value chains and programs. Hence, FP2 will contribute to some (Sub)-IDOs in its own right, while contributing to others jointly with FP3 FP5. Identifying effective partnerships with a clear definition of roles and responsibilities embedded in shared M&EL systems will increase accountability in achieving collaboratively developed targets. Where possible, the private sector will be engaged to address bottlenecks in supply of seed and other inputs. FP2 will strengthen the public sector to create an enabling environment for commercially viable seed systems with more efficient, equitable, and profitable SMEs capable of producing high-quality RTB seed locally and creating rural business and employment opportunities. FP 2 will create feedback loops, conduct rigorous assessments, and invest in CapDev at different points along the impact pathway, working closely with the other RTB FPs and, in some cases, other CRPs. 61

65 RTB Proposal Figure FP2.1. Impact Pathway FP2 main risks/assumptions and capacity development interventions 4. SCIENCE QUALITY In collaboration with the RTB BCoP in FP1, novel breeding targets, methods, and processes will be applied to accelerate breeding gains, improve breeding pipelines, and shorten breeding cycles. Non-invasive HTP tools and cost-effective propagation systems will shorten breeding cycles and enhance production of prebasic and basic seed. Standardized designs and protocols for evaluation of materials for adaptation to biotic and abiotic conditions, in combination with novel data capture tools and globally accessible data storage platforms, will allow quantification of GXE interaction over space and time. Crop modeling and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools, in combination with climate data, will be used to identify current and future homologous target environments to extrapolate varietal performance (e.g., Hyman et al. 2013). Gender-responsive PVS methods will be mainstreamed to sustain adoption of new RTB varieties targeted to agro-ecological and socioeconomic context of end users (e.g., Paris et al. 2011; RTB 2014). 62

66 FP2 will strengthen seed production technologies and seed quality control, and improve disease diagnostics in formal and informal seed systems. Supply chain management and risk prevention studies will result in more accurate seed supply and demand forecasts as well as business models for profitable RTB seed delivery. CC2.1 Access to quality seed/varieties. CC2.1 will use state-of-the-art modeling approaches and impact network analysis to combine biophysical and socioeconomic data to generate decision support systems (DSS) for seed quality control and monitoring. Novel, cost-effective rapid multiplication technologies adapted to specific geographical and socioeconomic circumstances will be developed to shorten seed production cycles. Scientific evidence about seed degeneration will permit seed supply and demand to be forecast more accurately and lower cost of seed provision. On-site diagnostics for rapid decision making about plant health status will be developed. Novel approaches based on next-generation sequencing will be used to fast-track production of clean planting materials. Cost-benefit analysis of protocols for alternative seed quality standards at national level and seed quality control schemes for resource-poor conditions will be developed. BA2.2 User-preferred banana cultivars/hybrids. BA2.2 will exploit the latest methods and tools to make crossbreeding of banana more efficient and shorten breeding cycles (e.g., Ortiz and Swennen 2014) such as integration of novel characterization and HTP methods (e.g., Cizková et al. 2015; Zivy et al. 2015; Davey et al. 2009a) and omics techniques (molecular markers, GWAS, genome selection), and heterosis studies. Faster bio-assays will also be developed. End user intelligence and user-preference profiling will ensure that traits important to end users are integrated into breeding and varietal selection. BA2.2 will exploit existing diversity by tapping into local traditional knowledge and through an increased understanding of adaptation of landraces to local agro-ecological and socioeconomic conditions. Crowdsourcing will be piloted as a cost-effective alternative to PVS (van Etten 2011). CA2.3 Added-value cassava varieties. Cassava variety development will integrate optimal genomic prediction tools with inbred/hybrid breeding methods to efficiently deliver high-performing varieties selected for targeted priority agroecosystems and end user markets to enhance both income and nutrition security. Advanced HTP tools will be used, such as ground-penetrating radar to assess root-bulking rate, and remote sensing with drones to measure physiological responses. Increased mechanization with sitespecific and climate-smart practices will be tested and scaled out at the small-scale farm level through farmer associations. PO2.4 Seed potato for Africa. Novel tools will be used for accelerated breeding, such as molecular profiling of varieties, determination of genomic-estimated breeding values of progenitors, and deployment of determinants responsible for resilient, highly stable economic yield. Trait marker association studies will identify molecular markers associated with yield, quality, and tolerance parameters under varying conditions and integrate them for yield prediction and precision breeding. Research will engage female and male farmers and breeding companies in the selection process, conducting G x E by management evaluations. An integrated seed health combines elements of adapted seed production and dissemination systems, host plant resistance, and management to tailor solutions affordable and beneficial for farmers while supporting a vibrant and sustainable local seed sector (e.g., Thomas-Sharma et al. 2015; Schulte-Geldermann et al. 2015). Low-cost, off-the-grid seed storage solutions will be investigated, and novel chemical and biological control technologies of post-harvest pests/diseases will be validated. Diagnostics for rapid decision making on plant health status will be developed, such as non-invasive spectral imaging-based systems and loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) diagnostics in the lab and field. PO2.5 Agile potato for Asia. Biophysical and socioeconomic models will be combined to incorporate short-cycle potatoes more efficiently in various agri-foods systems, integrated into rice or wheat cropping 63

67 cycles. Models based on genomic selection will be applied to improve populations for earliness, rate, and duration of tuber bulking as well as yield and quality traits, and adaptation to drought, heat, salt, and LB. Next-generation sequencing will be used to identify new viruses that will guide breeding, risk assessment, and phytosanitary procedures, and to design low-cost, more efficient diagnostic tools. Portable disease diagnostic tools will be developed for in situ quality control of planting materials. The dynamics of major biotic and abiotic constraints will be quantified to provide baselines for impact assessments. Biophysical information from field trials, socioeconomic data from field surveys, and secondary and macro data will be used to calibrate models at both the farm and agricultural sector level, and assess potential benefits of promising technologies. Remote and proximal sensing will aid phenotyping, monitoring adaptation to stress situations, yield forecasting, and land use changes. SW2.6 User-preferred sweetpotato varieties. High-throughput genotyping and HTP methods will be used to define and construct heterotic pools for specific traits, such as resistance to weevil and sweetpotato virus disease, drought tolerance, and nutrition quality traits. Molecular markers, linked to these traits identified through quantitative trait loci and GWAS approaches in FP1, will be used in a marker-assisted accelerated sweetpotato breeding scheme for developing robust, resilient, and nutritious varieties. Genomic selection will be implemented as a sweetpotato population improvement strategy based on genomic-estimated breeding values predicted from phenotypic data from traits and genome-wide sequence-based markers. Innovative in-clone breeding will be (1) the accelerated breeding scheme in a CGIAR-NARS breeding network; (2) heterosis-exploiting breeding schemes; and (3) fast-throughput virus stress/resistance and drought and salt stress/resistance screening (Grüneberg et al. 2015). Novel technologies to preserve vines for example, net tunnels and the Triple S system (storage, sand, sprouting system) will be further optimized along with decentralized vine production and dissemination. YA2.7 Quality seed yam. Robust, cost-effective, high-ratio propagation systems, such as bioreactor systems and aeroponics, will be integrated with genomic-assisted breeding and improved breeding pipeline management to deliver end user-preferred yam varieties. Novel approaches based on srsa (NGSbased) and chemotherapy will fast-track production of clean planting materials. The development of onsite diagnostics and non-invasive spectral imaging-based systems will allow for rapid decision making on plant health status. New therapy procedures to eliminate fungi, bacteria, and nematodes from seed and ware yam will be validated. Locally available materials will be tested for the construction of affordable, improved storage structures for seed and ware yam. LESSONS LEARNED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES Over the past decades, RTB breeding programs have delivered high-yielding cultivars with good resistance to pests and diseases and high micronutrient and vitamin contents. However, recent studies revealed that uptake of new varieties has sometimes been lower than expected (Labarta et al. 2015). Additionally, it was learned that genetic fingerprinting can shed new light on adoption; the four major cassava cultivars adopted in different regions of Ghana were revealed as genetically identical (Rabbi et al. 2015). The major thrust of FP2 is the functional integration of variety improvement and seed systems by including socioeconomic and systems-related R&D learning and evaluation methods into biophysical research to better address end user needs. Studies of variety adoption in Phase I show that end user-preferred traits go beyond yield, and need to be researched and incorporated into breeding programs. For example, in Nigeria women preferred latematuring cassava varieties that could be harvested when money is scarce. They prioritized traits such as color, taste, and ease of peeling, whereas men preferred varieties that form roots fast and can be sold as fresh roots at the market (Kirscht, unpublished). In SSA countries, many well-adopted informal potato varieties (many rejected by researchers) cover large areas (Labarta et al. 2015). For example, in Kenya the 64

68 informal potato variety Shangi (probably a CIP escape) covers 70% of the growing area without support of a formal seed system (combined information from CIP project surveys ). FP2 acknowledges this by a systematic inclusion of multistakeholder PVS (e.g., reflecting varietal performance under typical smallholder farmer conditions and capturing end user preferences and adoption potential). RTB has developed next-generation breeding systems based on the collection and application of genetic, metabolite, and phenotypic data together with participatory, gender-responsive research on farmers trait preferences. This effort thus contributes to the selection of traits for genomic selection breeding and use of economic-weighted selection indices that aim to ensure that new varieties have wide and genderequitable impact (Ceballos et al. 2015; Ly et al. 2013; Ortiz and Swennen 2014; Tecle et al. 2014; Rabbi et al. 2014; Tushemereirwe et al ). Various RTB-supported studies in Phase I demonstrated that availability and access to quality seed and improved varieties continue to be a bottleneck in many target countries. Seed production of RTB crops is usually mandated to highly centralized public institutes that lack resources and capacity to sufficiently produce and disseminate high-quality, affordable seed (Labarta 2013; Rabbi et al. 2015). Descriptions of what is needed for seed system improvement, for the RTB crops and others, can be piecemeal. Understandably, researchers and practitioners often focus on their own outlooks (e.g., improving seed quality, breeding, or seed storage rather than taking a holistic view). Thus activities frequently focus on how to multiply seed and to ensure that it is of good quality. Needed features that may emerge on the demand side from users (and especially issues of access ) are often given less visibility. If seed systems are to function well, roles of different stakeholders need to be complementary. Stakeholders need to see how they fit together in the seed system as a whole. In Phase I RTB developed a seed system framework that was holistic, balanced to meet varied user needs, and problem-solving so as to achieve maximum effectiveness. Unintended consequences. A focus on agronomic traits alone as a primary breeding goal may inadvertently disadvantage women who have a broader set of varietal preferences linked to their roles as food preparers and processors. Attention to how the introduction of new varieties could impact women and youth, positively or negatively, will be addressed. Sex-disaggregated data will be collected and analyzed to inform varietal selection and seed production decision making that is gender responsive and, ideally, gender transformative. Results will enable women and vulnerable households to fulfill their roles in food provisioning, production, and income generation. 5. CLUSTERS OF ACTIVITY FP2 is organized into seven interrelated clusters that together achieve the objective and targets of the flagship. Each cluster has identified several research products that will deliver measurable R&D outcomes and contribute to (Sub)-IDOs as summarized in Table FP2.3. Table FP2.3. Summary of cluster research products Cluster CC2.1: Access to quality seed/varieties Research products Models and DSS for managing RTB seed degeneration Analyzing and planning tools for RTB seed systems interventions Integrated seed health strategy for RTB crops Economic tools to estimate RTB seed supply & demand RTB seed supply chain management tools Regulations and policies that support RTB seed systems, 65

69 Cluster BA2.2: User-preferred banana cultivars/ hybrids CA2.3: Added-value cassava varieties PO2.4: Seed potato for Africa PO2.5: Agile potato for Asia SW2.6: User-preferred sweetpotato varieties YA2.7: Quality seed yam Research products Cultivars/hybrids adapted to farmers, consumers, and markets needs, ready for largescale dissemination Knowledge base of gendered-differentiated end user needs and preferences traits Enriched pool of Musa genetic resources Enhanced base of understanding of Musa genetic resources Documentation system on Musa diversity genetic resources Accelerated breeding methods for end user-preferred traits Methods for participatory, end user-oriented varietal selection Tools and methods to ascertain processor and end user needs in target markets Intensified, labor-saving, sustainable crop and soil fertility management practices Efficient germplasm evaluation and breeding technologies Improved processing technologies that maximize value addition and reduce waste Sustainable commercial and on-farm seed systems delivering demanded varieties Business models for accelerated access to high-quality seed and genetic gains Disease-resistant, market-demanded candidate varieties High iron and zinc potato varieties to combat micronutrient deficiencies Rapid multiplication, tools, and methods for seed production and on-farm seed health management Locally adapted protocols and disease diagnostic tools for seed quality control schemes Marketing tools and gender-responsive value chain approaches for demand creation Evidence-based strategies to scale out seed systems Agile and resilient potato varieties adapted for intensifying and diversifying cereal-based systems Precision phenotyping methods for key traits Genetically broad-based advanced breeding populations Tools and methods for developing and strengthening potato value chains for smallholders in Asia Method combining crop modeling and PVS for fast-tracking variety release and adoption Strategies for ecological intensification Innovative partnerships and strategies for going to scale Demand-driven OFSP and purple-fleshed sweetpotato varieties Targeted breeding tools, methods, and approaches Decentralized breeding hub approach for targeted global and local breeding population improvement Methods for monitoring genetic gains to estimate breeding effectiveness Guidelines, technologies, and diagnostic tools for improving OFSP seed systems Sweetpotato CoP Viable system of yam production based on improved varieties, quality seed, ICM, and value chain alliances High-yielding, market-demanding candidate varieties Sustainable production and protection practices 66

70 Cluster Research products Business plans and value chain alliances for profitable quality seed and ware yam production High-ratio propagation techniques and certification for quality seed Accelerated breeding cycle integrating participatory and modern breeding methods and tools CC2.1: Access to quality seed/varieties CC2.1 aims to learn from and support other clusters across all crops to improve the economic sustainability of RTB seed systems in providing quality seed of demanded varieties. This entails the development of an evidence-based analytical procedure, which includes several standalone components: (1) approaches and tools to speed up dissemination of improved varieties at scale, including variety evaluation protocols, release approaches, and studies on drivers for adoption; (2) economic tools to estimate RTB seed supply and demand with a value chain perspective, which will generate critical information in order to implement profitable, gender-responsive, and sustainable seed delivery business models for RTB seed systems; (3) regulations and policies, including quality declared planting material guidelines and pest risk analysis to define thresholds values for seed-borne pests, to enable a more transparent environment for the development of RTB seed businesses as well as to reduce yield losses caused by existing and emergent pests; (4) DSS to help R&D partners select the best multiplication techniques for producing seed, all the way from breeders seed through certified and farmers saved seed, based on criteria of efficiency, cost effectiveness, and risk management; (5) models, DSS, and tools for managing seed degeneration and improving on-farm seed quality management, as well as characterizing existing seed systems, including gender and social relations, to help researchers and practitioners understand formal and informal components; and (6) innovative tools for knowledge sharing, such as CoP and ICTs for seed directories, variety catalogues, and the like. This cluster will add value to existing seed system interventions, by collecting and analyzing critical data through existing M&E systems for formulating and answering key research questions. BA2.2 User-preferred banana cultivars/hybrids BA2.2 aims to make available high-yielding cultivars/hybrids that better fit demands and are adapted to target environments and populations. Existing data and information systems will be upgraded and made inter-operational for the faster selection of varieties of interest: the Musa Germplasm Information System containing passport, characterization, and evaluation data; Musapedia providing factsheets of major cultivars, cultivar groups, and wild species; the Banana Genome Hub presenting genetic data of Musa acuminate; and the breeding database Musabase combining phenotypic and (epi-) genetic data in support of the fast selection of parents and hybrids and for use during field operations. Gender-responsive tools will be employed to identify the needs and preferences of different actors along the value chain (e.g., Camacho-Henriquez et al. 2015). Gender-responsive PVS methods will be mainstreamed to achieve breeding targets and sustained adoption adapted to the local agro-ecological and socioeconomic context (e.g., Paris et al. 2011; RTB 2014). After official registration, fully indexed and selected varieties will be made available for large-scale release to farmers via the commercial sector. The sharing and potential commercialization of cultivars/hybrids will be done in full respect of access and benefit-sharing regulations. CA2.3 Added-value cassava varieties CA2.3 aims to produce cassava varieties and production packages to meet the needs of regionally diverse markets and production constraints in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Through better understanding of 67

71 gender-disaggregated trait preferences, cassava breeding will target traits that add value and increase the likelihood of sustained adoption of improved varieties. Since women often play major roles at all levels of the cassava value chain, cassava traits and technologies will target gender-equitable impacts such as weed-control-friendly varieties, early maturity, in-ground storability, ease of peeling, and processing quality for regionally important food and feed uses. Modernization of cassava production will address increased mechanization and nutrient-responsive varieties that link to market demand, more efficient processing, and new products for growing urban populations. Cassava varieties have several required traits (e.g., stable high yield potential, high DM content, low cyanide potential, starch functional properties, root cortex features, and stress resilience for current and emerging diseases and pests and for climate variation). And though cassava is already considered a good crop for climate-smart agriculture, breeding will place high priority on biotic and abiotic stresses, including selection for resistance to the virus and whitefly complex in Africa (CMD, CBSD, and B. tabaci whiteflies), America (bacterial blight and frog skin disease), and emerging diseases and pests in Asia, such as cassava witches broom (CWB), and drought tolerance in many environments. Additionally, cassava germplasm will be exploited for key high value traits, including biofortification with pro-vitamin A, specialized starches like low or high amylose, and reduced post-harvest deterioration. PO2.4: Seed potato for Africa PO2.4 aims to establish functional seed system to improve health status of planting material and to disseminate advanced newly developed varieties and existing market demanded varieties. PO2.4 will create entrepreneurial opportunities and capacity at all levels along the seed value chain, with a special focus on women and youth farmers in the downstream segment. This will help create strong demand pull from users and revenues through the seed systems back to the breeding programs. This entrepreneurial demand-drive approach will accelerate much needed access to and adoption of varieties possessing indemand traits. The cluster s strong breeding element will offer a range of pro-poor traits including resistance to LB, to reduce dependence on costly fungicides, resistance to various viruses, drought and heat tolerance, and high levels of iron and zinc. Research themes include producing and disseminating large numbers of advanced clones (e.g., through seed directories), engaging farmers and breeding companies in the selection process, conducting G x E evaluations to help identify markers for trait selection, and addressing IP issues to generate revenues for seed producers. The cluster integrates applied research on advanced breeding methods, modeling seed degeneration and yield gaps, ICM, pest and disease epidemiology, adapted tools and protocols for seed quality control, nutrient and anti-nutrient contents, processing qualities, farm system integration, socioeconomic factors, capacity building, and gender. Collaboration is planned with the AFS-CRPs (MAIZ, WHEAT, RICE, DCL) for integration of potato into suitable crop rotations (maize, cereals, and legumes), intercropping systems (fodder legumes), and crop diversification strategies. PO2.5: Agile potato for Asia PO2.5 aims to provide alternatives for sustainably intensifying, diversifying, and increasing productivity and quality value of potato food systems, many of which are cereal based. PO2.5 will develop and promote adoption of multipurpose potato varieties with resistances to the major biotic and abiotic constraints in Asian target regions (potato LB, viruses, heat and salinity), with relevant maturation traits (i.e., very early to moderately early) and adapted to multiple cropping systems, particularly to rotation in rice- and wheatbased systems. A subsequent aim of the cluster is to introduce more nutritious potato genotypes, especially with higher levels of zinc and iron. Improved on-farm management by farmers for more sustainable production constitutes another important component of the cluster. For this, PO2.5 will partner with organizations that have demonstrated success in building farmer capacity, including the private sector (e.g., agricultural-chemical industry). The cluster will promote a strong value chain focus to 68

72 link major stakeholder groups that are currently poorly articulated in many countries, for example, between informal actors managing seed and groups working in new variety development. Potato in Asia forms a part of complex cropping systems, and expanded collaboration is planned with the AFS-CRPs MAIZE, RICE, WHEAT, and DCL. SW2.6: User-preferred sweetpotato varieties SW2.6 aims to investigate, develop, and disseminate better sweetpotato varieties and ensure that they meet farmer and consumer preferences. This will improve availability of sweetpotato varieties that are rich in beta-carotene and high in anti-oxidants, to meet diverse user preferences and needs with genderresponsive seed systems and strong linkages to SW4.4 (FP4), for achieving nutritional outcomes. The cluster s decentralized breeding hub system aims to better target global and local breeding population improvements and accelerate variety development by 14 national programs in its collaborative Speedbreeder CoP. Four sweetpotato population development platforms (Peru, Ghana, Mozambique, Uganda) have been developed. Each is improving one to three breeding populations exploiting heterosis (hybrid vigor) for faster yield gains and applying accelerated breeding principles (more locations earlier in the breeding cycle) to reduce the breeding cycle to four years and shorten period to release. Support platforms are linked to national program tissue culture labs, pre-basic seed programs, and decentralized seed dissemination systems. Research guides the development of OFSP seed value chains that link vine multiplication at farmer and rural enterprise level to basic seed with qualified multipliers, who in turn are linked to pre-basic seed at research stations. Wherever possible, SW2.6 will take an enterprise-focused approach to accelerate movement of new OFSP varieties through this chain, with an emphasis on women s involvement. This requires a value chain approach emphasizing linkages to root markets. This effort will be supported by new technologies to enhance vine multiplication and conservation, such as net tunnels to protect against virus-carrying insects, drip irrigation, and the Triple S technology for areas with prolonged dry seasons. The cluster will develop improved diagnostic tools for affordable and effective quality control of planting material. For knowledge sharing, the cluster will support the sweetpotato CoP via the Sweetpotato Knowledge Portal ( to inform, organize, and harmonize R&D approaches; promote use of demonstration plots; and prepare press releases, policy briefs, and publications among other outputs. YA2.7 Quality seed yam YA2.7 aims to develop and deploy improved varieties with enhanced pest and disease resistance, adapted to competitive cropping systems, with viable seed and ware yam value chains. Germplasm with novel traits will be identified in consultation with relevant value chains, and advanced breeding tools will be utilized to rapidly incorporate these traits into varieties accepted by farmers and the local markets. Genomics technologies, along with improved high-ratio seed yam propagation techniques, will be implemented to speed up variety development and reduce the average age of cultivars grown by farmers. The introduction of improved varieties will be accompanied and supported by appropriate crop and soil fertility management practices, use of crop mechanization, and better storage techniques. Delivery of seed to farmers fields will involve international, national, and local organizations within public and private sectors, using macro-propagation and tissue culture methods to generate virus-free yam clones, and sustainable practices to improve access to quality seed yam. The entire research component within YA2.7 will be augmented by insight and knowledge of yam value chains, with special emphasis on expanding market opportunities for women farmers for producing ware and seed yam and women trading yam and associated crops. This effort will help to establish production alliances at district or state levels consisting of farmers, traders, exporters, processors, and investors to improve their access to yam and associated crop markets. Collaboration with other AFS-CRPs will involve integration of yam into suitable crop rotation 69

73 patterns, intercropping systems (fruit and timber trees, vegetables, fodder legumes), and crop diversification strategies (MAIZE, DCL, WHEAT, RICE, FTA). 6. PARTNERSHIPS FP2 takes advantage of strong partnerships established by RTB participating centers with national and regional research-and-extension programs; comprising a network of public and private partners (Table FP2.4). It will extend this further to a broadening circle of ARIs, development agencies, NGOs, policy bodies, and private sector partners. Engaging partners at upstream level with expertise in novel breeding and seed technologies; applied and local research institutes for technology evaluation, validation, selection, and development; and business partners for scaling is particularly important for reaching the millions of beneficiaries targeted by FP2. Many partners on the downstream side will be cluster/commodity specific in accordance with their mandates, whereas partners engaged at upstream research will engage across clusters. Some RTB crops will target new strategic partnerships through regional and global stakeholder fora for scaling. Partnerships are key to raising awareness on benefits of using quality seed and improved varieties. Campaign style approaches to give seed away for free often undermine commercial viability. Therefore FP2 will facilitate novel arrangements with the private sector as a major driver in seed system development, giving due attention to incentive structures for seed sale. FP2 will identify and facilitate cross-flagship and cross-cluster collaboration where appropriate, as well as collaboration with other CRPs and CGIAR centers at site integration, regional, and global levels to avoid duplication and increase effectiveness. Table FP2.4. Key partnerships for FP2 Partner or player ARIs/Universities WUR, KSU, FERA EMBRAPA, BTI, SLU, NRCB, KU Leuven, SU, UM, UQ National Agricultural Research and Development agents National Research Institutes and universities, national plant protection/seed agencies of all target countries Extension agents, NGOs, dev. agents, private sector, NARES Government and (sub)-regional organizations FARA, ASARECA, CORAF, SADC, R&D networks, ProMusa, BARNESA, Innovate Plantain, BAPNET, MUSALAC, MusaNet Policymakers/ governments Business organizations Private sector Role in developing product or achieving outcome Seed system framework, degeneration modeling, seed quality control, diagnostic tools, phenotyping Breeding, genetics and phenotyping programs, to improve breeding efficiency and develop new varieties Participatory variety development and release; provision of breeder seed; evaluating, testing of improved technologies, seed quality control, diagnostic tools Dissemination of knowledge and technologies, farmers organization awareness creation and gender integration during implementation Regional coordination of NARS partners and common learning and validation and dissemination of technologies; gender mainstreaming; policy dialogue and development Support to legal procedures of variety release and seed quality standards Varietal development, testing, and release; dynamic seed provision (e.g., Kisima Farms, Kenya), aeroponic seed potato provision 70

74 Partner or player Small and medium seed entrepreneurs Traders and processors CGIAR CRPs (see also Annex 6) Genebanks Platform Genetic Gains Platform AFS CRPS CCAFS A4NH WLE PIM Role in developing product or achieving outcome Production of foundation and certified seed and dissemination of seed of newly released varieties; validation of improved technologies, such as rapid multiplication technologies Demand creation for quality planting materials of new varieties Trait identification; use of landraces and CWR held in RTB genebanks; policies and incentives for sharing genetic resources of RTB, benefit-sharing mechanisms Utilization and validation of advanced -omics tools for accelerating genetic gains in breeding programs Integration and testing of RTB varieties in cereal-based systems, agro-forestry systems Shared intervention sites, incl. Climate-Smart Villages, for diagnostics and needs assessments and to test RTB technologies within wider portfolios of on-farm interventions; foresight, metrics and models for climate-smart breeding Testing of nutrient-dense RTB varieties in production and food systems; dietary diversity Mutual technology validation from a systems and resilience research perspective, technology transfer, shared farm system diagnostics and needs assessments Value chain approaches and scaling models for alternative RTB varieties 7. CLIMATE CHANGE The effects of climate change, such as higher temperature, prolonged dry spells, and occasional flood events, have different effects on RTB crops. Crop-specific pests and diseases and the natural resource base require crop-specific strategies for adaption to changing environments (Table FP2.5). Table FP2.5. Effects of climate change on RTB crops Crop Banana Cassava Potato Climate change effects on crop performance Increasing temperatures will make conditions more favorable for banana production in the subtropical and in tropical highlands with up to 50% increase area suitable for banana. Current plantations, however, at lower altitudes will face yield declines (Ramirez et al. 2011; Van den Bergh et al. 2012; Jarvis et al. 2012; Machovina and Feeley 2013; Calberto et al. 2015). Traditional intercropping systems (with coffee, for example) under threat (Calberto et al. 2015). Leaf diseases likely to be more aggressive during rainy seasons (Calberto et al. 2015). Increased water demand due to higher transpiration (Calberto et al. 2015). No major decreases in climatic suitability are expected, and even increases in suitability to new regions could occur (Jarvis et al. 2012), indicating that cassava is potentially highly resilient to future climatic changes and could provide reliable food sources for vulnerable populations. Losses due to heat generally compensated by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. For biotic constraints, future projections indicate that pest and disease pressure is likely to continue a major threat. Therefore key for adaptation to increasing climate change will remain breeding for resistance against key pests and diseases. Yield declines are expected to reach up to 18 32% without adaptation and 8 18% with adaption, predominately due to rising temperatures, which negatively influences starch deposition into tubers, severely hampers tuber formation and development, and due to higher transpiration increases water stress (Hijmans 2003). Extreme weather events at regional scale (e.g., out-of-season frosts in the high Andes) can cause severe seed shortage and loss of biodiversity. Pest and disease pressure might increase due to more favorable conditions causing (1) 71

75 Crop Sweetpotato Yam Climate change effects on crop performance increased abundance of virus-transmitting vectors and pests; (2) increased pathogenicity of bacterial diseases such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Pectobacterium spp.; (3) and earlier LB outbreaks and more aggressive strains of P. infestans. However, for some regions reduced LB pressure is predicted (Kroschel et al. 2013; Sparks et al. 2014). Initial research at CIP has shown that under heat stress potato is producing high levels of toxic glycoalkaloids. Fairly drought tolerant but requires sufficient water for early establishment (first 4 6 weeks) Large genetic pool with heat tolerance (Heider et al. 2013) Pest pressure, in particular weevils, whiteflies predicted to increase, causing yield losses by damaging the roots and accelerating degeneration, respectively Can withstand floods The highest decline in yam yield due to greatly reduced precipitation predicted for major growing regions (Srivastava et al. 2012) Little known about the effect on biotic stresses, but likely to increase FP2 will utilize required trait combinations from its large gene pool and breeding populations to address crop-specific abiotic and biotic challenges. FP2 will draw on modeling in FP3 and CCAFS capability to downscale climate change models and provide metrics to guide breeding for the trait combinations required for particular target geographies. FP2, in close collaboration with FP1 and Genebanks and Genetic Gains Platforms, will intensify breeding for above- and below-ground root and storage organ traits at morphological, physiological, and genome levels for adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress scenarios caused by climatic events (e.g., Vanhove et al. 2012; Kissel et al. 2015; Khan et al. 2015). The effects of climate change are likely to differ between regions and agro-ecologies. FP2 will address these differences by establishing and strengthening regional breeding hubs that focus on traits of regional importance and closely linked with global collections for recurrent introduction of new traits to their breeding populations. Adaptation to climate change is also largely affected by availability, access, and utilization of climate-smart technologies, such as stress-adapted varieties, and so require functional seed dissemination systems and knowledge transfer. Responsive, inclusive seed system development is needed to disseminate climate-smart RTB varieties to farmers more effectively and efficiently. 8. GENDER FP2 seeks to characterize gender-differentiated preferences for traits and their consequences in order to help breeding strategies and ensure gender-inclusive access to better seed. Where farmer trait preferences are not well understood, developed varieties may not meet farmers needs, agro-ecology, and changing weather patterns (Mudege, unpublished). To understand gender consequences, RTB will draw on tools and instruments developed through participatory research and gender analysis work on participatory plant breeding (e.g., Farnworth and Jiggins 2003) and sensory evaluations with training panelists comprising male and female farmers, traders, and processors. Evidence will be fed back to breeders to develop standardized ontologies for user-preferred traits that respond to gender differences; in collaboration with the clusters CC5.4 and CC5.3 of FP5 and the recently funded Gender-Responsive Researchers Equipped for Agricultural Transformation project among team members and local partners. FP2 will develop a gender-responsive biophysical and socioeconomic analytical framework to diagnose bottlenecks of integrated or single RTB seed systems, and develop strategies to strengthen them. FP2 will continue to seek to understand the seed needs of key end users by conducting collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data. Although farmers do not usually have access to quality seed, in many cases women s access may be even worse. In a gender situational analysis conducted by RTB on banana and 72

76 potato in Uganda and Malawi, women often mentioned seed-related problems. The analysis identified as major barriers to success high cost of seed, poor quality, lack of seed knowledge, and lack of availability of seed in nearby local markets (Mudege et al. 2016; Mudege et al. 2015; Mayanja et al. 2016). 9. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT CapDev interventions focus on strategies that cut across public and private sector stakeholders related to the following: Individual and organizational capacities of (1) breeders at NARS, ARIs, and universities to implement conventional and advanced breeding and selection methods; and (2) male and female farmers, processors, and seed multipliers to strengthen technical (e.g., varietal selection, cultural practices, postharvest techniques, seed production, disease diagnostics, and quality control) and business skills. Through strengthened capacities for designing and implementing smallholder-oriented effective breeding programs and sustainable seed systems, future research leaders will be formed through fellowships at MSc, PhD and post-doc levels. Knowledge transfer is encouraged by practical, hands-on mentorship in well-resourced research labs and experimental stations as well as in farmers fields, and by sponsoring participation in international meetings and workshops. FP2 will strengthen institutional and entrepreneurial capacities of R&D partners, by co-investments in facilities, equipment, provision of information, and backstopping to improve institutional skills. Gender-responsive approaches throughout CapDev will support partners to foster women s participation (e.g., to be selected as seed multipliers, co-develop and use participatory gender-responsive research methods to identify end user preferences, varietal selection, seed interventions, and business models). Barriers that hamper participation of women for example, in training and field demonstrations will be addressed. Training courses on gender and plant breeding will be jointly implemented (e.g., with Cornell University). Design and delivery of innovative learning and information materials and approaches to reach wider audiences, through, for example, e-learning training modules on technical protocols, guidelines on best practices and principles, and interactive DST such as the banana knowledge base hosted by the ProMusa network ( and the Sweetpotato Knowledge Portal. 10. INTELLECTUAL ASSET AND OPEN ACCESS MANAGEMENT In both breeding and seed system work, previous knowledge and technologies such as protected breeding material, public databases, and reagents patented by labs will be acquired through public domains, research license, and commercial purchase (among others). In acquiring those technologies, FP2 will follow legal compliance such as phytosanitary, access permits, prior informed consent for traditional knowledge, and the like. FP2 will adhere to the regulations of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, including reporting to the Governing Body of the Treaty on transfers of plant genetic material (Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture) made pursuant to the SMTA and that for material under development. Transfer of varieties (with different arrangements for local landraces) to a NARS for official release will be granted without IP protection. Strategic variety release could be with a partner where the variety will be licensed to seed multipliers under certain conditions for multiplication, such as free access for public institutes, geographical restrictions, and availability of seed to smallholder farmers. 73

77 The FP will ensure timely, irrevocable, unrestricted, and free online access by any user worldwide to information products, and unrestricted re-use of content. (This could be restricted to noncommercial use and/or granted subject to appropriate licenses in line with the CGIAR IA principles, subject to proper attribution.) For this purpose, FP5 will use appropriate repositories, such as Biomart and Dataserve, and several existing knowledge-sharing platforms, inclusive of quality control mechanisms via which outputs will be disseminated. Arrangements with collaborators and partners will be made to ensure OA of all relevant products generated. The FP will adhere to country-specific laws and regulations in the dissemination of the final outputs (e.g., phytosanitary standards, ethical guidelines, environmental stewardship, seed legislation, etc.). 11. FP MANAGEMENT The FP2 management team will comprise the FP leader and the cluster leaders from all RTB centers. The FP leader will provide overall scientific and administrative leadership; cluster leaders will guide cluster teams. Results at the cluster level will regularly be reported, discussed, and evaluated by the FP management team during monthly virtual meetings. The cluster leaders will guide their teams in preparing annual work plans and budget drafts. Cluster leaders will provide biannual technical reports against indicators of agreed deliverables, which will be communicated to RTB s PMU. The FP leader closely coordinates with the PMU and ensures that the FP is integrated into the RTB program-wide M&EL system. The cross-flagship collaboration will be ensured by co-location of scientists in different FPs as well as by active participation in Crosscutting clusters and the BCoP cluster. Furthermore, FP2 intends to set up an information portal to be hosted by the new PMELP software tool for RBM and/or the RTB website. The portal will contain scientific information, activity maps by research area, variety release, and project intervention/geography, which will be updated on biannually. The portal will also include all relevant stakeholders for input from FP level to specific scientific topics. 74

78 FLAGSHIP PROJECT 3: RESILIENT RTB CROPS 1. RATIONALE, SCOPE The objective of FP3 is to close yield gaps of RTB crops arising from biotic and abiotic threats and to develop more resilient production systems, thereby strengthening food security and improving natural resource quality. It will generate outcomes that directly target the needs of a diversity of household typologies, result in the transformation of the livelihoods of rural women, and build the basis for RTB cropping systems for the next generation of farm households. Hence, FP3 will address the following grand challenges, as identified by the SRF: Destructive pests and diseases and abiotic stresses compromise the food security of RTB cropdependent populations. Several invasive and emerging pests and diseases of RTB crops cause yield losses of %, with devastating impacts on rural communities. Multiple endemic pests and diseases also drastically restrict attainable yields in all RTB crops and call for smallholder-adapted IPM, congruent with men and women farmers needs. RTB crops are often vulnerable to abiotic stresses, such as high temperature, drought, frost, and salinity, limiting the crops ability to realize their full yield potential. Climate change has mostly negative impacts on crop productivity, as a result of extreme weather events (drought, floods), higher rainfall variability, and increasing temperature, which lead to dangerous geographical shifts and higher abundances and outbreaks of pests and diseases (Kroschel et al. 2016; FAO 2008). Overall crop yields have been predicted to fall by 10 50% in 70% of the studies conducted (Challinor et al. 2014), although the understanding of climate change impacts on RTB crops is still limited. Effects differ across crops; for example, cassava is likely to be favored by climate change, although it will face increased pressure from diseases (Jarvis et al. 2012). FP3 will place a strong emphasis on enhancing the understanding of the complex interactions between the effects of climate change on RTB crops, the pest and diseases that affect them, and the farming environments where they are cultivated. The expansion of the agricultural frontier and land use intensification are leading to deforestation, habitat/biodiversity loss, soil erosion/landscape degradation, and reductions in critical ecosystem services. RTB crops are produced primarily by smallholders, and cropping systems are frequently suboptimal. Increased national production often comes from an increase in the planted area and reduced fallow periods rather than from increased productivity or efficient land use. These challenges demand innovative, geographically representative, yet strongly focused research to deliver predictive models, methods, and products that support the preparedness and enable policymakers and end users to build resilient, sustainable, and climate-smart cropping systems. This will be achieved through research undertaken by FP3 that links closely with the other FPs of RTB, as well as a wide range of international and national partners. The comparative advantage for the research to be undertaken in FP3 is centered on the unique set of RTB participating centers (Bioversity, CIAT, CIP, and IITA), CIRAD, and partner institutions. The global network of researchers that will implement FP3 has the depth of research experience and extensive geographic coverage required to meet the R4D needs arising from the grand challenges presented. In addition, RTB is uniquely positioned to develop broadly effective systems of managing critical diseases, because patterns of infection and dissemination are similar for all RTB crops; solutions developed for one crop can in many cases be easily applied to others. Multidisciplinary research teams have wide-ranging expertise in such disciplines as entomology, modeling, molecular genetics, virology, and soil biology. This expertise in more applied themes exists in IPM, innovation platforms, extension, capacity building, policy, and 75

79 gender. Strong linkages fostered between partners contributing to FP3 will ensure that research outputs are translated into development outcomes through the impact pathway. RTB scientists working in CGIAR played the lead role in the agricultural research intervention that had the single largest economic impact of any CGIAR activity namely, the classical biological control of the cassava mealybug, which delivered benefits in excess of US $9 billion (Zeddies et al. 2001). These experiences resulted in RTB research teams achieving similar successes even more rapidly in restoring cassava production following the spread of the cassava mealybug to Asia. RTB researchers, working closely with national and international partners, also have a strong recent record of spearheading interventions to understand, monitor, and control pandemics of diseases of cassava and banana in Africa (Tripathi et al. 2009; Blomme et al. 2014; Kumar et al. 2015; Legg et al. 2015; Patil et al. 2015). The truly global coverage of RTB is further highlighted by important and geographically extensive pest and disease management initiatives in both Asia and Latin America (Kroschel et al. 2012; Parsa et al. 2012, 2014; Alvarez et al. 2013). 2. OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS The overall objective of FP3 is to close yield gaps of RTB crops arising from biotic and abiotic threats and to develop more resilient production systems, thereby strengthening food security and improving natural resource quality. The objective will be addressed through the implementation of six interlinked clusters: CC3.1: Management of RTB-critical pests and diseases under changing climates, through risk assessment, surveillance, enhanced modeling, and advanced IPM CC3.2: Sustainable RTB crop production systems BA3.3: Regional strategies and tools to arrest the spread of key fungal and bacterial wilts into new areas and recover banana productivity in endemic areas BA3.4: Improving the livelihoods of smallholder banana producers in Asia and Africa through recovery and containment of BBTV CA3.5: Preemptive, emergency, and ongoing response capacity to manage emergent biological constraints for cassava in Asia and the Americas CA3.6: Responses to biological threats to cassava in Africa. FP3 comprises two Crosscutting clusters and four clusters focused on specific crop/pest/disease combinations. Varieties and agronomic practices for yam, potato, and sweetpotato developed through FP2 will be incorporated into the sustainable crop production systems work of CC3.2. Pest and disease control tactics developed for the same crops under FP2 will be utilized in the crosscutting activities of CC3.1. The six clusters of FP3 are characterized by the aims and rationales presented in Table FP3.1. Table FP3.1. Aims and rationale of the clusters comprising FP3 Cluster Proposed aim statement Proposed rationale CC3.1: Pest/disease management Pilot novel approaches for modeling and managing chronic and invasive pests and diseases Strengthen the capacity of plant health stakeholders to prevent and manage the risk of invasive and emerging pests CC3.2: Crop production systems BA3.3: Banana fungal & bacterial wilt (Foc/BXW) Develop and promote technologies for more productive and ecologically sustainable crop production systems Develop approaches, detection tools and holistic and cost effective practices for managing and containing Foc and BXW Enhance productivity and sustainability of RTB agri-food systems Promote recovery, contain spread and exclude banana fungal and bacterial wilts from wilt-free zones 76

80 Table FP3.1. Aims and rationale of the clusters comprising FP3 Cluster Proposed aim statement Proposed rationale Develop approaches, detection tools and holistic and cost effective practices for recovery from and containment of BBTD BA3.4: Banana viral diseases (BBTD) CA3.5: Cassava biological constraints, Asia/Americas CA3.6: Cassava biological threats, Africa Strengthen response capacity for emergent biological constraints affecting cassava in Asia and the Americas Develop and disseminate technologies for the sustainable protection of cassava in Africa Promote recovery from the effects of BBTD in affected areas and prevent further spread Reduce incidence and spread of local and invasive pests and diseases Increase cassava yields in Africa through effective and sustainable management of biotic constraints and prevention of spread There will be a strong geographical focus on countries where the needs are greatest, notably in SSA, and where RTB research teams have a strong existing presence and comparative advantage. RTB is fully engaged in the site integration process that will be a key part of Phase II of CRPs, and FP3 will preferentially target its interventions towards site integration target countries. This will ensure that the flagship responds as effectively as possible to the R4D needs of local institutions and RTB stakeholders in target countries. Women are often the principal cultivators of RTB crops, and increasingly are involved in crop management and pesticide use, which exposes them and their children to health risks. There is evidence that women have greater concerns about agriculture-health linkages and are receptive to messages about IPM (Norton et al. 2005). Therefore, women will be specifically addressed with IPM technologies that favor alternative non-chemical means (e.g., biological control). Selected (Sub)-IDOs, geographies, and targets for 2022 are presented in Table FP3.2. Table FP3.2. RTB outcomes and (Sub)-IDOs for FP3 with details on 2022 targets and geographies by cluster RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C) Outcome 3.1: In areas affected by pests and diseases, RTB yield restored to previous infection conditions by at least 1,500,000 farmer HH, of which at least 25% are female headed Reduced pre- and postproduction losses, including those caused by climate change Closed yield gaps through improved agronomic and animal husbandry practices Outcome 3.2: 1,800,000 ha of current RTB production area converted to sustainable cropping systems Total number of beneficiaries estimated by Cluster (2022) Yield restored at farm HH level BA3.3: 1,500,000 HH; yield = at least 80% of pre-bxw/foc infection BA3.4: 500,000 HH; yield = 100% of pre-bbtd infection Yield losses reduced at farm HH level CA3.5: 400,000 HH; 20% reduction in yield losses Yield increased at farm HH level CA3.6: 1,300,000 HH; 25 30% yield increase RTB production area converted to sustainable cropping systems BA3.3: 200,000 ha Target countries BA3.3 Africa: Angola, Burundi, Mozambique, Malawi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand South America and Caribbean: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru BA3.4 Africa: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, DRC, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Zambia, Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Papua New Guinea CA3.5 77

81 RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C) Increased resilience of agro-ecosystems and communities, especially those including smallholders Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks Total number of beneficiaries estimated by Cluster (2022) BA3.4: 130,000 ha CA3.5: 600,000 ha CA3.6: 1,000,000 ha New areas infected reduced BA3.3: Losses of cultivated area (ha) reduced by 20% Target countries Asia: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, The Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Central and South America: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela CA3.6 Africa: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia Outcome 3.3: Capacity to deal with climate risks and extremes increased for at least 1,000,000 HH Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks A.1.4 Enhanced capacity to deal with climatic risks and extremes Outcome 3.4: New technologies and practices have been equally adopted by women and men farmers B.1.1 Gender-equitable control of productive assets and resources Outcome 3.5: 25 National and 5 regional plant protection agencies with strategies for containment and management under implementation C.1.3 Conducive agricultural policy environment Outcome 3.6: Growing number of extension services (governmental org., NGOs and private sector) providing advice on improved ICM and IPDM increased D.1.4 Increased capacity for innovation in partner development organizations and in poor and vulnerable communities 3. IMPACT PATHWAY AND THEORY OF CHANGE FP3 achieves impact through a set of interlinked outcomes: Loss avoidance through more effective exclusion and containment of invasive and emerging pests and pathogens, resulting plant health organizations, and informed rural communities use of science-based risk assessment, diagnostics, surveillance, and eradication techniques. Recovery of RTB production in areas affected by invasive and emerging pests through varieties with pest/disease resistance, clean planting material, and innovative management practices for suppressive soils, cropping systems, and landscapes. Increased yields and income from the market-linked application of integrated crop and soil and pest management, which more effectively addresses multiple endemic pests and pathogens and abiotic stresses. Strengthened food security among resource-poor and vulnerable rural communities, resulting from the highly targeted application of resistant, nutrient-dense germplasm, clean low-cost planting material, and effective small-scale management practices. More effective and innovation-oriented institutional and policy frameworks, addressing the specific challenges and opportunities of vegetatively propagated RTB crops which are bulky, prone to perishability, and often cultivated, processed, and marketed by women. FP3 will mobilize improved research tools and impact-oriented research products linked to focus CapDev, working in partnership to achieve these outcomes in target regions. This partnership will employ field 78

82 research teams working at shared sites with other CRPs, and promote modeling, efficient knowledge management systems, and innovative use of ICTs. FP3 proposes key learning platforms on crop and cropping systems, yield gap diagnostics, ICM, and IPM to maximize dialogue both within and across flagships. FP3 places a special focus on the needs of vulnerable, disadvantaged, and disregarded groups, such as the rural poor, women, and youth. RTB gender specialists will ensure that research products and methods developed under this FP will maximize gender equity. The impact pathway of FP3 (Fig. FP3.1) is based on a purposeful characterization and targeting of beneficiaries into household and community typologies. This targeting will link closely with FP5 in terms of agro-climates, livelihoods, gender, generational understanding, and institutional frameworks. FP3 s impact pathway will link to FP4 marketing/utilization and with FP2 in varieties and seed systems through the targeting of specific RTB value chains. FP3 will inform FP1 on trait prioritization for gene and marker discovery. The BCoP will facilitate the incorporation of targeted biotic and abiotic tolerance traits into variety improvement programs in FP2 that will form an integral part of FP3 IPDM. The key to achieving the desired levels of impact and change in targeted rural communities will be by working through a diverse set of partner institutions and by engaging vigorously with the site integration process to maximize local buy-in. Within FP3, the Crosscutting clusters CC3.1 and CC3.2 will guide the fine-tuning of research products based on an understanding of the influence of climate change and weather variability on the crop directly, on the range of pests and pathogens affected indirectly, as well as on beneficial and other ecosystem interactions. These two clusters will ensure that research products are informed by cuttingedge tools for pest risk analysis and crop/cropping system yield gap diagnostics. To achieve development outcomes from research outcomes, a broad range of public and private sector partners will play key roles. These will depend on the end user as well as the agro-climatic, market, and institutional contexts and the desired RTB-specific impact. Expanding market-oriented monocrops being produced by young entrepreneurs for agro-industry, for example, will engage quite different development partners than those for the promotion of nutrient-dense RTB crops for vulnerable, female-headed households to ensure greater food security. The assumptions in the FP3 impact pathway (Fig. FP3.1) focus on the relative profitability and price stability of RTB crops and the adequate financing and engagement of NARES to support development and uptake of FP3 products. Several of the development outcomes targeted by RTB-Phase II are contingent on continued government support to agricultural extension systems, which could present a potential risk. However, many governments, notably those in SSA, are increasingly recognizing the value of the agricultural sector, particularly in the current environment of low prices for commodities such as petroleum and minerals/metals. Consequently, support for agricultural extension is anticipated to increase in the immediate future. Another risk to offset is that increasing demand leads to indiscriminate use of fertilizer and agrochemicals. This risk is directly addressed in CC3.1 and elsewhere, including application of biorational products and deployment of host plant resistance. 79

83 RTB Proposal Figure FP3.1. Impact Pathway FP3 main risk/assumptions and capacity development interventions 4. SCIENCE QUALITY Novel science, common to several of the FP3 clusters, includes the application of both conventional and biotechnological techniques to identify and support incorporation of novel pest/disease resistance genes into RTB germplasm in FP1 and FP2. FP3 will draw on strategic research to elucidate complex interactions between RTB plants in diverse environments impacted by climate change; characterization and modification of the soil microbiome to enhance components that promote productivity while suppressing those that have adverse effects; next-generation diagnostics; application of mobile communication and data-handling systems; and the development of ecologically balanced pest and crop management solutions. Key areas of novel science and research innovation by cluster are described below. CC3.1 Pest/disease management. Novel approaches will be piloted for modeling the phenology and spread of chronic and invasive arthropod pests and diseases. GIS and climate models will be used to map and analyze potential pest risks (Kroschel et al. 2013), and to provide better predictions of crop losses and impacts of climate change on livelihoods. To develop science-based IPM strategies, research will be 80

84 carried out to evaluate the self-regulating capacity of agro-ecosystems as well as the use of ecosystem services to balance pest problems. Inundative and inoculative strategies for the dissemination of new and existing biological control agents will be investigated. FP3 will look for opportunities to integrate different control agents with other control components, such as the application of biorational products and the deployment of host plant resistance. CC3.2 Crop production systems. Detailed data sets will be generated from a wide range of agroenvironments on RTB crop responses to diverse agronomic and ecological factors (variety, nutrients, tillage, intercropping, plant density, weed control, etc.). Key parameters, such as nutrient status at critical stages, soil properties, and meteorological data, will be related to yields to develop DSS. These systems will use modeling and GIS data to delineate application domains and fine-tune recommendations, enabling farmers to make informed decisions on varietal choice and the most appropriate agronomic measures. Research outputs from this crop-focused cluster will be linked with system-level activities implemented under FP5 through co-location of experimental sites in target countries and agro-ecologies. BA3.3 Banana bacterial and fungal wilts (BXW/Foc). New research under this cluster will tackle Fusarium by improving detection tools for diverse Foc; strengthening mechanisms for epidemiological characterization, surveillance, and monitoring; and developing a diverse array of control strategies. Vital novel information about the behavior of Fusarium species in the plant and soil will be obtained through both classical and metagenomics analyses of soil, root, rhizosphere, and stem micro-organisms (Köberl et al. 2015). These data will be used to guide the development of holistic soil and plant health management techniques. Mass selection techniques will be developed to facilitate screening for resistance. New applied research will focus on scaling out models for BXW management and beneficiary targeting using socioeconomic analyses. Network analysis and client satisfaction surveys will be used to enhance the coverage of interventions. Although good progress has been achieved in developing diagnostics (Hodgetts et al. 2014), further research will be conducted to provide a comprehensive characterization of the diversity and pathogenicity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum strains and pathovars in both banana and enset cropping systems. This will facilitate the development of more robust and user-friendly diagnostic techniques such as LAMP and lateral flow devices. Recently developed BXW-resistant transgenic varieties (Tripathi et al. 2014) will be field tested. BA3.4 Banana viral diseases (BBTD). Novel research conducted under this cluster will include the characterization and modeling of the epidemiology of the aphid-virus-banana pathosystem, design of innovative tools for diagnosis and surveillance, and effective approaches for community-based phytosanitary management of BBTD. It will engage communities in containment action and recovery of banana production by strengthening clean planting material production in BBTD-affected areas, and reduce reinfection risk in the seed supply chain. This work will build on achievements through RTB-Phase I, especially the ALLIANCE framework ( which is a unique partnership of NARES and IARCs implementing a unified approach to mitigate BBTV in SSA. It will also interact closely with the community phytosanitation work for cassava virus control; IPM and phenology-based modeling to understand the climate change risk; approaches for banana intensification in BBTD affected areas; and the virus effects on seed degeneration. Virus-vector studies will focus on ecological interactions, vector natural enemies, endosymbionts, determining cultivar responses to virus and aphid, and the use of tolerant cultivars for disease management. It will also apply novel RNAi-based transgenic approaches to induce resistance to virus and aphid. RTB gender researchers will play a central role in understanding the gender, generational, and community-oriented elements of the disease management work. CA3.5 Cassava biological constraints, Asia/Americas. Surveillance and quarantine of rapidly spreading CWB (Alvarez et al. 2013) will be facilitated through the development and application of low-cost and robust LAMP-based diagnostics. Pest monitoring will be strengthened using crowdsourcing approaches, 81

85 remote sensing, volatile-based detection systems, epidemic network modeling, and the extension of pest/disease identification keys. Meta-barcoding and polymerase chain reaction-based elucidation of arthropod food web structure will be applied to improve understanding of pest ecology (Mollot et al. 2014). IPM approaches will be strengthened through the innovative use of resistance enhancers, phytohormones (for cassava frogskin disease and CWB), or habitat manipulation tactics to enhance in-field abundance and action of key natural enemies. CA3.6 Cassava biological threats, Africa. Noninvasive phenotyping using spectral imaging technology, as well as LAMP and lateral flow device testing kits, will improve diagnostics and surveillance. Ecological studies will include the manipulation of plant characteristics through breeding to shift tri-trophic interactions in favor of biological control agents for target pests and the development of fungal and bacterial endophytes as biohealth products. RNAi and transgenic techniques will be developed for both pest and virus control, and resistance pyramiding will be used to combine novel conventional sources of resistance with transgenes. In addition to the promotion of clean seed (through linkages with FP2), FP3 will continue to explore the potential for community-based phytosanitation approaches in the area-wide eradication of cassava viruses under contrasting inoculum pressure conditions and develop scaling models for wider application. 5. LESSONS LEARNED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES FP3 will build on the progress achieved in Phase I, notably through research undertaken as part of crosscutting projects where the collective skills of multidisciplinary, multi-institutional teams were harnessed. Key lessons learned during Phase I by cluster include: Real gains were achieved in developing approaches for predicting the effects of climate change on key pests and diseases through the breadth of collaboration, which relied on CGIAR centers from Latin America, Europe, and Asia; universities having specialized modeling skills; and national partners from both research and plant protection. Incorporating research knowledge into an analysis of pest risk threats to countries of East and Central Africa is relatively new. The project intervention to develop draft PRA documents for five key invasive or expanding pest/disease threats was positively received by local stakeholders. The approaches developed through this area of work will be expanded in Phase II to strengthen African plant protection and quarantine systems and to increase the speed and effectiveness of their response to pest outbreaks and disease epidemics of RTB crops. Through Phase I, early steps were made in establishing experiments and building models to be used in designing strategies for site-specific fertility management for RTB crops. Preliminary results have given RTB agronomy research teams the first insights into variability of soil and fertility factors both within and between sites. This provides an excellent base from which to determine, in Phase II, how site conditions and management practices affect soil fertility, how and where fertilizer can be used appropriately to boost production, and how soil biota and natural fertility can be most effectively conserved. These research outputs will be used to build expert systems that will be transformed into publicly accessible site-specific DST. Whole-mat removal, originally promoted by RTB and partners, was shown to be expensive and unpopular with growers. But the simpler alternative of single diseased stem removal has proven to be effective in reducing BXW and is readily accepted by growers. This approach will be strongly promoted during Phase II. Foc TR4 is arguably the most dangerous threat to commercial banana production worldwide. Following its inadvertent introduction to Africa in 2013, initially at a single site in Mozambique, there was great concern that it might affect the large areas of cooking bananas that are critical to food 82

86 security in East and Central Africa. Experiments with African banana varieties in Asia, implemented through RTB-Phase I, indicated that the green cooking matooke varieties are highly resistant under field conditions, providing a potential option for integrated disease management. The matooke varieties, however, will succumb to the disease under laboratory/screenhouse conditions. Determining the vulnerability of African cooking bananas to Foc TR4 will be a key research target of Phase II. Experience of RTB researchers working in other continents affected by TR4 has highlighted the importance of containing the recent introductions to Africa; this will be another main area of research for Phase II. RTB scientists learned that lack of awareness about BBTD is the main cause for failing to recognize disease outbreaks and disease expansion in SSA. Since BBTD has affected parts of the developed world (notably Australia), the RTB teams quickly appreciated the need for global coordination in designing strategies for effective BBTD management in Africa. A global alliance for BBTD control was set up in order to achieve this, and this consortium has reinforced RTB s work aimed at controlling BBTD through the use of community-based learning alliances and the pilot-level application of community phytosanitation and recovery approaches. RTB research teams in Asia have realized that surveillance, coupled with diagnostics/identification systems, is critical to protecting the region s cassava crop. Surveillance work has demonstrated significant spread of new pests/disease. New diagnostic tools are allowing national partners to monitor this situation effectively, although much remains to be done. The new spread of CMD to Southeast Asia highlights the importance of this situation. RTB teams of plant protection scientists based in Africa and Southeast Asia are uniquely placed to tackle this new disease threat, since Africabased teams have decades of experience in managing CMD in Africa, and outstanding sources of CMD resistance can be readily sourced from IITA s cassava germplasm collection. It has become clear from RTB research into cassava viruses in SSA that there is no silver bullet control for either the viruses or the whiteflies that transmit them. During Phase I there was much hope that novel sources of resistance (including transgenics) would solve the problem. But we now realize that a broad set of methods will be required to manage and prevent further spread of these viruses. In addition to new sources of host virus resistance being generated through FP1 (transgenic based) and FP2 (conventional), new approaches to community-based disease management pioneered through Phase I will be combined under FP3 to develop effective, affordable, and long-lasting solutions to cassava viruses. 6. CLUSTERS OF ACTIVITY FP3 R4D activities are organized into six interrelated clusters. Two are crosscutting, focusing on the key areas of pest/disease risk assessment, IPM, and sustainable crop management. The four crop-specific clusters focus on the most economically damaging pest and disease constraints affecting RTB production in the tropics. Cluster products are listed in Table FP3.3. Table FP3.3. Summary of cluster research products Cluster CC3.1: Pest/disease management Research Products (What we will deliver) Validated methods, models, and tools to enhance pest risk assessment and management PRA, diagnostics, and surveillance strategies Predictions of risks of pathogen population evolution Predictions of pest and pathogen distribution, outbreaks, and risks to RTB crops IPM strategies to manage pests under increased globalization, intensification, and future climates 83

87 Cluster CC3.2: Crop production systems BA3.3: Banana fungal and bacterial wilts (Foc/BXW) BA3.4: Banana viral diseases (BBTD) CA3.5: Cassava biological constraints Asia/Americas CA3.6: Cassava biological threats, Africa Research Products (What we will deliver) Site-specific crop managers Site-specific database on optimal varieties for cropping systems Affordable and environmentally friendly crop protection practices Efficient nutrient supply systems Methods for maintaining the natural resource base Optimized crop husbandry techniques Strategies for surveillance, eradication, and exclusion Epidemiological models for BXW and Foc Management practices for recovery from banana diseases Combined approaches for banana disease management and landscape intensification Integrated livelihoods-based banana disease management Integrated approaches for BBTD management Epidemiological models Tools for improved diagnosis, surveillance, containment, and quarantine BBTV-resistant cultivars and biological control organisms Systems for integrating BBTD management into livelihoods Pre-emptive response capacity Monitoring, diagnostics, and surveillance tools Cost-effective extension methodologies Pest-suppressive cassava production systems Integrated management strategies Efficient diagnostics and surveillance strategies Protocols for safe germplasm exchange Farmer-based clean seed technology and community phytosanitation Deployment of plant-based biotic resistance strategies Cluster CC3.1. Pest and disease management CC3.1 aims to pilot novel approaches for modeling and managing chronic and invasive pests and diseases. The effects from climate change on temperature, rainfall, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels are likely to increase damage from pests and diseases. Similarly, increased globalization is resulting in more frequent occurrences of outbreaks and epidemics due to invasive pests/diseases. CC3.1 will develop innovative IPM strategies and improve the capacity of national partners and farmers to adapt IPM to potential new pest occurrences and to cope with the increased abundance and incidence of chronic pests under climate change. CC3.1 will strengthen the capacity of developing countries to develop and use advanced PRA methods. This will facilitate the identification of potential pest and disease threats and enable the design of pre-emptive control strategies to slow the development of invasive pest/disease outbreaks. Models will improve predictions of pathogen evolution. Further, pest range expansions and changes in abundance will be forecast and relative risks and impacts on RTB crop production systems and yields determined. Models will be based on georeferenced and digitized distribution data, as well as in-depth biological temperature-dependent pest life-table data to simulate life-table parameters (finite rate of increase, doubling time, etc.). Models will also consider the application of pest risk indices (establishment, generation number, and activity) in GIS pest risk mapping. All 84

88 simulations will be run under different climate change scenarios, in order to improve knowledge of the variation of possible future pest invasions and outbreaks. For many pests no adequate sources of resistance have been identified in RTB crops. Hence CC3.1 will develop IPM strategies that combine available host plant resistance with other pest-specific innovative control tactics (cultural, mechanical, biological, biorational, etc.) that will be tested, adapted in participatory research, and made available to national programs. CC3.1 will tackle multiple pest problems by manipulating the self-regulating capacity of RTB-based crop production systems through conservation and augmentation strategies for pests natural antagonists and through biopesticide-based approaches. Cluster CC3.2. Crop production systems CC3.2 aims to develop and promote technologies for more productive and ecologically sustainable crop production systems. Increasing human population and growing consumer demands are leading to the conversion of forests to agricultural land and the overexploitation of existing areas of cultivation. Consequently, the cluster s aims will be achieved by applying the principles of ISFM (integrated soil fertility management), IPM, site-specific nutrient management, and other DST. Site-specific crop managers (SSCM) provide DST to smallholders based on yield gap analysis by combing existing models and manager expert systems around five modules: (1) nutrient supply, (2) varietal choice, (3) agronomic measures, (4) IPM, and (5) natural resource management. SSCMs will target the needs and opportunities of RTB cropsdependent farm households with variable resource endowment levels, market access, quality of natural resources, climate, and land use intensity. Improved tools for identifying factors causing yield gaps will be developed, providing information on yield-limiting factors and economic and natural resource trade-offs. The SSCMs will be developed together with NARES through an iterative process that incorporates farm household feedback and on-farm evaluations. CC3.2 will obtain detailed datasets across RTB agroenvironments on crop responses to relevant agronomic factors (variety, nutrient supply, tillage, intercropping, plant density and patterns, weed control, etc.). These responses, combined with key parameters such as soil and plant nutrient status at critical stages, soil properties related to water supply, pest and disease occurrence and severity, and meteorological data, will be related to crop yields to develop expert DST. For these tools GIS analysis will define geographical application domains. The target is to attain higher yields in 75% of the cases in which DST were used. Tools will be web-based and publicly accessible. Members of participating NARS, extension agents, NGOs, farmers, and farmer groups contributing to data acquisition used to create the DST will be trained in their use. Final versions run on all mobile devices will enable farmers to make informed decisions on varietal choice and the most appropriate agronomic measures. Research outputs from this cluster will be linked with system-level activities implemented under FP5 through co-location of trial sites in target countries and agro-ecologies. Cluster BA3.3. Banana bacterial and fungal wilts (BXW/Foc) BA3.3 aims to develop approaches, detection tools, and holistic and cost-effective practices for managing and containing Foc and BXW, which together represent the most geographically extensive and damaging threat to global banana production. Diverse bacterial and fungal wilts in banana threaten farmer and community livelihoods and national economies around the world. Fusarium oxysporum fsp cubense (Foc) wilt Races 1 and 2 are widely distributed in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, whereas Tropical Race 4 is found only in some countries in Asia and four countries in Africa and the Middle East. The bacterial wilts are regional, with Xanthomonas in East and Central Africa, Moko Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum in Latin America and the Caribbean, and blood disease/blugtok-moko in Asia. A global alliance will link RTB centers with a worldwide network of banana and plant quarantine stakeholders in efforts to control banana wilts. BA3.3 will use this global stakeholder network to develop strategies for minimizing the risks of wilt spread, eradicating localized outbreaks, conducting surveillance with novel diagnostic tools, and managing infection in both epidemic and endemic zones of extant 85

89 infection. A key component of the strategy used will be the design of protocols for the safe and efficient delivery of clean seed, in close collaboration with FP2. Exclusion activities will be given a particularly high priority since Foc wilts are almost impossible to get rid of once infection has occurred. BA3.3 will further address the development of specific management tactics as well as the use of modeling techniques to strengthen understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases. Knowledge developed will flow directly into risk models being developed in CC3.1. Novel sources of host plant resistance to wilts will be identified in partnership with FP2, and resistant germplasm will be exchanged, evaluated with farmers, and promoted as part of integrated wilt management strategies. BA3.3 will prioritize livelihood analyses and gender research in order to improve the relevance of wilt management strategies and to enhance their contribution to the resilience of rural cropping systems and the livelihoods of affected farming communities. To achieve this, strong linkages will be fostered with FP5. Cluster BA3.4. Banana viral diseases (BBTD) BA3.4 aims to develop approaches, detection tools, and holistic and cost-effective practices for recovery from and containment of BBTD. BBTD is one of the most devastating diseases of banana and plantain, and is one of the IUCN s 100 most important invasive species. BBTD is present in 15 countries in Africa and 13 countries in Asia. In SSA, BBTD affects the livelihoods of 6 12 million smallholder households in 13 countries. Very recently the virus spread to South Africa, and could threaten another million smallholder households if its spread is not checked through adequate between-country quarantine. BA3.4 involves a suite of management components that will be integrated into an effective and sustainable management strategy. A key element comprises the design and application of multipurpose diagnostic tools that include (1) virus diagnostics for epidemiological study, virus monitoring, and management of clean seed; (2) diagnostic tools for measuring seed flows and associated BBTD spread risk; and (3) socioeconomic methods for determining the role of gender, generational factors, and markets at household and community levels. Social factors are of paramount importance in the effective implementation of community-based phytosanitation measures, and a thorough understanding of how these affect BBTD management approaches will be fundamental to the success of BA3.4. Epidemiological models will explore host-vector-virus dynamics and will be adapted to produce practical management tools. Modeling the effects of climate change on the BBTD pathosystem will be examined through linkages with CC3.1. More specifically, these studies will help to determine how changes in aphid abundance and virus virulence are likely to affect the severity and geographical spread of BBTD, guiding future management plans. Low-cost diagnostics will be developed and promoted to map disease spread and support the application of eradication and containment control measures. Remote sensing, drones, and spectral imaging methods will be used for phenotyping and surveillance. Wild and Musa landraces will be screened for resistance to BBTV, and improved seed systems will increase farmers access to resistant varieties as they become available (linking with FP2). Cluster CA3.5. Cassava biological constraints, Asia/Americas CA3.4 aims to strengthen response capacity for emergent biological constraints affecting cassava in Asia and the Americas. In both continents, accelerated intensification of cassava cropping has been paralleled by introductions of invasive pests and diseases. These include cassava mealybugs, a complex of mite species, CMD, CWB, and frogskin disease. In addition, existing plant health threats have become increasingly damaging as a consequence of inadequate crop management schemes or improper pest control tactics. These threats have been further exacerbated by climate change. And although these pests and diseases commonly originate in intensive production areas, they have rapidly spread into areas where cassava is grown by resource-poor smallholders. These chronic and emerging pests and diseases threaten to have devastating impacts on local cassava-based livelihoods. 86

90 Collaborative research will be carried out to (1) characterize and manage chronic and emerging biotic threats under current and future climates and (2) develop and promote productive, ecologically sustainable, and profitable crop and pest/disease management systems. CA3.5 comprises an integrated package of tools and technologies to forecast, prevent, and control phytosanitary constraints, with the goal of ensuring productivity, profitability, and sustainability of cassava production systems. Molecular diagnostics will allow rapid and unambiguous identification of pests and pathogens, and will be applied as a part of surveillance strategies. Virus diagnostic protocols will be harmonized across RTB partners to minimize the threat of transcontinental virus spread (linking with CA3.6). CIAT and IITA will work closely together to ensure that best practice is used for germplasm exchange and that procedures are adapted to account for emerging threats. Research will be conducted to define simple, cost-effective, and environmentally sound management approaches, covering cutting-edge research on thermotherapy, resistance enhancers, and phyto-hormone treatments. A strong focus will on the development and application of environmentally friendly control systems, including biological control and natural pest suppression. Local context-appropriate IPM technologies will be made available to farming communities where agro-ecological literacy is strengthened via capacity-building activities. CA3.6: Cassava biological threats, Africa CA3.6 aims to develop and disseminate technologies for the sustainable protection of cassava in Africa. Cassava virus diseases affect more than half of all cassava plants and cause losses in excess of US $1 billion annually in SSA. The viruses that cause CMD and CBSD are transmitted by the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. Novel virus species combinations and super-abundant whitefly genotypes continue to drive the expansion of cassava virus pandemics through the African continent. The impacts of the virus diseases are compounded by significant damage inflicted by other major pests and diseases. The cluster will focus primarily on the most economically damaging constraints (CBSD, CMD, and whiteflies), but will develop robust and ecologically sustainable measures for controlling a wide range of local and introduced pests and diseases. CA3.6 will seek to integrate the basket of technologies developed for the control of each of these constraints. IPM packages developed will combine the augmentation of natural biological control with resistant varieties and recommended cultural practices to strengthen farmlevel management of biological threats. For commercial systems and pre-basic seed production sites, soft chemistry insecticides will be evaluated for whitefly control and, when combined with pest-scouting protocols and the use of economic thresholds, development of robust whitefly control strategies. Biological control will be applied continent-wide for the control of the spiraling whitefly and the invasive papaya mealybug; preparations will be made for the potential spread of the cassava tingid from Reunion to continental Africa. Linked products comprise the components of the IPM package as well as policy elements. Currently available nucleic-acid based diagnostics will be standardized and simplified, and lowcost point-of-test diagnostics will be developed and piloted prior to scaling out. Digital image-based diagnostic systems will be developed and made available for universal use via mobile phone apps. Capacity for virus indexing and the safe international sharing of cassava germplasm will be extended to more than 10 countries that currently lack this capability. New approaches to the production of high-quality earlygeneration seed, currently being developed in several countries in SSA, will be extended to more than 5 additional countries by partnering with FP2. Community-based approaches to the phytosanitary-based management of cassava viruses will be scaled out from pilot sites in Tanzania. Novel sources of defense to CMD, CBSD, whitefly, and cassava bacterial blight will be investigated in collaboration with FP1. Transgenics and RNAi will be key tactics for the management of biotic constraints in cassava, and CA3.6 will develop these novel approaches by partnering with DI1.3. Partnerships with FP2 and FP5 will be fully exploited to ensure that resistant germplasm is appropriately targeted at scale, and that it meets the needs of both target smallholder and commercial producers. Adoption and impacts of IPM packages and 87

91 phytosanitary approaches developed will be strengthened by partnering with national and regional institutions involved with extension and plant quarantine. 7. PARTNERSHIP During Phase II, FP3 will expand the range of partners, including new and strengthened partnerships with national and regional institutions dealing with plant protection, quarantine, and agricultural policy. Traditionally, CGIAR centers have almost exclusively partnered with research institutions. For FP3, however, the increasing threats posed by invasive pests/diseases are such that it is essential to set up strategic partnerships with those institutions that are responsible for mitigating these threats. FP3 will draw on specific expertise from developed country partners where this adds value and contributes to strengthening capacity. Linkages will be developed with the private sector, including partners such as tissue culture labs, biocontrol companies, and agro-input suppliers. The RTB centers have a strong comparative advantage in delivering the results for FP3. Their global coverage, coupled with extensive collaborative linkages both upstream and downstream, highlight their unique capability to carry out the groundbreaking research outlined in this proposal (Table FP 3.4). Table FP 3.4. Key partnerships for FP3 Partner or player Strategic research partners Fera Science Ltd (UK) Role in developing product or achieving outcome PRA, certification and quality declared seed, diagnostic development and validation, proficiency testing schemes University of Florida Development of pest/disease models and of modeling platforms UCLA Climate change risk modeling, genomics, biodiversity Plant protection organizations CABI Plantwise For innovative surveillance (through extension including mobile plant clinics and going public exercises) and for knowledge-based information exchange, including the development of disease distribution maps IPPC-FAO, EPPO, AU-IAPSC PRA and regulatory mechanisms and protocols AGDP, FAO Surveillance methods and networks and government policy guidance Regional and subregional organizations ASARECA, CCARDESA, CORAF, IICA Priority setting, policy, and CapDev NARS Asia: Guangdong Academy of Agriculture, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture, Australia Queensland DAFF, Indonesia ITFRI, IPB, Philippines UPLB, PCCARD, India NRCB, Vietnam FAVRI, VAAS, Thailand, DoA, KU, DoAE East and South Africa:, KALRO, NARO, DRD, INERA, ISABU, RAB, Makerere U., UNIKIS, UNIKIN, DARS, ZARI, Stellenbosch U., UDSM, Sokoine U., IIAM, EARI, Juba U. West and Central Africa:, NIHORT, CARBAP, UAK, CERAL, IRAF, INRAB, UAK, CRI, CNRA, NRCRI, Dschang, Yaounde Latin America: Dominican Republic IDIAF, Nicaragua UNAN Leon, Colombia CORPOICA, Peru INIA, Brazil Embrapa, Costa Rica Corbana, Costa Rica CATIE, Cuba INISAV, Ecuador INIAP, Bolivia PROINPA Private Sector Research on pest and disease modeling and management, support for quality seed production, and linkages with extension and community-based phytosanitary systems As above As above As above 88

92 Partner or player Du Roi, AGT Bayer Crop Science, Syngenta, Monsanto Grameen CGIAR CRPs (see also Annex 6) WLE FTA CCAFS Role in developing product or achieving outcome Capacity for supply/distribution of clean planting material in scaling-up trials Advanced technology and capacity for improved genotypes for IPDM SMS alert systems and awareness raising for extension and surveillance Integrate research approaches, identify and work in shared target regions for enhanced efficiency Joint research on modeling climate change effects on pests and diseases and on adaptation in technology testing at climate smart villages CC3.1 will support regional and national plant protection agencies in reinforcing and extending their capabilities in the development and application of formal PRA for key RTB pests and diseases. Additionally, at the global level, FP3 will be involved in alliances established to address major RTB pest and disease threats. Some of these include the BBTD global alliance (BA3.4), the alliance of banana stakeholders aiming to mitigate spread of Fusarium wilt Foc TR4 (BA3.3), and the Pan-African Cassava Disease Surveillance Network (CA3.6). 8. CLIMATE CHANGE Crop yields are projected to decline by the 2030s in 70% of studies on the future impacts of climate change. In half of the studies, yield losses of 10 50% are anticipated (Challinor et al. 2014), although the understanding of climate change impacts on RTB crops is still very limited. Under current climate conditions, 30 50% of the yield losses are already caused by pests despite the application of pesticides to control them (Oerke 2006). Temperature increases are projected to cause major shifts in pest s geographical distribution and to magnify pest pressure in agricultural ecosystems (Kroschel et al. 2016). This makes individual PRAs and adaptation highly relevant, although adaptation options (e.g., varieties resistant to drought and pests and diseases, improvement in crop and pest management through technological innovations) may only reduce, not eliminate, losses caused by climate change (Challinor et al. 2016). FP3 will address existing knowledge gaps in understanding the impacts of climate change on the productivity and resilience of RTB production systems and future potential risks to pests and diseases. It will test different approaches for managing the risks of climate change through adaptation. This will include innovative crop and pest modeling for mapping and monitoring the vulnerability of systems (risk assessment) as well as the improvement and testing of technology (new varieties, intercropping systems, etc.) and ecosystem-based crop management options (e.g., biological control, increase of biodiversity, reduction of habitat fragmentation, maintenance of genetic diversity, etc.). National capacity will be enhanced and policy consultations held with the aim of reducing vulnerability and risks and promoting and improving national and regional adaptation plans. Important CapDev elements will include the training of extension services, awareness creation through participatory action research, and gender equity in education. 9. GENDER Gender research in FP3 will focus on understanding local knowledge of male and female farmers of management practices in order to develop gender responsive information and communications strategies 89

93 about safe pest and disease control methods. Baseline studies will enhance knowledge on gender roles and intra-household decision making in RTB-based cropping/management systems and establish household typologies of gender differences in management practices in areas affected by different RTB crop diseases. FP3 will work closely with NARES to develop strategies to address gender dimensions of farmer agroecological knowledge; pest management behavior; and identification of gender-specific constraints on the access to and use of healthy planting material or effective IPDM concepts, tools, and technologies. FP3 will proactively engage partners in designing and testing gender-responsive extension tools and methods and give full consideration to gender differences in knowledge and time availability when providing training on quarantine methodologies, field diagnostics of diseases, and IPDM. Through tailored meetings and field days, women will have enhanced opportunities to share their experiences in clone selection, soil amendments, planting material selection, and crop association. Furthermore, interventions such as the dissemination of improved varieties with disease resistance or the provision of clean planting materials will be made in such a way that potentially disadvantaged groups such as women, youth, and the elderly receive equal access. Where entrepreneurial opportunities exist for marketing of improved varieties or high-quality planting materials, they will be targeted to provide gender equitable benefits. 10. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Linking up strongly with other FPs, FP3 will focus on three types of CapDev interventions. Institutional strengthening. Joining partnership efforts, advocacy approaches for effective policies and practice will strengthen capacities of partners and clients to (1) use improved data management systems and tools, (2) define conducive regulatory frameworks for movement and exchange of planting material, and (3) use crop and cropping system yield gap analysis to target and monitor impact-oriented RTB research. Organizational development. The establishment of learning platforms targeting plant health agencies, NARS, and universities will enhance capacities to (1) adapt and implement methods for the characterization, diagnostic testing, surveillance, and exclusion of chronic and invasive biotic threats, and to monitor abiotic constraints; and (2) validate, under diverse agro-ecosystems and farm household typologies, gender-responsive technologies and practices that more effectively target ecologically sustainable intensification and agro-ecosystem resilience enhancement. Participatory action research will empower next users to share validated technologies and practices with smallholder farm households, such as the expert systems SSCMs and site-specific nutrient management (CC3.2), the management of BBTD in East and Central Africa (BA3.4), or research on the potential of ICT-based extension approaches to deliver locally appropriate cassava IPM technologies in Latin America and Southeast Asia (CA3.5). Capacity development and gender. Research institutes and universities need to acquire the knowledge, and skills to integrate gender-responsive approaches into the design and practice of IPDM. CapDev will actively empower women at national and regional levels within regulatory research and extension systems, ensuring at least 30% female participation. Mentoring opportunities for women scientists will complement post-graduate trainings. 90

94 11. INTELLECTUAL ASSET AND OPEN ACCESS MANAGEMENT FP3 will build its research program on existing knowledge and technologies developed by program participants and partners or publicly available databases to advance, adapt science, and make technologies and final products available to next users and farmers. These will include, among others, tools and software used in PRAs and GIS mapping (such as the Insect Life-Cycle Modeling), climate data from own and OA sources and databanks, and experimental data or collections of entomopathogens and natural enemies. Pest and disease sampling and studies will be done in compliance with the applicable national legislation regulating access to genetic resources the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol. Any newly generated knowledge will be stored and regularly updated in project databanks (e.g., household, field survey, experimental and climatic data) which will be shared among program participants through jointly accessible databases, use of Dropbox, or special project online portals. Final research results will be made available to next and end users via OA publications and databases, such as Biomart, CGspace, and Dataverse. Moreover, FP3 and its clusters will allocate a budget to cover any OA fees that are required by publishers to avoid embargo periods. Up-to-date knowledge on banana pests and diseases will be made freely available through a dedicated Musapedia portal on the ProMusa website ( Biocontrol agents or developed biorational products will be made available with SMTAs and/or licenses to national programs or the private sector. To achieve prompt and broad availability of research results and products, private sector partnerships will be fostered with companies involved in biological control of pests and diseases. FP3 will engage centers public communications departments to promote important outputs and outcomes of this flagship; social media will be employed to expand coverage. FP3 will measure the impact of these efforts by monitoring the number of downloads, citations, shares, retweets, and mentions that the article receives using metrics that are part of CGSpace and Dataverse. 12. FP MANAGEMENT FP3 will be managed by some of the world s leading RTB scientists, and will therefore benefit from a strong comparative advantage in the implementation of the research proposed for RTB-Phase II. The FP3 leader and six cluster leaders together have more than 100 years of experience in producing highquality RTB research results (see Annex 7). RTB centers have previously delivered the highest impact research outputs of any so far produced through CGIAR. FP3 will be managed by a team comprising the FP leader, cluster leaders, and cluster support leaders drawn from all five RTB participating centers. This diverse and experienced team will effectively cover the range of skills, disciplines, and areas of specialist expertise required to deliver strong FP management. The team will be supported by the RTB PMU. FP3 will involve both international and national partners in shaping the work plans and strategic direction of the flagship. This partner engagement in management will take place both through regular skype meetings and via the participation of key selected partners in annual RTB program meetings. Approaches to the management of FP3 will also be strengthened over time through regular interactions with the management teams (primarily the FP leaders) of the other RTB FPs. 91

95 FLAGSHIP PROJECT 4: NUTRITIOUS RTB FOODS AND VALUE ADDED THROUGH POST-HARVEST INNOVATION 1. RATIONALE AND SCOPE The objective of FP4 is to support the fuller, equitable, and sustainable utilization of RTB crops for healthier diets and improved income opportunities. FP4 seeks to harness the changing demand of consumers and other users of RTB crops as drivers of change that can positively transform production and utilization of RTB crops and increase their contributions to nutritious, profitable, and environmentally sustainable food systems. The ISPC s 2013 Science Forum noted the importance of linking nutritional and agricultural sciences to support the design of country strategies to integrate seasonal food availability, and the use of supplementation, fortification, and biofortification programs, together with dietary diversification (Herforth et al. 2015). There is great scope in diversifying and improving the utilization of RTB crops for nutrition and economic goals, resulting in healthier diets and increased economic opportunities for women, men, and youth. FP4 will work to overcome constraints that have hindered RTB crops from entering urban markets, such as their perishability, bulkiness, perception as of low social status, and limited post-harvest investment. Hence, FP4 will address the following grand challenges, as identified by the SRF: Persistent rural malnutrition, especially undernutrition. The number of undernourished people in Africa is increasing, and the world is not on course to meet global nutrition targets (FAO 2015; IFPRI 2015). Women of reproductive age and young children are most vulnerable to undernutrition because of their greater nutritional needs and social marginalization. Micronutrient deficiencies can have fundamental and irreversible impacts on physical and mental development of children. Through R&D, along with processing and post-harvest management to extend availability, RTB crops and nutrition-oriented research can reduce undernutrition amongst millions of vulnerable consumers. Feeding rapidly growing urban populations. As of 2014, 54% of the global population lived in cities, and 66% is projected by Supplying nutritious and affordable staple foods for these populations will require a reorientation of agri-food systems in many low-income countries. RTB crops can be grown comparatively easily in large quantities in many countries that are overly dependent on imported grains. FP4 will harness the relatively untapped potential for improving processing and reducing post-harvest losses of RTB crops. Such gains should help to reverse the trend of declining RTB food consumption among urban populations due to the crops perishability and bulkiness. Climate change. (See under subsection 8: Climate change). Diets are becoming less diverse, healthy, and nutritious. The number of people overweight or obese is growing fast globally and leading to an estimated loss of 35.8 million disability-adjusted life years and rising diabetes rates. By 2035, diabetes is projected to affect more than 500 million people, the vast majority in low- and middle-income countries, and women more acutely than men. RTB crops are mainly recognized as a source of calories stored as starch, thus contributing to the problem of obesity and diabetes. But they are also potentially functional foods that provide fiber and other key elements in more diversified diets. In developed countries sweetpotato has already attracted attention and seen increased consumption because of its relatively low glycemic index. Recent research in cassava suggests that RTB varieties with resistant (high-amylose, low-glycemic) starches can be developed as healthier and economically valuable alternatives. Linking this research with nutrition education and behavior change interventions, FP4 can make new and significant contributions to managing the public health risks of obesity and diabetes. 92

96 Post-harvest losses are often high for RTB crops and food safety is a growing concern. Managing the perishability of RTB crops and meeting increasingly differentiated market and policy demands are major challenges. FP4 will strive to enable producers and processors to take advantage of processing opportunities and meet food safety and quality standards, through research on nutrition qualities, sensory attributes, contamination, storage and handling, and convenience and packaging of fresh produce and processed products. FP4 will strengthen the demand-orientation in all FPs across RTB and link with consumer education and policy advocacy to expand demand for nutritious and safe RTB crops and products. New entrepreneurial and job opportunities are emerging from changing patterns of agri-food demand. These can provide spectacular growth opportunities for RTB crops, with cassava in West Africa at the forefront (The Economist June 2015), and other crops such as potato and sweetpotato expanding into new urban markets. Although local agri-processing can generate significant employment for rural youth and women, improved technology and research on value chains is needed to improve efficiency, safety, and sustained economic benefits. This includes strengthening smallholder business organization and entrepreneurial and business management competencies among women, men, and the youth. Environmental pollution and energy losses. Inefficient use of energy, water, and other inputs; process wastes; and sub optimal use of by-products of RTB crops lead to environmental impacts and reduce competitiveness of the processing industry. This issue has important gender ramifications, too, as women and girls often carry a disproportionate burden from environmental degradation compared to men (UNEP 2007). Improving efficiency and utilizing by-products is an expanding area of RTB research. FP4 draws on progress, knowledge, and competencies in RTB to support healthy and diversified diets. Biofortification is under way for all RTB crops, at different stages of R&D. Vitamin A-rich OFSP is well advanced in more than 10 African countries and expanding to others in Africa and Asia where demand is high. Vitamin A biofortification of cassava is advancing fast, with wide-scale distribution in Nigeria; banana and yam are at earlier stages of development. Breeding for cassava, potato, and sweetpotato, biofortified for iron and zinc, is underway. Iron-fortified potato could be available within two years, and iron-fortified OFSP within five years is possible, if desired investment levels are obtained. 2. OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS The overall objective of FP4 is to support the fuller, equitable, and sustainable utilization of RTB crops for healthier diets and improved income opportunities. R&D activities will target countries and value chains where opportunity for reaching large numbers of beneficiaries is highest, and where momentum for investment exists amongst stakeholders. Flagship 4 consists of four interrelated clusters: CC4.1 Demand-led approaches to drive post-harvest innovation and nutritious RTB products CA4.2 Raising incomes and improving the health and safety at SME cassava processing centers CA4.3 Biofortified cassava for improved nutrition and livelihoods SW4.4 Nutritious sweetpotato for expanding markets and improving nutrition. FP4 will support research on all RTB crops, recognizing that they are at different stages of progress with regard to innovation for processing and nutrition. Hence, local processing of cassava has been developed to a far higher level than other RTB crops, as reflected in cluster CA4.2. Sweetpotato and cassava are already scaling biofortified varieties that are increasingly used in public sector nutrition programs as well as in processing for nutritious food in commercial and social enterprises. Clusters SW4.4 and CA4.3 will support research to guide and monitor these investments. 93

97 In addition to underpinning crop-specific research, the Crosscutting cluster CC4.1 will (1) analyze and synthesize post-harvest approaches, capacities, and results in order to generate information platforms, tools, metrics, and guidelines that can be applied and further adapted across all RTB crops; (2) systematically address strategic RTB-wide challenges such as post-harvest losses or waste utilization; and (3) support research on post-harvest management of banana, potato, and yam that is not captured in other clusters of FP4. This work will be organized into four clusters that will pursue the following aims and rationale (Table FP4.1). Table FP4.1. Aims and rationale of the clusters comprising FP4 Cluster Proposed aim statement Proposed rationale CC4.1: Postharvest innovation Facilitate exchange of research methodologies and emerging evidence, and provide learning and networking support for research teams and partners across FP4 Accelerate scientific progress, learning, and impacts by facilitating exchange between R&D in different RTB value chains CA4.2: Cassava processing CA4.3: Biofortified cassava SW4.4: Nutritious sweetpotato Contribute to increased incomes and food security in target countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, by improving productivity, efficiency, product quality, health and safety at small and medium scale cassava processing centers Provide rural households with nutritious biofortified cassava that will help reduce VAD, particularly among pregnant and lactating women and children under 5 years of age Improve nutrition and diets and provide income opportunities in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean through more diversified and intensified utilization of nutritious sweetpotato Steer the strong momentum for growth in cassava processing toward equitable, sustainable, and nutritious goals Improve diets and generate economic returns in the cassava value chain Support healthier diets by exploiting the untapped potential for diversified sweetpotato utilization and consumption Geographical and beneficiary targeting of FP4 is guided by (1) the need and demand for nutritious RTB food arising from undernutrition and from specific micronutrient deficiencies, especially of the most vulnerable (e.g., pregnant and lactating women and children under two years); (2) existing or potential market demand for RTB processing that can create income and livelihood opportunities for the poor, in particular women and youth; and (3) the feasibility of specific nutritious RTB crops to contribute to solving these challenges in different locations. Selected (Sub)-IDOs with quantified targets for 2022 are presented in Table FP4.2. Table FP4.2. RTB outcomes and (Sub)-IDOs for FP4 with details on 2022 targets and geographies by cluster RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C) Outcome 4.1: 700,000 HH (3,500,000 people), 25% of which are female headed, have increased their income by 15 20% by increasing and diversifying RTB sales (food, feed, industrial raw material, and seeds) Diversified enterprise opportunities Total number of beneficiaries estimated by Cluster (2022) Annual household revenue improved through increased and diversified sales (food, feed, industrial raw material and seeds) CC4.1: 500,000 people; 20% revenue increase CA4.3: 1,500,000 people; 20% revenue increase SW4.4: 1,500,000 people; 15% revenue increase Target countries CC4.1 Supporting all clusters in their target countries CA4.2 Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda Americas: Brazil, Colombia 94

98 RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C) Total number of beneficiaries estimated by Cluster (2022) Outcome 4.2: 20,000 small-scale processors, Production cost reduced 30% of whom are female, reduced water- and CA4.2: 20,000 small- and medium-scale energy-related production costs by 15 20% in processors; 15 20% energy and water cassava sector with growing spillover in other savings RTB crops More efficient use of inputs Outcome 4.3: Post-harvest physical and quality losses reduced in at least 10 countries through better post-harvest management, improved storage, and utilization of waste across RTB crops Reduced pre- and post-production losses, including those caused by climate change Outcome 4.4: Diet quality indices increased by 20% for at least 2,000,000 farmer households and urban/rural consumers Optimized consumption of diverse nutrient-rich foods Physical losses and health and environmental risks reduced and additional value realized CC4.1: 500,000 consumers, producers, processors, and traders CA4.2: 2,600,000 consumers, producers, processors, and traders SW4.4: 1,000,000 consumers, producers, processors, and traders Dietary diversity score (DDS) increased CA4.3: 20% increase in DDS; 1,400,000 HH SW4.4:20% increase in DDS; 2,000,000 HH NB: All households members and particularly children under 5 years, women of reproductive age, and the vulnerable Target countries Asia and Pacific: Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam CA4.3 Africa: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d Ivoire, DRC, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Americas: Brazil, Colombia, Haiti, Guatemala Asia: Indonesia, Philippines SW4.4 Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Caribbean: Haiti Crosscutting issues Outcome 4.5: At least 35% increase in number of women and youth beneficiaries in at least 200,000 HH who perceive to have better control over assets and resources B.1.1 Gender-equitable control of productive assets and resources Outcome 4.6: Food-based nutrition programs/initiatives promoting RTB crops under implementation in at least 10 countries C.1.3 Conducive agricultural policy environment Outcome 4.7: 60 development-focused organizations, including women's networks and alliances, having increased their capacity for innovation (e.g., enhanced human capital and improved collaboration network in relevant domains) to scale up fuller utilization of RTB D.1.4 Increased capacity for innovation in partner development organizations and in poor and vulnerable communities 3. IMPACT PATHWAY AND THEORY OF CHANGE FP4 combines technological and social research to better understand how RTB crop utilization can be intensified and diversified in order to meet nutrition, health, and economic goals in ways that are profitable, equitable, and environmentally sustainable. The clusters in FP4 will generate a range of technologies, delivery guidelines, capacity-strengthening tools, and knowledge products for policy development and investment planning. The underlying ToC is that the FP4 research products will enable next users to respond to existing market, social, institutional, and policy incentives for increased and better use of RTB crops. Their actions will result in development outcomes through two interconnected impact pathways: 1. The nutrition pathway will result in the wide use of biofortified and other nutritious RTB varieties to support household food and nutrition security. This is driven by strong demand from government campaigns and civil society programs to combat micronutrient deficiency. Food-based approaches promoting healthier diets will help to address the increasing burden of obesity and other diet-related 95

99 public health challenges. Incentives for the multitude of private sector stakeholders in RTB market chains to prioritize nutritious varieties and improve food safety are expected to strengthen with increased consumer health awareness. 2. The commercialization pathway will lead to more efficient, equitable, and profitable SMEs producing both food and non-food products (such as starch) from RTB crops. This pathway will generate employment for women and youth in addition to income for smallholder farmers selling to these processors. Commercial food processing can also contribute to improved nutrition and food security, if nutritious products are prioritized and access to nutritious and safe processed food for the poor is achieved. Both pathways reinforce each other. Increased household incomes contribute to better nutrition and food security status if women have increased control over resources. Greater economic incentives from processing value chains stimulate wider adoption of nutritious RTB varieties and hence provide greater availability of nutritious RTB foods in rural and urban markets and at household level. The impact pathway (Fig. FP4.1) draws on products from other FPs, including candidate varieties of cassava and sweetpotato from FP2 for participatory selection and adaption to user needs. Outcome support in the Crosscutting cluster CC4.1 will help to translate research products into outcomes. Consequently, this will (1) contribute to making affordable, nutritious food available for many millions of the world s malnourished people; (2) spur processing and post-harvest innovation to expand production and consumption of RTB crops; and (3) add value in order to reduce poverty. Work on other micronutrient-rich varieties is included in FP2, with CC4.1 bringing this work together across the portfolio. Products from CC4.1, such as protocols for post-harvest loss reduction and consumer acceptance of preferred quality traits, will guide and enhance FP2. As a cluster moves to scale, the balance of research and outcome support shifts. Scaling of sweetpotato is well advanced, thus providing learning opportunities for other crops. Cluster CC4.1 will provide a platform for exchanging proven tools, technologies, and methodologies for scaling up post-harvest interventions such as supply chain management options for SME processing, social and behavior change communications for healthier diets, or partnership models with processors or nutrition services. 96

100 Figure FP4.1. Impact Pathway FP4 main risks/assumptions and capacity development interventions FP5 provides a livelihood context and space to take a more holistic food basket approach that combines different nutritious RTB foods and other crop- and livestock-based foods. It facilitates joint learning across flagships through evidence-based partnerships and scaling models involving stakeholders from public and private sector, civil society, and media. Hence FP5 contributes metrics, analyses, and evaluations of the effectiveness and wider livelihood impacts of scaling up post-harvest and nutrition interventions, taking into account the entire RTB agri-food system and the linkages with production, environmental, and social development domains. FP4 recognizes that gender differences are crucial when seeking to improve the linkage between agriculture and nutrition. FP4, in conjunction with FP5, will investigate the social determinants of behavior change in order to effectively support both women and men to realize benefits from post-harvest innovation and nutrition improvement of RTB crops. Furthermore there are strong opportunities for strengthening the role of women and youth in post-harvest interventions linked to RTB value chains. Risks and assumptions. Promotion of biofortified varieties, such as OFSP and yellow cassava, inevitably focuses attention on specific nutrients and new varieties as vehicles for supplying these nutrients. RTB will integrate these interventions with FP5 to ensure that they are designed, implemented, and evaluated 97

101 in a holistic nutrition context (a food basket approach). When creating demand for processed products such as urban snacks or bakery goods, however, there is a risk of promoting increased consumption of fats, salt, and refined sugars. FP4 will build capacity for promoting healthy food options and choices of products from RTB crops along the whole value chain. Especially in Africa, small-scale processing of cassava and other crops is in the hands of women and contributes to their livelihoods. Mechanization of gari, for example, may reduce drudgery and increase efficiency of conversion; but it also may shift control into men s hands and undermine women s livelihoods. FP4 will pay close attention to trade-offs of productivity and gender equity to mitigate this risk. Additionally, processing of RTB crops generates significant quantities of by-products (e.g., peels, fiber bagasse, wastewater), which typically accumulate around the processing site(s) and pollute local water (Tran et al. 2015). Expansion of post-harvest technologies must include appropriate strategies for process efficiency and management of by-products. 4. SCIENCE QUALITY CC4.1 Post-harvest innovation. This Crosscutting cluster provides a platform for exchange of post-harvest and nutrition-related research methodologies and evidence across all RTB crops. It will undertake strategic research into: Scientific methods and engineering tools to adapt current technologies and to better manage byproducts and waste, while realizing economies of scale Methods for sensory analysis and assessments of end user preferences specific for RTB-based products from SMEs in developing countries (Bach et al. 2012; Otegbayo et al. 2011) Models for strengthening food quality and safety in fresh RTB produce markets, while safeguarding access for poor producers and consumers Improved indicators for measuring diet quality (beyond diet diversity) and the contributions of increased consumption of nutritious RTB foods and other nutritious non-staple foods (Vandevijvere et al. 2013; Golzarand et al. 2012). Systematic evaluations of commercial and public sector-supported approaches to scaling up nutritious RTB foods (with FP5) will measure benefits to vulnerable target populations (including gender equity and poverty outcomes) and cost-effectiveness in terms of achieving nutrition goals. CA4.2 Cassava processing. Engineering methods for multi-objective process modeling and optimization including technical, economic, and environmental parameters will be adapted to small- and mediumscale cassava processing operations, in particular grating (rasping), pressing, roasting (cooking), and drying as well as utilization of by-products. CA4.2 integrates knowledge and methods from diverse scientific disciplines for improved process engineering and product development activities: Change of scale. Equipment adapted to cassava processing at small and medium scale will be designed and tested, based on efficient large-scale systems in use at cassava factories in Thailand and other countries. Multi-objective process modeling and optimization will be applied to scaling up or down unit operations. (Tran et al. 2015; Precoppe et al. 2015). Consumer preferences. Methods such as qualitative surveys of the food chain, focus groups, processing diagnostic, sensory analysis, and consumer testing of cassava-based products will identify which criteria are most important for the end users to adopt improved products, technologies, and varieties. Product quality. Analysis will be done of physico-chemical and functional properties for product 98

102 quality improvement (Morante et al. 2016; Maldonado et al. 2013; Rolland-Sabaté et al. 2012; Sánchez et al. 2010). High-throughput methods, including NIRS, will be employed to elucidate the links between consumer preferences and product quality (Sanchez et al. 2014; Belalcazar 2016; Davrieux et al. 2016). Novel products and applications. Starches and flours from new cassava varieties, including waxy, small-granules and high-amylose cassava, will be used to develop products with improved properties for new markets: bakery goods, freeze-thaw stability, reduced syneresis, digestibility, and others. Novel uses of by-products. Processing technologies will be developed to increase the value and use of by-products in the cassava value chain (e.g., co-development of cassava processing and animal farming, use of peels and fibers by-products as raw materials to produce animal feed, stable wastewater-to-biogas system for small-scale processing) (Hansupalak et al. 2015; Okike et al. 2015). Environmental impact assessments. The cluster will advance understanding of the environmental impact of the burgeoning SME cassava processing sector, including analysis of carbon footprint and life-cycle assessments of SME operations. CA4.3 Biofortified cassava. Novel science in this cluster will use knowledge on sex-disaggregated trait preferences and regionally diverse end user cassava processing methods to develop locally preferred processed products (e.g., gari and fufu), recipes, and methods of preparation that will maximize retention of beta-carotene (Maziya-Dixon et al. 2015): Adaptive on-farm participatory research of nutritional quality. Tools and enhanced protocols for gender-responsive research will be developed and implemented to boost adoption of biofortified cassava. This includes methodologies and practices for collection of sex-disaggregated data and advanced phenotyping tools for standardized data collection based on use of the cassava trait ontology. Field-book applications through tablets and smartphones will be used with partners. End user requirements. In some cases, negative correlations between carotenoids concentration and yield have been observed. This has been shown by molecular markers marking quantitative trait loci on Chromosome 1 for both pro-vitamin A and DM content. Introgression of germplasm from Latin America provided by CIAT will be used to facilitate selection of elite biofortified materials for partners that satisfy demand for specific end user requirements with high levels of both carotenoids and DM. Evaluation of nutritional quality. Screening for total carotenoids of fresh cassava roots and processed productions will be carried out using simple and cost-effective equipment (icheck TM carotene, chromameter, and NIRS) and procedures for assessment of root quality of pre-released biofortified cassava varieties (Rodriguez-Amaya 2001; Ceballos et al. 2013; Sánchez et al. 2014). CA4.3 will validate and apply protocols for evaluation of nutritional value of processed products and monitor pro-vitamin A content along with potential anti-nutritional factors such as cyanide potential or microbial contaminants or toxins after processing. Sensitization and awareness. Social media, entertainment platforms, and e-market, as well as improved marketing strategy based on value chain analysis, will be explored. Constraints to adoption will be analyzed with survey data using quasi-experimental methods and routes to alleviation will be identified. SW4.4 Nutritious sweetpotato. Research in this cluster will build on the successful integrated approaches that CIP and partners have applied for scaling OFSP in Africa. Specific approaches include: Behavior change and healthy diet context. In-depth social research will improve understanding of main incentives and barriers to changing behaviors about healthier diets within households and at aggregate levels. Particular attention will be directed at gender aspects. Research will examine differential behavioral and nutritional outcomes of several OFSP promotion approaches within and 99

103 outside the context of mainstream nutrition campaigns. On the basis of this research, current indicators of diet quality (Gil et al. 2015) will be reviewed for their appropriateness to biofortified sweetpotato. Value chain development. Economic research on market dynamics for OFSP and other sweetpotato varieties will determine the market premium for biofortified varieties and other quality traits. This will form the basis for improving marketing strategies for both fresh and processed products. Food science for novel nutritious products. The Food and Nutrition Evaluation Lab at BecA-Nairobi, will scale up micronutrient, macronutrient, and proximate analysis of sweetpotato roots, leaves, processed products, and major meals relevant to FP4 s target groups. An important focus will be on supporting development of nutritious and safe products (using hazard analysis critical control points protocols), such as OFSP puree, that can be stored at ambient temperatures and are accessible to vulnerable populations (e.g., complementary foods for poor rural and urban households with infants and young children). Measuring scalability. FP4, jointly with FP5, will utilize ongoing randomized controlled trials and qualitative research methodologies to assess effectiveness and efficiency of scaling up approaches, including different combinations of agricultural, nutrition, and marketing interventions. The aim of this research is to identify best-bet approaches for reaching vulnerable populations with nutritious sweetpotato varieties at scale under different agro-ecological, social, health, market, and institutional conditions. Policy analysis and institutional research. Understanding the difference that various policy support and investments can make for realizing the potential benefits of nutritious crops such as sweetpotato is critical for the continued development of nutrition-sensitive agriculture. FP4 will work in partnership with FP5 and PIM to undertake policy research and institutional analyses of decisionmaking processes in public, private, and civic organizations involved in food security and nutrition investments. 5. LESSONS LEARNED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES RTB-Phase I partners have successfully developed and scaled up biofortified crops, in particular OFSP and, more recently, biofortified cassava. Through an integrated agriculture-nutrition-marketing approach, OFSP has been established as a widely utilized nutritious crop among more than 1.3 million HH in 10 countries in Africa over the past five years. Biofortified cassava has embarked on a similar trajectory in West Africa. While FP4 will further scale up this approach over the coming years and apply it to additional nutritious RTB crops, several adjustments will be made to reflect key lessons. Six lessons stand out: (1) the process of adoption of nutritious (biofortified) varieties is context specific and requires adapting technologies and approaches to local production systems (replacement or adding on), diets (place in the meal by sex and age group), and markets (niche for new products, access for the poor to processed products). (2) A combination of rigorous M&E, complemented by objective adoption studies and detailed social (including gender) research on behavior change for adoption and flow of benefits from adoption, is required to understand trajectories (and numbers) of adoption and depth of resultant change at individual, household, and higher levels. FP4 will work with FP5 on the design of these studies and M&E methods. (3) Integrating the nutrition components into mainstream nutrition and health services is a winwin for scaling up but requires agreement on indicators to be tracked and additional capacity support at local levels. FP4 will update tools developed for OFSP in collaboration with A4NH (Cole et al. 2016). (4) Markets do not necessarily pay a premium for nutritious (biofortified) varieties. FP4 will develop this through proactive demand creation and consumer education emphasizing nutrition benefits as well as social and cultural attributes. (5) Potential health risks from processed foods based on nutritious (biofortified) RTB crops need to be addressed proactively; FP4 will only support processed foods that 100

104 increase healthy choices for consumers. (6) Sequencing of interventions and adjusting intensity and approaches to the capacity of partners are key process lessons. For example, nutritious (biofortified) varieties need to be extensively planted before marketing and processing will be feasible at any level of scale. RTB-Phase I research support for increasing the consumer acceptance of processed RTB products has successfully developed a methodological approach for sensory analysis and end user preferences, based on cassava products gari and fufu in West Africa. This work should result in increased adoption rates of new products and new varieties on which these are based. This approach has already been replicated for banana in East Africa and will also be applied to other RTB crops-based products and in other countries. Phase II will thus strengthen end user orientation of RTB post-harvest research, emphasizing gender differentiation and greater market segmentation. Similar successes have been the development and application of methodologies for adapting cassava-processing technologies (driers for starch and flour) to SMEs in Africa (Hansupalak et al. 2015) and innovations for processing and drying of cassava peels for animal feed in West Africa, in collaboration with LIVESTOCK, FISH, and Humidtropics (Okike et al. 2015). FP4 will scale up these proven innovations together with private sector partners, including SMEs. Cluster CC4.1 will support the crop-specific clusters in addressing key research strategy lessons from Phase I. These are (1) combining technology and socioeconomic research to develop effective and sustainable supply chains of RTB produce into processing centers is critically important. This includes strengthening the capacity and competencies of producer organizations and traders and improving linkages and contractual arrangements between these stakeholders and enterprises engaged in processing. (2) Adapting commercial technologies for use by small- and medium-scale operators can improve processing efficiency. But these need to be accompanied by organizational adjustments in the enterprise and changes in market linkages in order to realize the full benefits of innovation. (3) More systematic attention should be paid to the reduction of post-harvest losses and waste across the entire value chain for all RTB crops so as to optimize returns on investment in research. 6. CLUSTERS FP4 R&D activities are organized into four interrelated clusters that together achieve the FP s objectives and targets. The following section provides a succinct description of the individual clusters that, along with their research products, are summarized in Table FP4.3. Table FP4.3 Summary of clusters of activities and their research products Cluster CC4.1: Postharvest innovation Research products Lessons, tools, and metrics to support development of nutritious and value-added RTB products Consumer profiles and quality characterization of RTB crops for targeting end user preferences Technologies and management options for RTB post-harvest loss reduction and value-addition to waste products Product development, improved processing, nutrition interventions, and post-harvest management of bananas, potato, and yam Knowledge base and information dissemination platforms for RTB post-harvest technologies and products CA4.2: Cassava processing Improved technologies and knowledge for small- and medium-scale cassava processors Assessments methods for and enhanced knowledge on end users preferences to guide improvements and adoption of processing technologies 101

105 Cluster CA4.3: Biofortified cassava SW4.4: Nutritious sweetpotato Research products Product specifications and processing protocols for high-quality and safe cassava-based food products Profitable and environmentally friendly technologies for the use of by-products from cassava processing Market-driven and inclusive approaches for scaling out SME cassava processing innovations Biofortified cassava and value added products Technologies and procedures for demand-driven, gender-sensitive development of nutritious food products based on biofortified cassava Protocols and results of on-farm testing for total carotene content and other quality traits of pre-released biofortified cassava varieties Tools and methods for sustained sensitization and promotion of healthier diets in cassavabased food systems Collaboration mechanisms and policy options to support production and consumption of biofortified cassava Nutritious sweetpotato and its value-added products Tools and models for nutrition education and behavior change to improve diets Technologies, tools, and models for upgrading nutritious sweetpotato value chains and diversifying markets Evidence base, policy options, and investment guides for sustained investments in nutritious sweetpotato All four clusters in FP4 will work closely with FP5 to contribute effectively to systems research and to develop and test scaling strategies for improving access and use of FP4 technologies and knowledge by target populations. Overall, FP4 focuses on developing and implementing post-harvest and nutritionrelated technologies and strategies for taking these to scale. FP5, however, undertakes analyses of the wider livelihoods and agri-food system context and provides a platform for linking and improving scaling strategies across the different RTB flagships. Examples of specific linkages between FP4 clusters and FP5 are summarized in Table FP4.4 and discussed below. Table FP4.4 Linkages for systems research and scaling priorities between FP4 clusters and FP5 Systems research and scaling priorities FP4 cluster contributions FP5 contributions CC4.1 Technologies and management practices to improve utilization of RTB waste and by-products, including animal feed Analyze wider livelihoods benefits and risks, including gender aspects from increased utilization of waste and by-products CA4.2 CA4.3 SW4.4 Technologies and management practices to reduce environmental footprint of small- and medium-scale cassava processing Strategies for scaling up nutritious sweetpotato and cassava through partnerships with mainstream nutrition programs and market development with private sector partners Cluster CC4.1: Post-harvest innovation Analyze wider livelihoods benefits and risks, including gender aspects at value chain and watershed level Provide platform for linking with scaling strategies in other FPs and for analyzing wider livelihoods and agri-food system outcomes of going to scale CC4.1 aims to facilitate exchange of research methodologies and emerging evidence, and provide learning and networking support for research teams and partners across FP4. It will support crop-specific clusters in this FP through assessments, methodologies, metrics, and information dissemination. Strategic research under this cluster will analyze and synthesize evidence on RTB-wide post-harvest priorities such as the reduction of post-harvest losses and waste across RTB value chains, and identify strategic 102

106 opportunities for investment and support. This cluster will also engage with banana, potato, and yam value chains (RTB crops not captured in other clusters of FP4) to broaden impacts to additional target populations dependent on these crops. The cluster will promote multidisciplinary approaches that integrate technology, environmental, social, and economic research to better understand the opportunities, scope, and potential impacts of RTB post-harvest interventions. Lessons, tools, and metrics to support development of nutritious and value-added RTB products will inform crop-specific R&D work throughout this FP. They will provide an overall assessment of the opportunities, scope, and potential impacts of investments in RTB post-harvest management, processing, and marketing. Specific attention will be paid to the potential nutrition and gender impacts of different utilization options and on the responsiveness to changing markets and environmental constraints. Most post-harvest loss studies are concerned with physical losses, but this cluster will focus on quality losses. Research will build on methodologies and tools developed by PIM for measuring losses and waste across different crop value chains. Specifically, research will investigate innovative options for adding value to RTB waste and by-products, including potentials for using them as animal feed. Research on technological and commercial aspects of these innovations will be coupled with economic, social, and environmental research to better understand wider impacts and enable adoption by private industry at different levels of investment. Similarly, CC4.1 will provide methodological support for research on consumer preferences across different RTB crops and products. In this context, the focus will be on (1) building product-based consumer profiles within countries and regional profiles where products may overlap; (2) deciphering trait profiles that define preference of diverse user groups; and (3) understanding the nutritional, bioactive, functional, and anti-nutritional aspects of RTB crops and relating them to sensory properties and end users preferences. This will serve to inform FP1 and FP2 for trait prioritization and development of protocols to use in breeding programs, by linking with the BCoP in FP1. In addition, processing factors that could enhance retention of nutrients and bioavailability and simultaneously reduce anti-nutritional factors will be determined. Beyond the specific research in the cassava and sweetpotato clusters, FP4 will also promote the application of these and other methodologies to post-harvest innovation in banana, potato, and yam value chains. Using similar approaches to cassava and sweetpotato, multidisciplinary research will support (1) testing of options for improved storage, post-harvest handling, and transport; (2) inclusion of nutritious varieties of banana, potato, and yam in nutrition strategies and campaigns; and (3) development of nutritious food products and value-added products. This work will link closely with banana, potato, and yam research in other FPs to identify timing and entry points for post-harvest and nutrition research. Where possible, technologies and approaches from other RTBs will be adapted to these crops. As a platform for sharing pertinent research findings from FP4 and information on post-harvest and nutrition innovations with SMEs, this cluster will support an online post-harvest information base. RTB members and their national partners will populate the base with information on promising and appropriate technologies, suppliers, local manufacturers, after-sale service providers, ad hoc case studies, and voluntary inputs from private suppliers interested in widening their customer base. This will include provisions for customer feedback. The online platform will provide information on trainings for SMEs (including online training modules), business development services, and policies and regulations. Cluster CA4.2: Cassava processing CA4.2 aims to contribute to increased incomes and food security in target countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America by improving productivity, efficiency, product quality, and health and safety at SME cassava processing centers. Cassava processing is growing strongly due to economic development and increasing urban populations. Previous achievements during RTB-Phase I include methodologies to adapt cassava 103

107 processing technologies (e.g., raspers, centrifuges, and dryers for starch and flour) to SMEs. Building on these, new technological and management improvements will further benefit men and women as owners, managers, workers, farmers, and consumers. At the core of this cluster is continued research on technology improvements and process management options, for instance (1) semi-mechanized grating and pressing equipment that can be operated by both men and women; (2) improved gari roasting; (3) improved drying; and (4) quality assessments of raw materials and products. This research will integrate the preferences and needs of processors and consumers when selecting and further adapting improved processing technologies and cassava varieties, to capitalize on the strong market demand for cassava products and steer innovation into sustainable and profitable directions. To capture these preferences and needs, research methods under this cluster will include qualitative surveys all along the food chain, focus groups, processing diagnostics, sensory analysis, and consumer testing of cassava-based products. The cluster will build on the successes of RTB-Phase I in developing a methodological approach for sensory analysis and end users preferences, based on cassava products gari and fufu in West Africa. Identification of key quality traits and other factors determining adoption and use of technologies, varieties, and products in the cassava value chain will be an important set of results from this cluster. These will also inform other FPs in RTB, including breeding (FP1, FP2), cropping/ production systems (FP3), and livelihoods systems (FP5). Research and CapDev in this cluster will help to improve quality control procedures and develop appropriate and safe processing equipment. This will increase the returns from selling consistently high-quality products and contribute to safer working conditions. Additional value in cassava processing can also be generated through the better use of by-products and waste, as demonstrated during RTB-Phase I by the conversion of waste cassava peels from gari processing into animal feed. Technologies to improve utilization of by-products will be tested in selected countries with a view to identify sustainable and profitable options. Through life-cycle assessment tools (LCA, ISO ), research will assess the environmental impacts of increased production and processing in SME processing centers. Life-cycle assessments will be complemented with gender analysis and socioeconomic assessments, including the equitable distribution of benefits for women. This research will generate important new knowledge of the environmental and social sustainability of this expanding industry that in turn will inform technology development, management systems, and investment planning. This cluster will engage with public and private sector stakeholders to identify and pursue research on institutional constraints to sustainable investments such as lack of collaboration between public and private partners, or poor access to information and financial services. In this context, the cluster will analyze and address gender and other social differences in access, use, and control of credit and other resources critical to investing in the opportunities from post-harvest innovation. Collaboration, established in RTB-Phase I, will be further strengthened with LIVESTOCK and FISH. Cluster CA4.3: Biofortified cassava CA4.3 aims to provide rural households with nutritious, biofortified cassava that will help to reduce VAD, particularly among pregnant and lactating women and children under 5. Biofortified cassava is rich in betacarotene and can provide a cost-effective and sustainable approach to improve serum retinol levels of target populations who depend on cassava as a staple crop. Given the geographical and social spread of these populations, biofortified cassava can reach some of the world s most food insecure and malnourished people. Research in this cluster will generate new knowledge, technologies, and protocols for the broad dissemination and diversified utilization of biofortified cassava. This research will include genderresponsive studies on consumer preferences and on quality trait preferences of cassava processors. Findings from this research will also help to guide selection of biofortified cassava varieties for release and dissemination. In collaboration with FP2, this cluster will field-test pre-released clones to ascertain their 104

108 performance against the preferential traits identified by farmers, processors, and consumers. This will include analysis of total carotene and other nutritional qualities. On the basis of these assessments, preferred clones will be identified that combine multiple traits for different target regions and uses. This technology research will be complemented by extensive operational and social research to develop and promote improved uses of biofortified cassava to support healthier diets. This will include the development of new household-level food processing, preparation, and storage techniques that promote food safety and increase nutrition benefits. This research area will also pursue new food recipes, product development, and marketing strategies aimed at creating markets for healthy foods based on biofortified cassava, including both novel and nutritionally improved traditional products. Nutrition education modules and food demonstration guidelines will be developed to stimulate demand for vitamin A-rich cassava as part of healthier diets. Working with partners from health and education sectors, these tools and methods will be mainstreamed into national nutrition programs and disseminated broadly. Through continued monitoring and in-depth assessments, this cluster will assess the effectiveness of dissemination channels and partnership models for creating demand for biofortified cassava. On the basis of this research, CA4.3 will develop guidelines for policy development, key private sector investments, and agriculture-nutrition programming to stimulate broad interest in continued support and investment in biofortified cassava. Cluster SW4.4: Nutritious sweetpotato SW4.4 aims to improve nutrition and diets and provide income opportunities in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean through more diversified and intensified utilization of nutritious sweetpotato. The cluster is focused on expanding and diversifying the use of vitamin A-rich OFSP while also exploring the use of other nutritious sweetpotato varieties through similar technologies and processes. OFSP has been proven to be an effective tool for reducing VAD among children and women at large scale. Yet much more can be done to fully exploit the potential of OFSP and other sweetpotato varieties to improve the diets of urban and rural populations and generate economic opportunities along the value chain. Research in this cluster will generate improved tools and approaches for enhancing diet quality through sweetpotato; more efficient post-harvest and processing technologies, guidelines, and capacities for nutrition-sensitive value chain development; and better investment and policy frameworks for scaling up the benefits from nutritious sweetpotato. This research will seek to exploit the increasing range of locally adapted, nutritious OFSP and other sweetpotato varieties (developed with FP2) in more than 20 countries. To improve effectiveness and efficiency of OFSP within mainstream nutrition education and nutrition support programs, research will generate improved methods, tools, and partnership approaches that will strengthen capacities for delivery and support adaptive learning to adjust delivery systems to new institutional, socioeconomic, and agro-ecological environments. This work will be based on large-scale partnerships with national nutrition campaigns, and will be informed by improved metrics for monitoring consumption and by in-depth studies of dietary options and behaviors and nutrition outcomes. Beyond working through nutrition-specific interventions, the cluster will further support innovation and diversification of sweetpotato marketing, processing, and value addition to generate a greater range of nutritious sweetpotato-based foods for rural and urban markets. Research will include market assessments for fresh and processed sweetpotato, food science analysis of sweetpotato bio-physiochemical characteristics, technologies for shelf-stable sweetpotato puree for use as infant food and in processed products, and techniques for fresh root storage and handling. Private sector partners will lead in product development and supply chain management, contribute to marketing research, and will join public sector partners to improve consumer awareness of healthier diets. Underpinning these areas of research, the cluster will strengthen the evidence base of utilization, consumption, and nutrition outcomes of increased adoption of nutritious sweetpotato and its diversified use. Evidence will be consolidated across a range of partnerships and agencies promoting 105

109 nutritious sweetpotato. It will form the basis for developing policy guidelines in the agriculture, nutrition, and health sectors; investment guidelines for the private sector; and programming guidelines for NGOs working in food security and nutrition support. Periodic assessments will analyze the effectiveness and efficiencies of these policy, investment, and partnership approaches to scaling up nutritious sweetpotato. 7. PARTNERSHIPS RTB scientists have a strong background in pro-poor value chain approaches (Devaux et al. 2009; Stoian et al. 2015); CIRAD scientists contribute with highly complementary skills in post-harvest technology and assessments. These knowledge, capacities, and skills are leveraged by a network of partners established in RTB-Phase I that places RTB in a unique position to implement FP4 successfully. Several criteria are applied for identifying new partners and building up networks and agreements (Table FP4.5): Complementary skills and capacities Large like-minded strategic partners with whom to go to scale in several countries Testing of several partnership models at each scaling-up stage, seeking to improve RTB capacity for partnering, both technically and administratively Linkages with mainstream initiatives and institutions in other sectors such as universities, vocational training institutions, youth employment and rural entrepreneurship programs, and national nutrition education programs Engagement of private sector partners as drivers of change and value chain segments where longer term capture of benefits by small-scale producers with gender equity can occur. Table FP4.5 Key partnerships for FP4 Partner or player ARI/Universities Univalle (Colombia) University of Abomey- Calavi (Benin) Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK Biosciences East/ Central Africa; BecA-ILRI Hub IITA Biochemistry lab, University of Ghana, Potsdam Univ. Germany NARES NARS (NRCRI & INERA, CSIR-CRI) NSTDA BIOTEC Private sector Food technology firms Euro Ingredients Ltd SMEs in seed Role in developing product or achieving outcome Design, construction and testing of improved cassava processing technologies Consumer preferences, sensory analysis, food chain analysis, and physico-chemical analyses of cassava-based products Storage systems and post-harvest management practices; value chain analysis; modeling processing systems and efficiency of processing plants Hosting researchers; linking NARS through Africa Biosciences Challenge Fund; capacity building and research placements in nutrition and food safety analysis Biochemical analysis and tissue culture quantification protocol optimization, retention studies PVS, varietal release, production of breeder seed, evaluating and testing of improved processing technologies, soil fertility, and crop management CSTRU: New product development (starch, flour); utilization of by-products; quality control methods. EcoWaste: Process engineering; up- or down-scaling of unit operations; wastewater management (biogas) Product development, food safety standards, and procurement and installation of equipment; capacity strengthening of private industry Quality seeds of newly released biofortified clones, reaching farmers and end users 106

110 Partner or player Machinery manufacturers and fabricators SMEs, cooperatives, and associations Commercial processors Development organizations/associations Institutions leading SUN networks and platforms (e.g., Concern Worldwide, CRS, World Vision) PATH Women s processor associations Farmer groups/ associations, lead farmers Role in developing product or achieving outcome Development of prototype machinery; better adapted to workers welfare; equipment that incorporates women s preferences and needs Business analysis and feasibility studies for new plants and plant renovations; capacity to evaluate end user preferences; production and marketing of intermediary products (e.g., sweetpotato puree); organizational and supply chain innovations involving small- scale producers and operators and their associations Product development and marketing; consumer studies; labeling and consumer education; monitoring of market performance of processed RTB products Mainstreaming RTB biofortified varieties into food security and nutrition programming, distribution of planting materials, farmer training, and monitoring; planting material and promoting the use of PVA cassava. Gender-sensitivity training; gender-appropriate data collection tools; understanding women s roles in processing; equitable credit environment, especially for women Linkages to infant and young child-feeding and health services Participatory design and evaluation of processing technology; feedback on product characteristics; feedback on constraints for access to markets Testing production technology to supply better product and more consistent supply to the processors; market intelligence; accelerated release of preferred varieties Cassava growers associations Participatory variety development; policy advocacy CGIAR CRPs (see also Annex 6) A4NH Lead: nutritional efficacy and bioavailability studies, nutrition evidence, standards for biofortified products, food safety, and health benefits. Collaborate: value chain delivery, processing, assessments of effectiveness. RTB emphasizing crop-specific and RTB-specific perspectives. WLE Cassava waste and water management Livestock Utilization of RTB by-products and waste as animal feed PIM Joint methodology development and research on RTB value chains, including methodologies for assessing post-harvest losses 8. CLIMATE CHANGE The IPCC (Porter et al. 2014) forecasts negative impacts from climate change on food and nutrition security by the mid-21 st century. FP4 will contribute to improve the climate resilience of RTB through the following initiatives. Adaptations of processing and storage technologies to climate related changes. FP4, linking with FP5, CCAFS, and the Natural Resources Institute, will assess implications from climate change and increased extreme climate events on post-harvest management, including harvesting, storage, fresh markets, and processing (e.g., drying) options. On the basis of these assessments, FP4 will develop and validate improved handling, processing, and storage technologies and supply chain management guidelines. Results from this research will inform crop improvement strategies (FP2) and research on resilient cropping systems (FP3). Innovations to contribute to climate change mitigation. Food processing, post-harvest losses, and food waste and by-products are significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions (FAO 2015). FP4 will develop technologies and guidelines for reducing post-harvest losses and improving utilization of waste (such as 107

111 peels from RTB crops) for animal feed and other uses. FP4 will specifically work to reduce emissions from cassava processing operations through appropriate selection of processing operations, improved energy efficiency, alternative renewable energy sources, water efficiency, reduced losses, and increased utilization of by-products. Linking these innovations into the current momentum for growth in the SME cassava processing industry, FP4 can contribute significantly to helping the industry reduce emissions and lower energy and water footprints. FP4 will target its dissemination activities to support both adaptation and mitigation strategies at country level, working closely with National Adaptation Programs of Action and other relevant country-led initiatives. Implementing partners will also work directly with farmers and traders associations and with the RTB processing sector to inform their policies and procedures on the basis of FP4 research. 9. GENDER The different preferences, needs, and constraints of women and men as consumers, food preparers, caregivers, sellers, buyers, processors, and employees are important determinants of FP4 outcomes. FP4 will use the following principles: Consider gender differences in RTB trait preferences by consumers, food processors, and householdlevel food preparers and caregivers (those feeding infants and children). These preferences include taste, suitability as infant food, cooking time, suitability for partial harvesting, processing quality, storability, and others. FP4 will provide feedback on gender differences in nutritional and quality traits to inform crop development and dissemination priorities. Work closely with existing country nutrition programs and NGO nutrition partners to identify good practice in gender-appropriate nutrition messaging and counseling methods and tools. Increased production and utilization of RTB at household level, risks overburdening women with additional tasks in production and food preparation. This risk will be assessed and managed in collaboration with community-level extension staff. Proactively engage women in participatory research such as testing of new processing or storage technologies, research to reduce post-harvest losses and improve utilization of RTB waste, and development and promotion of nutritious products and recipes. Work closely with key female stakeholders, such as in SME cassava processing or sweetpotato marketing, to jointly design, implement, and evaluate pilot activities. This is both to mitigate risks of marginalizing women from their current position through technological or institutional changes, and to enhance their current role and benefits such as by reducing the need for heavy physical labor during marketing and improving health and safety during processing. Engage development partners and NARES in designing and testing training and communication materials and methods, to suit the specific needs and interests of women and men, such as genderresponsive value chain tools for gender-equitable outcomes. 10. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FP4 will strengthen capacity and learn with multiple partners, including experts in women s agency and empowerment in value chains. Organizational development and institutional strengthening. CapDev will (1) enhance NARS research capacity and strengthen next users for research uptake of post-harvest interventions and (2) enhance NARES and private sector s capacity to engage with end users to adapt environmentally friendly 108

112 processing and storage technologies. Examples are CapDev in post-harvest loss assessments, improvements of small-scale processing to save labor, and capacity to evaluate biofortified cassava varieties. Public private partnerships along the value chain provide entry points for CapDev linked to advocacy, nutrition education, and the adoption of safety standards. In collaboration with FP5, communication platforms and facilitated events will foster social learning among practitioners and researchers. Partnership models, value chain approaches, and a strong evidence base from FP4 research will strengthen institutional capacity for going to scale. Design and delivery of innovative learning materials and approaches. RTB will support targeted CapDev (e.g., for SME cassava processors, specifically women and youth in rural and urban areas). It will promote recipes for nutritious and diverse food products for food vendors, processors, and homes, while increasing partnership capacity with food technology firms and the private industry. Gender and youth-sensitive approaches will be applied throughout all CapDev interventions. Attention will be given to gender-responsive training in partnership with NGOs, women associations, and the like. There is a special opportunity to strengthen the capacity of young men and women as entrepreneurs for small businesses along the post-harvest value chain through, for example, the integration of key messages into school curricula and investment in education and trade schools. 11. INTELLECTUAL ASSET AND OPEN ACCESS MANAGEMENT IA and OA management in FP4 will follow the CGIAR IA principles, OADM policy, donor requirements, and implementation strategies of program participants. Existing knowledge base and technologies will be gathered, reviewed, and documented to form a database of background information to which FP4 can refer when implementing activities. This information will include processing technologies, production systems, product specifications, and nutritional analysis tools. The background information will also be shared with general public and/or interested parties, subject to the consent of the owners/developers. Legal requirements for use and dissemination of background information will be followed, in consultation with holding centers as well as owners of these technologies. New and emerging technologies and knowledge will be shared within FP4 and among other FPs such as FP2 to enhance implementation of programs and projects. Methods for sharing may include online database access (such as RTB Dataverse), collaborative projects, and common sharing platforms as well as by direct correspondence. Final products and outputs will be promptly and broadly disseminated to next and end users as per CGIAR policies to achieve maximum impact. Intermediate and underdeveloped technologies or ideas will be open to collaboration with interested parties, FPs, and centers through agreed procedures and agreements. All data and publications resulting from research in FP4 will be made OA (following appropriate ethical considerations) for public good and as a development or resource for capacity and policy development. FP4 will abide by all applicable legal and regulatory requirements, such as health and safety standards, product quality standards, and the requirement to obtain prior informed consent. 12. FP MANAGEMENT FP4 will be managed within the general framework of RTB and will contribute to CRP-wide planning, reporting, learning, and dissemination. The FP4 leadership team will prepare annual work plans and budgets, by cluster, and will monitor their implementation closely with tools provided by the RTB s PMU. Cluster leaders will lead the preparation of these annual plans and furnish six-monthly technical reports on the delivery of research products. The FP leader will review, collate, endorse, and forward these reports to the PMU. The FP4 leadership team will hold monthly virtual meetings to review progress against 109

113 milestones, discuss areas that require urgent attention or additional support, and identify practical opportunities for collaboration between clusters and for the further development of FP4. Cluster-level leaders will coordinate all technical and financial reporting, and will foster teamwork and collaboration among the cluster team of scientists from different institutions. In particular, during research planning and reviews, the full cluster team will provide peer support. Linkages and synergies among clusters are essential for FP4 progress, and the FP leader will work with cluster leaders to promote good communications among relevant scientists. Linkages between the Crosscutting cluster CC4.1 and the crop-specific clusters will receive particular attention to ensure that the potential for accelerated learning and adaptation of methodologies across RTB crops is fully realized. Similarly, the FP leader and cluster leaders will be in close contact with their colleagues in other relevant FPs and CRPs. Specifically, they will work with the FP2 team to align research planning and facilitate feedback on quality traits from FP4 to FP2, and improve targeting of dissemination of new varieties in FP2 to reach FP4 research sites. FP4 will have close links with FP5 and, in some locations, with the A4NH Food Systems for Healthier Diets flagship, for diagnosis and forecasting, gender research, and scaling up methodologies. 110

114 FLAGSHIP PROJECT 5: IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS AT SCALE 1. RATIONALE, SCOPE The objective of FP5 is to improve livelihood resilience by scaling RTB solutions in agri-food systems. In many developing countries, RTB crops play a key role as part of diverse agri-food systems in enhancing livelihood resilience and contributing to improved farm productivity, food security, nutrition diversity, and income. FP5 provides decision support to next and end users on the benefits and trade-offs of RTB innovations across objectives, actors, and scales. It guides RTB scientists in FP1 FP4 on how to better target research for improving livelihoods at scale. FP5 will build on RTB crop improvement and production (FP1 FP3) and post-harvest technologies (FP4) using a systems approach to understand the role of RTB crops in livelihoods and institutions, and how innovations could be scaled from the farm to the community, the region, and beyond. FP5 will facilitate the interaction between socioeconomic and agro-ecological systems, using big data and tools that help understand the complexities and priorities for RTB innovations and scaling. This results-oriented approach includes (1) a forward-looking analysis of trends; (2) an understanding of the role of RTB crops and other on- and off-farm livelihood activities and income sources of smallholders in particular; (3) strong and equitable collaborative arrangements among partners and beneficiaries for scaling RTB solutions; and (4) a critical assessment of outcomes and impact as part of institutional learning. RTB crops are grown and consumed especially in the humid and sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics (>800 mm of rain/year) where they form a set of key staples. These geographies are characterized by mostly favorable (though changing) climate conditions for crop cultivation. However, households typically face poverty and food and nutrition insecurity due to (1) small farm size (<2 ha); (2) marginal lands with low and declining soil fertility due to limited nutrient (re-)use; (3) strong dependency on one or two cash crops (e.g., tree crops) whose cash benefits often do not translate into improved income, nutrition, and resilience for women and children; and (4) low dietary diversity with low intake of micro-and macronutrients that are critical for nutrition. Hence, FP5 addresses the following grand challenges, as identified by the SRF: Competition for land leading to soil degradation and deforestation. The sub-humid tropics where RTB crops dominate are characterized by a mosaic of high population pressure areas, bordering natural forests, and wetlands with significant carbon and biodiversity stocks. Degradation of these natural areas by agricultural encroachment accounts for more than 30% of all agricultural greenhouse gas emissions globally. Although industrial oil palm production in Asia and soy-livestock production in the Amazon Basin have been identified as key deforestation drivers, it is estimated that 65% of all deforestation in Africa originates from the expansion of small-scale subsistence agriculture. Deforestation and associated biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced significantly if smallholders would manage to reverse soil degradation, sustainably intensify production, and increase yield and income from existing farms. RTB research coming from FP2 FP4, including more productive and nutritional varieties and seed systems (FP2), crop management and cropping system technologies (FP3), and post-harvest nutrition enhancement alternatives (FP4), will be supported and integrated by FP5 to improve livelihood systems while reducing environmental degradation. Diverse agri-food systems. Micro- and macronutrient deficiencies are common in RTB target countries. In general, much research and extension focuses on a single crop. FP5 will take an integrated approach, looking at all nutritional sources provided by RTB crops and other crop and livestock contributions to the diet, creating a strong space for learning and integration with A4NH. 111

115 Climate change. RTB crops show diverse responses to climate change. Some, such as cassava, are more robust in the face of higher temperature and increased drought stress, whereas others will require adaptation (Jarvis et al. 2012). FP5 will build on the strengths of RTB crops for climate resilience and by taking a systems approach to facilitate adaptation (e.g., with banana playing a significant role as shade crop in perennial cropping systems and potentially offsetting adverse change). New entrepreneurial and job opportunities are emerging. Despite the relatively high energy/ha/day yields of RTB crops, the bulky nature of its fresh produce and the limited use of (and developed markets for) processing of RTB crops produce have often discouraged further investments into crop intensification by smallholders. However, this largely untapped potential of RTB crops provides a real opportunity to strengthen smallholder and youth engagement in value chains at the level of production, processing, and trade, following the successful examples in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa (in that order), particularly for cassava and potato processing. To address these grand challenges, RTB will continue foresight analysis and horizon scanning to better understand what is needed where under current and future scenarios. RTB will make available compelling impact studies that address public and donor skepticism over the effectiveness of international aid and contribute to a strong evidence base to support advocacy and resource mobilization for the CRP. Institutional innovations are required to provide smallholders in general and youth, women, and ethnic minorities in particular with opportunities to access productive resources such as land, labor, finance, and knowledge. Institutional innovations will also be required to improve farmer (group) access to differentiated markets. This may not only require stepwise improvements, but also support for transformative action to remove deeply embedded beliefs and norms that hamper women/youth employment and economic opportunities. The challenge of the systems research approach in FP5 is that the number of interactions and the responses to the grand challenges may seem endless. Hence, methods and tools to describe, explain, explore, and design system entry points, and manage related trade-offs and synergies, are critical to prioritize RTB investments. Using multistakeholder engagement processes, FP5 will prioritize entry points and scaling opportunities relevant to the specific context. This will strengthen both the science of delivery and the impact on livelihoods. 2. OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS The objective of FP5 is to improve livelihood resilience by scaling RTB solutions in agri-food systems. This objective will be achieved through the implementation of four interrelated crosscutting clusters: CC5.1 Foresight and impact assessment CC5.2 Sustainable intensification and diversification for improved resilience, nutrition, and income CC5.3 Gender-equitable development and youth employment CC5.4 Institutional innovation and scaling. The four clusters are characterized by the aims and rationales shown in Table FP5.1. The synergies and linkages between the clusters are illustrated in Table FP5.3 in subsection

116 Table FP5.1. Aims and rationale of the clusters comprising FP5 Cluster Proposed aim statement Proposed rationale Enhance RTB impact by guiding current and future investments of donors, policymakers, researchers, and other practitioners on major opportunities and threats for RTB innovations at crop and systems levels CC5.1: Foresight and impact assessment CC5.2: Sustainable intensification/ diversification CC5.3: Gender and youth CC5.4: Institutional innovation and scaling Improve livelihoods at farm and community levels through better income and nutrition while reducing farmers risks and enhancing equity and ecosystems services Design and implement strategic gender and youth research across all FPs for genderresponsive outcomes and economic opportunities for youth Develop and apply a new theory and practice of scaling from a (livelihood) systems perspective, including institutional innovations Improve the targeting and tailoring of RTB innovations for next and end users, by providing insights on existing and future drivers of technology adoption Develop and apply models and participatory methods to understand diverse RTB crops-based livelihood realities and needs Contribute to removal of barriers for RTB technology adoption with gender and intergenerational transformations Reconfigure the formal and informal rules and arrangements that shape decisions, practices and interactions across different actors and levels to enhance impact systems In terms of geographic targets, FP5 will engage in place-based R4D in the regions and countries primarily targeted by RTB, namely the humid and semi-humid areas of West and East Africa, the tropical Americas and Andes, and Southeast Asia. Systems research in RTB will link FP5 with the Delivery flagships FP2 FP4 and other CRPs through site integration. This process will be strengthened through a systems innovation fund to encourage collaborative systems research within and outside RTB. This will include farm- and community-level assessments of technology options, including options outside RTB, and will help to provide decision support for private and public sector actors on the trade-offs and synergies of different investment options. The fund will be set up with a competitive call to implement five to six projects (potentially more under uplift budget) co-developed by FP5 with other FPs and CRPs. The projects will be prioritized and implemented using a place-based approach through the site integration process. Potential projects will be scoped out and presented for review once RTB-Phase II is underway. These could include (1) improved RTB integration in cocoa-based systems in West Africa for improved resilience with FP3 and CCAFS; (2) institutional innovations (e.g., mobile phone apps for knowledge access and youth service providers) for potato growers in the East African highlands to enhance production, processing, and urban market supply with FP2, FP4, and PIM; (3) pathways for equitable and sustainable intensification of cassava-based cropping systems in the highlands of Southeast Asia with FP4 and CCAFS; and (4) nutrition improvements through increased dietary diversity via diversified production systems (including biofortification) and value chains in the tropical Americas and the Andes with FP1, FP2, FP4, A4NH, and PIM. Table FP5.2 gives the RTB outcomes and (Sub)-IDOs that will be addressed in FP5, including the number of beneficiaries and target countries. 113

117 Table FP5.2. RTB outcomes and (Sub)-IDOs for FP5 with details on 2022 targets and geographies by cluster RTB Outcomes and Sub-IDOs Number of beneficiaries Target (Performance Indicator Matrix, Tables B and C)* estimated by geographies/afs (2022) countries Outcome 5.1: Income increased by 20% for Equitable and sustainable intensification and diversification Countries for at least 550,000 HH of RTB-based production systems combined with site integration Diversified enterprise opportunities institutional innovations and strengthened market ++ and + in opportunities for smallholder farmers and youth (e.g., (semi-)humid Outcome 5.2: Whole-farm productivity cassava Southeast Asia; sweetpotato Kenya, Nigeria, areas of West increased by 25% for at least 1,000,000 HH Ghana, Ethiopia; potato Andes, East African highlands) and East Africa, Closed yield gaps through improved 850,000 HH the tropical agronomic and animal husbandry practices Integration of RTB crops as multipurpose for food Americas and security (fresh and processed products) and livestock the Andes, and Outcome 5.3: Diet quality indices increased feed (e.g., cassava Nigeria; sweetpotato Uganda, Southeast Asia by 20% for at least 300,000 farmer HH Rwanda, Kenya; production system diversification NB: All HH members, particularly children tropical Americas and the Andes) under 5, women of reproductive age, and 1,000,000 HH the vulnerable Integration of RTB crops into other agri-food systems (e.g., Optimized consumption of diverse tree crops systems with cocoa, coffee, and oil palm nutrient-rich foods Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, Vietnam; cereal crops rice and maize Asia; legumes x potato Kenya, Rwanda) Outcome 5.4: Improved soil management 350,000 HH practices adopted on at least 200,000 ha Climate-resilient RTB crops and cropping systems as cultivated by smallholder farmers option for winter/dry season cultivation and as flood, Agricultural systems diversified and drought, and high soil salinity response (e.g., intensified in ways that protect soils and sweetpotato Malawi, Mozambique, Bangladesh; RTB water crops in maize-dominated production systems under high climate stresses Zambia) 1,000,000 HH Crosscutting issues Outcome 5.5: Capacity to deal with climate risks and extremes increased for at least 500,000 HH Enhanced adaptive capacity to climate risks A.1.4 Enhanced capacity to deal with climatic risks and extremes Outcome 5.6: At least 35% increase in number of female and young beneficiaries of at least 200,000 HH perceive to have better control over assets and resources B.1.1 Gender-equitable control of productive assets and resources Outcome 5.7: RTB Delivery flagships and at least 55 R&D partner organizations with more gender-responsive planning and implementation processes, reflected in at least 5 additional collaborative arrangements with public sector and civil society organizations supporting gender transformation B.1.3 Improved capacity of women and young people to participate in decision making Outcome 5.8: At least 66 cases where RTB crops/technologies are newly included in policies or programs executed by government agencies, NGOs, and/or private sector C.1.1 Increased capacity of beneficiaries to adopt research outputs Outcome 5.9: At least 1,500 R&D staff in RTB and in mixed-type partner organizations across prime target countries with strengthened research and innovation capacities, including gender-responsive and -transformative research D.1.1 Enhanced institutional capacity of partner research organizations D.1.2 Enhanced individual capacity in partner research organizations through training and exchange Outcome 5.10: At least 5 partnership and scaling models tested in at least 5 target countries and adjusted to be fit for purpose D.1.4 Increased capacity for innovation in partner development organizations and in poor and vulnerable communities Note: *Outcomes indicate the additional number of beneficiaries that can be attributed to the synergistic and additive effect of FP5 on scaling activities taking place in FP2 FP4. The list of selected geographies/agri-food systems is not exhaustive; the results of the Site Integration process will further guide the selection process. The number of beneficiaries reflects targets estimated in other FPs for these countries. 114

118 3. IMPACT PATHWAY AND THEORY OF CHANGE FP5 sheds new light on RTB initiatives, building a greater emphasis on the agri-food systems and livelihoods perspective into the program intervention logic. The underlying assumption of this flagship is that innovations arising from other FPs will have greater impact if they can be analyzed, targeted, and tailored by FP5 for use in a much broader systems context. FP5 has a strong learning and support function that makes it unique in the program set-up and highly complementary to the other RTB-FPs. FP5 will nurture a results-oriented culture among RTB participating centers, partners, and stakeholders by applying a forward-looking analysis of trends and an examination of past evidence of impact. Evidence generated will be used to strengthen collaborative arrangements for (1) joint learning and equitable access to knowledge, (2) pooling of resources and enhanced impact among partners and beneficiaries for scaling RTB solutions, and (3) critical assessment of outcomes and impact as part of institutional learning. FP5 will intervene along two main pathways (see Fig. FP5.1). The analysis of synergies and trade-offs between technologies proposed for RTB agri-food systems represents the starting point of one of these pathways. Through this analysis, the FP will provide opportunities to better target, understand, test, and tailor context-specific innovations. The starting point for the second pathway is the science of delivery. Through these two pathways, FP5 will look at what is delivered (knowledge, tools, management practices, etc.) while stressing how it is supposed to be delivered (e.g., partnership and institutional settings, opportunities and constraints related to gender norms, stakeholders capacity to innovate). Key products that will be obtained are approaches and tools for translating and brokering research outputs into clientspecific products and practices, as well as appropriate partnership and scaling models for massive impact. In collaboration with other CRPs, FP5 will assess and provide options on how innovations could: Respond to current and future user needs and market opportunities (CC5.1, link with PIM) and how scaling depends on institutional innovations for example, in the sphere of regulation, tenure, policy, culture, social organization, service provision, and governance procedures (CC5.4, link with MAIZE and PIM). Improve total farm productivity in the short term, while avoiding ecosystem degradation and ecosystem service decline in the long term (CC5.2, link with MAIZE, FTA, LIVESTOCK, and RICE). Improve income and nutrition resilience while acting synergistically with other CRPs. Integrate RTB crops with livestock and legumes (CC5.2, link with LIVESTOCK and DCL); with vegetable, legume, and fruit production, particularly during lean seasons (CC5.2, link with A4NH); with tree crops (e.g., cocoa, coffee, oil palm) or cereal crops (maize, rice) (CC5.2, link with MAIZE and FTA). Improve resilience to climate, price, and crop pest/disease shocks (CC5.2, link with CCAFS). Respond to diverse and multiple livelihood objectives, including opportunities for women and youth (CC5.3 and CC5.4, link with PIM and the CGIAR-wide Gender Platform). FP5 will support much of the innovation brokering, learning, and scaling in RTB and feed end user and next user intelligence into FP1 FP4 to guide technology development. Conversely, FP1 FP4 provide information on technological opportunities and (perceived) scaling barriers to FP5. Such feedback loops should nurture a continuous improvement, including technology refinement, based on learning. 115

119 Figure FP5.1. Impact Pathway FP5 main risks/assumptions and capacity development interventions FP5 will play a key coordination and learning support role with CapDev across other FPs. Its priorities are enhancing the capacity of researchers, scaling actors, and end users to innovate and invest in RTB-based agri-food-systems as well as inclusive research methods that promote improved gender equity and youth participation. FP5 will also invest in multistakeholder platforms to catalyze interactions between researchers and next users. There will not be a fixed format for these platforms; rather, where possible FP5 will build on existing platforms or organize one-off events to bring different stakeholder groups together. Multistakeholder platforms, ICT options for knowledge exchange, networking, and marketing engagement co-developed with research and scaling partners will work across clusters and enable RTB to better: Understand next user needs and opportunities (CC5.4, CC5.3, and CC5.1) Identify institutional barriers and gaps that need to be addressed to enable scaling (CC5.4) Co-develop transformative gender strategies for women and youth (CC5.3). 116

120 The learning from these joint activities will then guide novel partnerships and scaling models. Novel institutional models, tools, or networks will be identified and promoted, such as credit models to enable smallholders (particularly women and youth) to access productive resources (land, labor, capital) (CC5.3 and CC5.4). One risk that can be identified is that FP5 might target rich farmers through value chain approaches and that FP1 FP4 technologies will first increase productivity of these farmers who are perceived as already relatively privileged. This may lead to skewed impact in farm communities. In fact, the increase in market volumes by the early adopters may (temporarily) decrease the local market price and will subsequently decrease crop income of the poorer non-adopters (Fig. FP5.2). An intensification package approach may reduce agronomic efficiency and profitability of technologies introduced if they are not correctly staggered, reflecting a need for a stepwise approach tailored to farmers resource availability. Note: (Y-axis in Uganda Shillings per capita per year) in the Southwestern highlands of Uganda for 292 farmers sorted from most- (left) to least-productive (right). The more wealthy farmers (on the left) generate proportionally more value from potatoes (yellow bar sections) than poor farmers on the right. These wealthy farmers are more likely to adopt improved intensification technologies (improved seed quality, fertilizer, etc.) compared to poor farmers who are unlikely to adopt technologies that require additional labor of cash investment. Source: van Asten et al Figure FP5.2. Total household value of production from farm activities 4. SCIENCE QUALITY Each of the clusters in FP5 includes novel science: CC5.1 Foresight and impact assessment. This cluster will develop a coherent framework to enhance current and anticipated livelihood and economic impacts of RTB research and ensure demand orientation and learning from both positive and negative results as key elements of RBM. This cluster will contribute strongly to the M&EL, impact, and analysis functions of RTB. CC5.1 will use a harmonized set of approaches, state-of-the-art methods and tools to conduct prioritysetting exercises (Fuglie and Thiele 2009) and impact studies (Bellon et al. 2015) in target countries and across RTB agri-food systems. Five of these are presented here. (1) Integrated use of biophysical and economic models for foresight analysis and ex-ante assessments, with improved data and parameterization of RTB crops and agri-food systems and model comparison (e.g., economic surplus vs. computable general equilibrium; multi-markets vs. single markets; static vs. dynamic; different output measures). The models will increase the robustness of the conclusions by looking at complementary results in a confidence interval. (2) Use of cost-effective DNA fingerprinting techniques developed under 117

121 FP2 to confirm genetic identity of RTB crop varieties in the field, particularly important due to uncertainty around genetic identity in RTB crops (Rabbi et al. 2014), combined with traditional approaches (e.g., experts elicitation panels) to estimate smallholder technology adoption. (3) Representative data surveys and shared databases of RTB varietal and technology releases and adoption to estimate outcomes at the national and regional levels (Alene et al. 2015; Labarta 2015). (4) Integration of sex-disaggregated data collection protocols. (5) Econometric techniques (e.g., randomized control trials, propensity score matching, difference-in-difference approaches; Bayesian statistic) to conduct next-generation impact studies that include effects on poverty reduction. CC5.2 Sustainable intensification and diversification. There is a strong shift of the innovation process toward understanding next and end users contexts, capacities, and needs, as well as their active participation in priority setting and evaluation of interventions (Berthet et al. 2016). Objective-specific typology approaches will be used to match plant- and plot-level innovations with next and end users needs. Baskets of best-fit interventions will be developed, rather than blanket recommendations that ignore heterogeneity and location-specific biophysical and social characteristics. Stepwise approaches to intensify crop production such as integrated soil fertility management need to be matched with farm typologies and natural resource status. Models that allow modeling of novel farm- and landscape-level configurations (e.g., FARMSIM and FarmDESIGN) will be applied to design best-fit RTB options. These options take advantage of synergies and manage trade-offs over space (farm and landscape levels) and time (seasonal and long-term socio-ecological system viability) for the multiple livelihood outcomes nutrition, income, and ecosystem health (Vanlauwe et al. 2014), considering gender norms and priorities. Large household datasets will enable development of context-specific DST (Frelat et al. 2015) for selfdiagnosis by next and end users. These facilitate choice of effective place-based interventions, thereby building adaptive livelihood capacity (Muhammad et al. 2016). The place-based interventions allow for participatory innovation and dissemination approaches (Lamb et al. 2016), including the involvement of multistakeholder platforms and ICT tools (CC5.4) and mapping pathways, for wider impact based on projected future agro-ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional scenarios (CC5.1). This cluster will also invest in novel needs-based whole-diet approaches. A whole-diet approach allows for multiple dimensions of the diet to be addressed, moving forward from the single nutrient/food or food group approach that has driven much of the biofortification and nutrition work (together with FP4). The needs-based approach founded on dietary gaps is a new way to identify priority crops/livestock/tree diversification and intensification options, and can be used to complement other outcomes, including income total farm productivity and ecosystem service functions. Across this cluster, participatory approaches and institutional innovations will be integrated that strengthen the science in CC5.4. CC5.3 Gender and youth. This cluster will synthesize lessons learned from gender analyses conducted for different RTB technologies (e.g., varieties, seed systems, pest and disease management, nutrition, and post-harvest handling and processing) across the different RTB crops (e.g., Mudege et al., 2015) and put these into a livelihoods perspective, building on CC5.2. CC5.3 will translate these lessons learned into improved methods and guidelines for gender-responsive and -transformative research, targeting next and end users. In collaboration with CC5.4, it will develop innovative approaches for gender integration and youth analysis and evaluative research that ensure that technical innovations are useful for both men and women. This includes the collection and analysis of large-scale comparative qualitative data and social trends analysis, to generate lessons that can be generalized across regions, crops, and livelihood typologies. Research approaches are used that promote the use of genuine integration of qualitative and quantitative research (Shaffer 2013). The cluster will also engage in action research in pilot projects using youth and stakeholder analysis and private-public partnership models to expand economic opportunities for youth. CC5.3 will adopt reflective capacity building and use (Gottschick 2013) that will expose 118

122 biophysical researchers to gender research in order to sustain gender- and youth-responsive research within RTB. CC5.4 Institutional innovation and scaling. CC5.4 will provide support for innovation and strengthen practices of delivery and scaling from a livelihood systems perspective. Current theories of scaling do not adequately account for institutional dimensions and the diversity in next and end user needs and opportunities, which are captured in CC5.1 CC5.3. Scaling approaches are still often based on pipeline delivery models that target the farm level, rather than networks of interdependent stakeholders. Collaborative engagement is required through existing or novel multistakeholder platforms. Stakeholder engagement will draw on analysis of networks and stakeholder connectivity, scaling functions, and knowledge gaps. FP5 will engage in action research with these stakeholders on institutional innovations that help overcome existing constraints to scaling (e.g., new land tenure contracts that encourage investment in soil fertility or grading systems to improve planting materials). Hence, FP5 will need to complement technological innovations with institutional innovations (Klerkx and Leeuwis 2009). This includes experimentation with ICT-based monitoring systems that use decentralized data collection ( citizen science ) for quick access to broad-based and up-to-date information to inform decision making of interdependent stakeholders (e.g., agreement on regional pest management strategies). Such connective action (Gray and VanderWal 2012) is critical for achieving impact at scale. However, the potential of citizen science (Jalbert and Kinchy 2015; Van Etten et al. 2016) to achieve this connective action has not yet received much attention in R4D. Research on existing networks and delivery models will be used to assess existing partnership and scaling approaches in FP1 FP4, and generate crosscutting insights that can guide a best-practices framework on appropriate scaling. 5. LESSONS LEARNED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES FP5 builds on a strong heritage from Phase I when many RTB crop technologies have been successfully scaled. Examples with wide impact include (1) OFSP for nutrition; (2) Banana Xanthomonas wilt control practices; and (3) CMD and CBSD control. However success is mostly related to addressing a single major constraint and dissemination took place through classical delivery pipelines with clearly differentiated roles for national partners and NGOs. However, such an approach is less likely to be successful for larger complex problems at the core of the grand challenges, such as soil degradation and climate change. Technologies to tackle these complex problems often require significant changes in smallholder resources, have considerable lag-times between investment and returns dissuading smallholders, and need action at landscape-level. RTB will draw on lessons learned with Humidtropics from investment in understanding complex systems. This requires novel methods for systems analysis (Frelat et al. 2015), priority setting (Schut et al. 2015), and innovative partnering arrangements to ensure relevance, ownership, and sustainability of innovations (Dror et al. 2016). Key lessons from Humidtropics for FP5 are: Systems research must begin with understanding component synergies and trade-offs as well as stakeholder constraints and opportunities. Faster and simpler diagnoses and priority-setting tools, such as Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Innovation Systems (Schut et al. 2015), creates ownership by participants and makes it possible to fast-track action and research. Less time should be spent on exante analysis and more on systemic evaluation of options. Alternative funding models can empower place-based partnerships and joint learning among advanced research disciplines, institutes, CGIAR, NARS, local private/public scaling partners and end users. Cluster 4 funding model in Humidtropics explicitly supported the generation of collaborative integrated systems research projects among partners. Similarly in RTB, the complementary funding model in Phase I supported CRP synergies and built novel linkages among program participants and partners (see IEA 2016). The new systems innovation fund builds on these initiatives to create a 119

123 mechanism and set of incentives to stimulate cross FP and CRP initiatives for livelihood systems research. Multistakeholder platforms for innovation and scaling provided significant ownership and coinvestment from the private and public sectors. However, when platforms delayed concrete action and the platform restricted its actions to meetings, stakeholder participation and investment declined. It is better to tap into existing platforms and networks as a cost-effective shortcut. Successful bilateral RTB-Humidtropics projects already exist in the East African highlands, notably the Consortium for Improving Agriculture Based Livelihood Systems in Central Africa ( project and the Policy Action on Sustainable Intensification of Cropping Systems project ( Scientists collaborate on intensification of banana-, cassava-, and potato-based farming systems. They work directly with local governments, NARS, NGOs, and the private sector to simultaneously tackle (1) access to new varieties; (2) crop disease control; (3) quality seed availability; (4) improved soil management practices; (5) market linkages; and (6) removal of policy barriers. Gender research needs to be integrated into joint activities at program level, such as in the NEXTGEN Cassava work in Nigeria, potato work in Malawi, and banana work in Uganda. Scientists in these programs integrated gender results into breeding, design of farmer training, and development of post-harvest technologies. The CGIAR GENNOVATE study showed that male and female youth have markedly different needs and interests, which also differ from those of adult men and women. The IITA youth agripreneur program provided significant exposure and enthusiasm, but revealed a need to deepen understanding on youth targeting and opportunities. 6. CLUSTERS OF ACTIVITY FP5 is composed of a set of interacting clusters that feed science input into each other and into the clusters of FP1 FP4. Table FP5.3 provides a snapshot overview of the core science products of each of the clusters in FP5 and how they link to and build on each other. Table FP5.3. Key aspects and interactions of clusters in FP5 Science input What the cluster gives to the other clusters in FP5 What the cluster receives from the other clusters in FP5 CC5.1: Foresight and impact assessment Creating evidence for guiding RTB and next users investments Institutional networks and models (CC5.4), Drivers of technology adoption by farmers (CC5.2), Understanding barriers for gender/ youth impact (CC5.3) CC5.2: Sustainable intensification/ diversification Insight in technology fitting in farming/ livelihood systems tailoring for diverse needs and objectives Insights into what RTB technologies to assess with farmers and farm communities (CC5.1, CC5.3, CC5.4) and guidance on what evidence to create for to enable up- and outscaling CC5.3: Gender and youth Guidance on responsive and transformative gender and youth innovations Insights in how gender is embedded at farm (CC5.2), community (CC5.2, CC5.4), and (supra-) national level and institutions (CC5.1, CC5.4), and what opportunities require further investment CC5.4: Institutional innovation and scaling Scaling models through existing and novel institutional arrangements Evidence on the ex-ante impact (# of people and $) and desired RTB-based technologies (CC5.1). Insights on diversity of needs and opportunities of end users (CC5.2). Guidance on gender and youth barriers (CC5.3) 120

124 Science input Farm/ householdlevel research Community/ landscapelevel research National/ policy and institutionallevel research CC5.1: Foresight and impact assessment Ex-post assessment of technology adoption reveals household drivers Impact assessment to understand diversity of adoption and cumulative impact on communities Impact assessment, foresight, and horizon scanning CC5.2: Sustainable intensification/ diversification Farm-level modeling of trade-offs and synergies in RTBbased farming systems Tailor innovations to diversity in farm resources and objectives (typologies) and aggregate impact on landscape DST to guide synergies and trade-offs in investment options CC5.3: Gender and youth Gender-differentiated and Youth preferences and intra-household dynamics Gender norms and barriers guiding responsive and transformative action Guiding up- and outscaling actors on responsive and transformative action CC5.4: Institutional innovation and scaling Ensuring end user engagement in multistakeholder networks Institutional networks and barriers triggering institutional innovation Policy engagement for up- and out-scaling Each of the four clusters of FP5 has identified several research products that will deliver measurable R&D outcomes and contribute to (Sub)-IDOs. Table FP5.4 provides an overview of the research products of each cluster. Table FP5.4. Summary of cluster research products Cluster CC5.1: Foresight and impact assessment CC5.2: Sustainable intensification/ diversification CC5.3: Gender and youth CC5.4: Institutional innovation and scaling Research products Horizon scanning, foresight, and strategic assessment End users needs, preferences, and opportunities for technology development Enhanced approaches, models, and tools for ex-ante and ex-post impact assessment Impact data collection, storage, and sharing for RBM guidance Ex-post impact studies on innovation adoption and adaptation Learning and feedback on RTB science portfolio for impactful scaling Context-specific household typologies, farming system modeling, and trade-off analysis tools developed to formulate recommendation domains for FP2 4 Diversification options for improved resilience of vulnerable households and improved ecosystem function and service generation and distribution Sustainable intensification pathways for smallholders in response to RTB market opportunities Whole-diet approaches for improved dietary diversity and intake at the household level Capacity building and co-learning approaches and tools Tools, protocols, and models for gender- and youth-responsive innovation and communication Strategies and options for agricultural innovations targeting gender transformation and women empowerment Framework to learn, link, and leverage resources to increase youth employment and agripreneurship Gender and youth CapDev materials and strategies Institutional options and methodologies for institutional experimentation DST and applications for connective action Best practices for impactful scaling 121

125 CC5.1: Foresight and impact assessment CC5.1 aims to enhance RTB impact by guiding current and future investments of donors, policymakers, researchers, and other practitioners on major opportunities and threats for RTB innovations at crop and systems level. This cluster will develop products and approaches to support collective learning processes; six of these products are mentioned here. (1) Insights from participatory foresight analysis and impact assessments of RTB technologies, based on improved data and parameterization of RTB crops and agrifood systems, and model comparison to improve the robustness of the conclusions (e.g., compare economic surplus vs. computable general equilibrium; multi- vs. single-markets; static vs. dynamic; different output measures). (2) Understanding of value chain actors and end user demands for priority traits in RTB crops and technologies, using revealed and stated preference methods. (3) Feedback to FP1 and FP2 on the adoption of existing varieties using different DNA fingerprinting techniques developed by FP2 to confirm genetic identity of RTB crop varieties in farmers fields, complemented with the use of representative survey data to estimate adoption at national and regional levels. Sex-disaggregated data collection protocols will be integrated into impact assessment data and will also feed into lessons for CC5.3. (4) Novel data collection processes and storage protocols and templates will be developed in partnership with ARIs, including tools to collect impact assessment data integrated with biological trials protocols. (5) Impact studies will be co-located in target countries of interest to several RTB agri-food systems, and a common database of varietal release and adoption estimates for RTB varieties and technologies will be developed. (6) A comparison will be made of baseline data from ex-ante analysis with information from ex-post impact assessments to provide RTB FP1 FP4 with relevant feedback to refine directions of their research. The quantitative work in CC5.1 will be validated and guided by the stakeholder networks engaged in CC5.4 for joint learning and priority setting. CC5.2: Sustainable intensification and diversification CC5.2 aims to improve livelihoods at farm and community level through better income and nutrition while reducing farmers risks and enhancing equity and ecosystems services. This cluster applies a whole farm systems approach from the farm level to landscape scale to enable an understanding of options for sustainable intensification and diversification involving RTB-related innovations (FP2 FP4) for improved household income, dietary quality, and ecosystem function and resilience. At the crux of this farm and livelihood systems approach sits the tension between (1) agricultural intensification, for maximizing productivity; (2) agricultural diversification, for livelihood diversification and risk minimization; and (3) natural resource management, for sustained ecosystems services. The impact of, and potential synergies between, these options, which are often considered distinct, can be understood only by taking a holistic approach that allows the relative tradeoffs and synergies that may result to be considered. Although the primary focus of analysis is the farm level, CC5.2 also explores how livelihood diversity and (ecosystem) services at community level are influenced at the landscape level by RTB innovations. This cluster provides a toolbox and framework of relevant and effective options for sustainable intensification and diversification that are embedded in RTB-related innovations. This enables the cluster to better contribute to the three dimensions of income, dietary quality, and ecosystem resilience, tailored to diverse household contexts (agro-ecological, socioeconomic, institutional) and their dynamics. Overall dietary quality gaps will be assessed and options to diversify in RTB crop systems will be tested for their efficacy to address those dietary gaps. Further, options for stepwise intensification of market-oriented RTB systems will be identified and evaluated. Agro-ecosystem management practices that impact at farm scale (e.g., crop-livestock integration) and landscape scale (e.g., perennial systems on erosion-prone hillsides) will be evaluated and tailored to fit into RTB-related innovations while considering household and ecosystem dynamics for improved sustainability and resilience. Public and private sector service providers 122

126 (e.g., extension officers) will be trained in situ on DST (e.g., technical sheets, mobile phone app) for the selection of sustainable intensification and diversification options that are tailored to the objectives, resource availability, and environmental conditions of the farmer. This will be complemented with partner field demonstrations as well as learning workshops within sites and exchange visits between (similar) sites. This will be part of the place-based research approach in RTB and the CGIAR Site Integration with CCAFS, A4NH, FTA, RICE, and PIM. CC5.3: Gender and youth CC5.3 aims to design and implement strategic gender and youth research across all RTB flagships for gender-responsive outcomes and economic opportunities for youth. The cluster encourages genderresponsive research across RTB flagships (e.g., on preferences for varietal traits) and supports gendertransformative research (e.g., women s control over income from RTB crops) and intergenerational transfer models (e.g., youth s access to productive assets). Emphasis will also be on understanding youth s gendered interests and identifying context-specific, agro-economic opportunities for youth. Investment in youth and by youth should depend on their diverse access to resources (i.e., knowledge, land, funds), their aspirations, and the diverse opportunities (production, processing, marketing) that exist in their biophysical and socioeconomic environment. This cluster will first identify and synthesize the gender and youth interests in RTB s diverse research products. Narratives that identify what was and was not successful will enable the development of tools, protocols, and models for gender-responsive agricultural innovations for use by all scientists and partners. Subsequently, results from case studies will be used to identify gender-transformative impact pathways and related gender indicators to track progress with next users. Four different entry points are identified for CCC5.3: (1) improving access to productive resources; (2) public-private partnerships to promote youth employment and agripreneurship; (3) vocational training curricula on agri-business, including use of ICT; and (4) incubation and CapDev programs on producing, processing, and marketing of RTB products. CC5.4: Institutional innovation and scaling CC5.4 aims to develop and promote tools and approaches that strengthen institutional innovation for responsible scaling. RTB does not play the role of NGOs, public extension, or private sector services for the last-mile delivery. Rather, it works as a knowledge provider and broker with these actors and other stakeholders to jointly identify and test opportunities for improved scaling. This cluster invests in the science of delivery; research, learning, and scaling support activities take place in close cooperation with other clusters of FP5 and FP2 FP4. This will generate the science-based evidence on social processes and institutional innovations needed to make existing technology effective in achieving development impact, or trigger new technological agendas in support of desirable institutional change. This cluster also supports CC5.1 to create opportunities for joint learning that serve the purposes of M&E and learning and CapDev. This will include systematically documenting user feedback from priority-setting exercises and participatory research on RTB technologies. Subsequently, this cluster will support and encourage RTBrelated networks to develop and experiment with novel institutional options in real-life settings (e.g., knowledge service models, access to credit, inputs and markets, agricultural policies) by interdependent stakeholders. The explicit demand for impact will ask for more integrated and transdisciplinary research approaches. CC5.4 will build on recent developments in web-based and mobile technologies, which hold considerable promise to overcome problems of information transfer, connectivity, and coordination of different actors. Digital DST can, for example, be developed in relation to disease control in potato production in Ethiopia, site-specific crop management options, and genetic resources. This cluster will focus on assessing the experiences and outcomes of the different context-specific delivery and scaling practices within FP2 FP4, based on the evidence generated in CC5.1. It will then learn from (alternative) models and mechanisms for scaling, applied inside and outside of RTB. A transdisciplinary CoP with 123

127 scientists engaged in different RTB flagships and clusters will create evidence on the impact of RTB technologies (CC5.1) and logically link that to institutional dynamics along the impact pathway. These will then be synthesized (e.g., policy and investment briefs) and used in engagements with donors, private sector, and policy actors to influence their investments. 7. PARTNERSHIPS FP5 is designed to support and strengthen partnerships in particular that contribute to improving livelihoods at scale. This will involve the identification, testing, and facilitation of different partnership modalities within the Discovery and Delivery flagships (FP1 FP4). There are four broad types of development actors with whom partnership models for going to scale can be assessed. These are (1) selected large-scale development organizations able to fund scaling activities from their own resources; (2) a larger number of local nonprofit civil society and public partners, generally low-resourced actors but often with good local knowledge and legitimacy; (3) regional/subregional organizations and platforms as important agents for knowledge-sharing; and (4) private sector actors, sometimes with large networks (e.g., seed companies). FP5 will establish the collaborative advantage of these partnerships through an analysis of organizational goals, characteristics, connectivity, and culture in relation to end user RTB technology needs (differentiated according to type, gender, and age). This will be supported by CC5.3 and CC5.4. Partners also have to have some presence on the ground to contribute to the Site Integration agenda. In addition, two types of specialist partners are identified that will contribute to the development and refinement of approaches and tools: the GI-CRPs and other AFS-CRPs, and ARIs (e.g., in the framework of the RTB University Linkage Program). Table FP5.5. Key partnerships for FP5 Partner Relationship and role in developing product or achieving outcome Large-scale, well-resourced development actors Major international NGOs Sharing and aligning of impact pathways with partners, with joint metrics (CRS, Care, World Vision, systems where appropriate and feasible Oxfam, Save the Children); Contributing to large-scale uptake through awareness raising, CapDev, and public sector development steering investments projects (IFAD investment Responsibility for M&EL at scale projects/ regional Bridging to local stakeholders from public and private sectors and civil society development bank Providing end user feedback (gender and age differentiated) and joint learning projects; CRS, USAID, DFID, for technology refinement in given geographies (site integration). Providing GIZ, SDC) insight in local policy, market, and institutional barriers and incentives, and help design and test institutional innovations with end users Local, low-resourced nonprofit and public actors Government ministries, public agencies, local civil society organizations, user groups/associations Providing ground-truth and link to local stakeholders and multisector platforms Supporting dissemination of technologies through testing institutional innovations and by providing feedback on technology refinement Users of M&EL tools from RTB/large-scale development partners Regional/sub-regional organizations and platforms FARA and ASARECA Providing insight into local policy, market and institutional barriers, and (Africa), Learning Alliances incentives, and help design and test institutional innovations -> legitimacy and for Sustainable and scaling Inclusive Development 124

128 Partner (Central America, Andes), ProMusa, MusaNet, CATIE, IICA Private sector actors Input traders (fertilizers, seeds), food processors, and other SMEs engaged in RTB value chains, multinational private sector actors such as Yara, Unilever, Nestlé, IDH, WCF, Rainforest Alliance ARIs/Universities WUR, NRI, MSU, Virginia Tech, Cornell, Guelph, Penn State University, Clark University, University of Florida, and other N. American universities with strong gender capacity, ALIGN, partnering initiative, local universities CGIAR CRPs (see also Annex 6) A4NH, CCAFS, PIM, WLE, DCL, FISH, MAIZE, FTA, RICE, LIVESTOCK Gender Platform Relationship and role in developing product or achieving outcome Facilitating dissemination of methods, tools, and practices, including knowledge sharing on nutrition, conservation, sustainable practices, etc. Contributing to CapDev efforts (training, supervision of students) Insight into end user preferences and markets Effective and efficient distribution channels Processing of RTB crops into nutritious and affordable foods Co-investments in RTB value chain upgrading and institutional innovations Linking and backstopping function when RTB-system technologies affect demand for and/or supply of major trade commodities like fertilizer or cocoa Key expertise on social science, institutional innovation, and the potential of ICT as well as on farming systems analysis and trade-off modeling; innovative thinking in partnerships, innovation platforms, impact assessment Innovative action research and mentoring on gender, targeting, and scaling Bridging social and biophysical sciences State-of-the-art methods and tools for impact assessment Site integration joint impact pathways, sites, and M&EL systems Co-location of scientists and joint PhD students Joint/complementary investments in tools development, partnering, and scaling Horizon scanning and foresight analysis, policy analysis Joint research on impactful partnership and scaling models With CCAFS Learning Platform Ex-ante evaluation and decision support for climate-smart options Mixed tree crop (coffee/cocoa) RTB farming systems Mixed rice-rtb cropping systems in inland valleys Crop-livestock interactions RTB residue/waste re-use Exchange on sustainable intensification and systems analysis tools MAIZE FP4 Share and synthesize knowledge on how gender inequalities affect agri-food systems and understand the approaches and tools required to improve equitable access to RTB innovations 8. CLIMATE CHANGE CC5.2 will focus on improving the resilience of smallholder farming systems, including adaptation to climate change and shocks. Diversified farming systems are known to be more resilient to climate shocks. Resilience can be increased by increasing the diversity of RTB crops and through synergies with other farm enterprises such as livestock and vegetable gardening. Women have a key role to diversify farming practices, a focus of research tools and approaches developed in cluster CC5.3. The vulnerability to climate-related production shocks is likely to be particularly high in agri-food systems that focus on one or two cash crops (e.g., cocoa in West Africa humid lowlands, coffee in Vietnam s Central Highlands, or even RTB crops for 125

129 industrial markets in Southeast Asia). Examples from PIM and CCAFS have shown that RTB crops provide stronger resilience in certain geographic areas than cereal crops. For example, the savanna areas in Southern Africa (e.g., Zambia) will increasingly benefit from lower dependency on maize and a stronger role for RTB crops. FP5 will support research on climate change adaptation with CCAFS through joint (PhD student) activities in overlapping sites and through joint work on network mapping and institutional innovation. The planning and introduction of climate-smart varieties and technologies with FP2 FP4 will be supported through research on institutional innovation and scaling in CC5.4. For example, institutional innovations that improve access to relevant market and weather information (e.g., using ICTs), productive resources (e.g., novel credit arrangements), and off-farm opportunities (e.g., youth service providers) will all contribute to climate change adaptation. FP5 will contribute to climate change mitigation, through efforts to sustainably intensify agricultural production and maintain productive soils in the humid forest zones. Increments in total agricultural production in Africa have been driven by an increase in production area and not yield. 9. GENDER The gender objective of FP5 is to ensure that developed RTB technologies, tools, and innovations are equitably useful to men, women, and young farmers and lead to equitable livelihood improvement and increased well-being. For this to happen FP5 intends to (1) identify different gender-specific needs of end users and match these needs with appropriate RTB technologies (CC5.1); (2) develop and adapt RTB technologies for intensification, diversification, and dietary improvement to a range of different end users needs and resource limitations (CC5.2); (3) understand and predict how global and local trends affect different end users and gender relations and gender equity at large (CC5.3); and (4) use gender knowledge and understanding for efficient scaling (CC5.4). These different elements form part of the impact pathway for gender research (see Annex 3). In addition FP5 will develop a set of gender impact indicators to monitor changes (CC5.4) in access to resources and participation of different social groups in agricultural production and other agri-business activities such as processing as a result of adoption of RTB technologies and innovations. To equip RTB scientists and partners to conduct gender-responsive research and achieve gendertransformational outcomes and empowerment women and youth, CapDev gender workshops will be organized where researchers are trained and share experiences that will be summarized in guidelines and briefs on gender research methods and context-specific gender needs and actions. A gender CapDev program will ensure that expertise on gender research is available within RTB, and that non-gender experts within RTB know when and how to make use of this expertise. 10. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FP5 will build capacity in the following 6 out of 10 elements of the CGIAR CapDev framework (see Fig. FP5.1): Develop CRPs and center partnering capacity (3); gender-responsive approaches throughout capacity development (5); institutional strengthening (6); organizational development (8); research on capacity development (9); and capacity to innovate (10). Most of FP5 CapDev interventions will focus on increasing stakeholders capacity to innovate in order to achieve impact at scale. CapDev is enabling RTB flagships to achieve impact and therefore contribute to the SRF targets by identifying the critical activities for advancing along RTB impact pathways (FP1 FP4). 126

130 FP5 will build on research conducted by CC5.4 on understanding actor interdependency and facilitating them to develop joint solutions for creating scaling of innovations. It will support diverse R&D partners and will focus CapDev on researchers of RTB centers and international and national partner organizations to upgrade their skills for translating and customizing research outputs into products, raising awareness, and brokering relations between diverse stakeholders to achieve expected changes. Contact has already been made with universities under the RTB Gender University Linkage Fund to strengthen capacity to conduct gender analysis research in RTB crops by engaging students and university faculty. Program partners, scientists and other stakeholders, and flagship leaders will be included in the M&E system to assess progress toward completion of livelihood outcomes. Particular care will be given to capturing the gender dimension of related CapDev variables for monitoring. FP5 will refine approaches to CapDev, including case-based learning sessions around successful processes of knowledge translation and brokerage, and the identification of best practices and CapDev champions. 11. INTELLECTUAL ASSET AND OPEN ACCESS MANAGEMENT FP5 s success is interlinked with its ability to access and provide feedback on technologies developed by other FPs. These IA will be accessed by FP5 through the program data and technology access modalities, part of the contractual framework. FP5 will use previous research results, methodologies tools, and technologies to create new and/or improved research results. FP5 will explore how big data analytical approaches can be used to unravel the relationship between agro-ecological and socioeconomic data and drivers, while providing OA for stakeholders to access, analyze, and explore how this could strengthen decision support. Both data and analytical approaches will be made available in the public domain. Where restrictions exist, FP5 clusters will negotiate and obtain licenses to access these technologies without restrictions on further dissemination of FP5 research results. FP5 will work closely with communities and farmers, which requires careful assessment of legal compliance matters such as prior informed consent, data anonymization, privacy, and regulations regarding access and use of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. RTB is bringing together a broad range of partners who are experienced and involved in respecting the regulatory norms and promoting/realizing the rights of farmers and farming communities. FP5 will follow the individual program participants established procedures for compliance requirements. It will provide further leadership and create a cross-learning environment through its research activities. FP5 s research results will include knowledge products and tangible products. All information and knowledge products will be published as soon as possible in compliance with OA. Publications and data will be added to OA repositories in accordance with RTB s OA strategy. Uptake and use of information and knowledge products will be supported with CapDev and communication activities. Tangible research results will be promptly and broadly disseminated for use by next users. 12. FP MANAGEMENT FP5 will be managed within the general framework of RTB. CC5.4 is led by the Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Group at the Wageningen University and Research Centre, given their leadership on institutional innovation and the science of delivery. The FP5 leadership team, consisting of the FP leader and the four cluster leaders, will prepare annual work plans and budgets, by cluster, and will monitor their implementation closely using tools provided by RTB s PMU. Cluster leaders will lead the preparation of annual plans and furnish six-monthly technical reports. 127

131 The FP5 leader will review, collate, and forward reports to the PMU. The FP5 leadership team will hold monthly virtual meetings. At cluster level, cluster leaders will coordinate all technical and financial reporting. They will foster teamwork and collaboration among the cluster team. Linkages and synergies between clusters are essential for FP5 progress and the FP leader will work with cluster leaders to promote good communications among scientists. A system innovation fund will be set up to stimulate systems innovation research and scaling for impact with the aim to create evidence and models that attract investment of donors and next users for further scaling. The funds will be accessed by (1) FP1 FP4 in collaboration with FP5 to strengthen action research and livelihood system approaches, and (2) FP5 to strengthen collaboration with other CRPs to tackle livelihood systems challenges and opportunities that will not be addressed by single CRPs in mixed farming systems that have a significant presence of RTB crops for food, income, nutrition, and/or resilience. The funding will be semi-competitive, along the lines of complementary funding used by RTB-Phase I, and will be accessed through a call for concept notes from joint RTB flagship teams, with an external peer review process in consultation with PMU, MC, and FP5 and final selection by ISC. 128

132 SECTION 3: ANNEXES SEE ANNEXES 1 TO 9, 10 IN RTB PROPOSAL VOL II 10 C. RTB COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 10 D. RTB ACCOUNTABILITY MATRIX 10 E. RTB CONTRIBUTION TO THE SRF TARGET 10 F. RTB PERFORMANCE INDICATORS MATRIX See Annexes 10C and 10F in RTB Proposal VOL II. 10. ADDITIONAL ANNEXES 10 A. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 3R genes A4NH AFS AGUAPAN ALINe ARI ASARECA AVRDC BA BAPNET BARNESA BBTD/BBTV BCoP BecA BGI BINGO Bioversity BMGF BMZ 3 Resistance Genes to Phytophthora infestans CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (Global Integrating CRP) Agri-Food System Asociación de Guardianes de Papa Nativa, Peru Agricultural Learning and Impact Network Agricultural Research Institute Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa The World Vegetable Center Banana Banana Asia Pacific Network Banana Research Network for Eastern and /southern Africa Banana bunchy top disease / Banana bunchy top virus Breeding Community of Practice Bioscience Eastern and Central Africa Beijing Genomics Institute, China Big international Non-Governmental Organization Bioversity International Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, Germany 129

133 BTI BXW CA CABI CapDev CARBAP CAS CATAS CATIE CBB CBSD CC CCAFS CCARDESA CGIAR CIALCA CIAT CIP CIRAD Cluster CM CMD CN CNRA CoP CORAF CORPOICA CRI CRISPR CRP Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Cassava Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, UK Capacity Development Centre Africain de Recherches sur Bananiers et Plantains, Cameroun Chinese Academy of Science Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Costa Rica Cassava Bacterial Blight Cassava Brown Streak Disease Crosscutting CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (Global Integrating CRP) Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa Organization dedicated to international agricultural research Consortium for Improving Agriculture Based Livelihood Systems in Central Africa International Center for Tropical Agriculture International Potato Center Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement Cluster of Activity Cassava Mealybug Cassava Mosaic Disease Cyanide Centre National de Recherche Agronomique, Cote d Ivoire Community of Practice West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF/WECARD) Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria Crops Research Institute, Ghana Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat ; genome editing tool CGIAR Research Program 130

134 CRS CSTRU CTCRI CWB CWR DAFF DARS DArTseq DCL DFID DG DGD Belgium DI DNA DoA(E) DRC DRD DSS DST EARI EMBRAPA EPPO ETH FAIR FAO FARA FAVRI FERA FOC TR4 FONTAGRO FoodSTART FP FSD Catholic Relief Service Cassava and Starch Technology Research Unit, Kasetsart University Thailand Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, India Cassava Witches Broom Crop Wild Relative Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Australia Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi Diversity Arrays Technology Sequencing CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Cereals and Legumes (AFS-CRP) Department for International Development, United Kingdom Director General Directorate General for Development Cooperation, Belgium Discovery Deoxyribonucleic acid Department of Agriculture (Extension), Thailand Democratic Republic of the Congo Department for Research and Development, Tanzania Decision Support System Decision Support Tool Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Switzerland Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa Fruits and Vegetables Research Institute, Vietnam Fera Science Ltd. Fusarium oxysproum f.sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (a.k.a. Panama Disease) Fondo Regional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria Root and Tuber Crops Research & Development Programme for Food Security in the Asia and the Pacific Region Flagship Project Frog Skin Disease 131

135 FTA GBS GCARD GENNOVATE GHG GI-CRP GIS GIZ GM(O) GS GxE HH HTP Humidtropics IA IAPSC ICM ICRAF ICT IDH IDIAF IDO IEA IFAD IFPRI IIAM IICA IITA ILAC ILRI INA INERA INIA CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (AFS-CRP) Genotyping by Sequencing Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development Enabling gender equality in agricultural and environmental innovation Greenhouse Gas Global Integration CRP Geographic Information System Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Genetically Modified (Organism) Genomic Selection Genotype by Environment Interaction Household High Throughput Phenotyping CGIAR Research Program on Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics Intellectual Assets Inter-African Phytosanitary Council Integrated Crop Management World Agroforestry Centre Information and Communications Technology The Sustainable Trade Initiative Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Republica Dominicana Intermediate Development Outcome Independent Evaluation Arrangement International Fund for Agricultural Development International Food Policy Research Institute Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Institutional Learning and Change Initiative International Livestock Research Institute Impact Network Analysis Institut National pour l Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, DR Congo Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Peru 132

136 INIAP INISAV INRA IP IP(D)M IPB IPG IPPC IRAF IRD IRR ISABU ISC ITC KALRO KSU KU Leuven LAMP LB LCA LIVESTOCK M&EL MAIZE MELIA MGIS MSU MUSALAC MusaNet NaCRRI NAR(E)S NARITA NARO NGO Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, Cuba Institut National pour l Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques Intellectual Property Right Integrated Pest (and Disease )Management Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University) Indonesia International Public good International Plant Protection Convention Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestières, Gabon Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Internal Rate of Return Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi Independent Steering Committee International (Musa Germplasm) Transit Center Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Kansas State University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Loop Mediated Amplification Late Blight Life Cycle Assessment CGIAR Research Program on Livestock (AFS-CRP) Monitoring and evaluation and learning CGIAR Research Program on Maize Monitoring, Evaluation, Leaning and Impact Assessment Musa Germplasm Information System Michigan State University Red Latinoamericana y del Caribe para la Investigación y el Desarrollo de las Musaceas Global collaborative framework for Musa genetic resources National Agricultural Crops Resources Research Institute, Uganda National Agricultural Research (and Extension) Systems High-yielding and disease-resistant banana hybrids National Agricultural Research Organization, Uganda Non-Governmental Organization 133

137 NIRS NPV NRCB NRCRI NRI NSTDA - BIOTEC OA OD OFSP PATH PCR PD PDM PIA PIM PMELP PMU PO PPP PRA PROINPA ProMusa PVS QDPM QTL R&D R4D RAB RAD RBM RCTs RHUL RICE Near infrared spectroscopy Net present Value National Research Centre for Banana, India National Root Crops Research Institute, Nigeria Natural Resources Institute, UK National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Open Access Open Data Orange-fleshed sweetpotato Health-related not for profit organization Polymerase Chain Reaction Program Director Pest and Disease Management Program Implementation Arrangement CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets (Global Integrating CRP) Planning, monitoring, evaluation and learning platform (IT solution) Program Management Unit Potato Public Private Partnership Pest Risk Assessment Fundación PROINPA, Bolivia Knowledge-sharing Platform on Bananas Participatory Varietal Selection Quality Declared Planting Material Quantitative Trait Loci Research and development Research for development Rwanda Agricultural Board Restriction Associated DNA Results Based Management Randomized Controlled Trials Royal Holloway University of London CGIAR Research Program on Rice (AFS-CRP) 134

138 RMT RNA RNAi RTB SADC SARI SDC SDG SID SLO SME SMTA SNP SRF srsa SSA SSCM SSNM SU SUN SW ToC UAK UCLA UDSM UM UNAN UNEP UNIKIN UNIKIS UPLB UQ USAID VAAS Rapid Multiplication Technology Ribonucleic Acid RNA interference CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas South African Development Community Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Ghana Swiss Development Cooperation Sustainable Development Goal Sustainable Intensification and Diversification System-level Outcome Small and Medium Enterprises Standard Material Transfer Agreement Single Nucleotide Polymorphism CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework Small RNA Sequencing and Assembly Sub-Saharan Africa Site Specific Crop Manager Site Specific Nutrient Management Syracuse University, USA Scaling Up Nutrition (movement) Sweetpotato Theory of Change Université d Agriculture de Kétou, Benin University of California, Los Angeles University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania University of Miami, USA National Autonomous University of Nicaragua United Nations Environment Programme University of Kinshasa, DR Congo University of Kisangani, DR Congo University of the Philippines Los Baños University of Queensland, Australia United States Agency for International Development Vietnam Academy of Agriculture Sciences 135

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