Urbanization Mapping Activity,

Transcription

1 Urbanization Mapping Activity, Organization & Materials: Everyone will need a pencil. Get into groups of 3. Each group will need newsprint. Directions: Read each of the following slides & add sketches to your newsprint reflecting the changing landscape of a typical English town in the 18 th and 19 th centuries.

2 TASK #1: Draw a river across your paper connecting east to west. The river should be about 1 inch wide. Draw a wooden bridge across the river. Draw 4 roads originating from each direction. Mark off a portion of the land in your village as the commons (land that can be used by all in the village). Draw 10 houses, 1 church, 1 cemetery, 1 store, 1 pub, 1 coal mine and lots of trees.

3 SETTING: ENGLAND (1746) No section of the country is more than 90 miles from the sea and there are many navigable rivers that crisscross the countryside. You, a capitalist, decide to invest money in the construction of a canal. This new revolution in transportation reduced the prices of raw materials and reduced the costs of transportation drastically. Coal could now be transported from the mines to the towns for half the price of horse-wagon transportation. TASK #2: Since you invested your money thereby making a tidy profit, build yourself 1 NICE home anywhere on the map you would like it to be. Don t forget to construct the canal (it must run parallel to the river).

4 SETTING: ENGLAND (1750) For a variety of reasons (soap, diet, sanitation, etc.) there is a population explosion in England and your village. The cursed Bubonic plague which for centuries wiped out your village has been virtually eliminated due to the disposal of sewage in the canals and then ultimately the ocean. TASK #3: Add 5 houses.

5 SETTING: ENGLAND (1760) Since you have new inhabitants in your village, you need more food. The seed drill has been invented, farmers are experimenting with new farming practices like crop rotation, fertilizers and new breeding techniques. Farm production has increased. But farmers own small pieces of land Parliament passes the Enclosure Acts so landowners can buy pieces of common land from the government. TASK #4: Take away half of your commons and add 1 more NICE house.

6 SETTING: ENGLAND (1773) Richard Arkwright invents a new machine that can spin and weave cloth a hundred times faster than could be done by hand in a farm cottage. He calls it the Water Frame because its principal source of power was water. Since the water frame was large, a special place was needed and the first factory for producing cotton cloth was built. TASK #5: Add 1 factory. Remember, the cotton factory must be placed on the river bank. Canal water is not swift enough to generate the power to move the parts of the water frame. Don t add any smoke to this factory!!!

7 SETTING: ENGLAND (1774) New factories are built in your community by capitalists, called that because they have the capital to purchase raw materials, buildings, the water frame and pay workers. TASK #6: Add 5 new factories to your village.

8 SETTING: ENGLAND (1777) Workers are needed to work in the factory. Poor families have lost jobs due to the Enclosure Acts on farms and women cannot compete with spinning and weaving cloth made in the factories. People move to your village to find work. TASK #7: Add 5 houses, 1 church, 1 pub and 1 store. You may draw additional roads and 1 additional bridge.

9 SETTING: ENGLAND (1780) Unemployed workers come to look for work- wages are low and they need housing. Tenements are built where dozens of families live under one roof. TASK #8: Add 5 Tenements

10 SETTING: ENGLAND (1781) More workers need to live, eat, shop, drink and worship. TASK #9: Add 1 store, 1 pub, 1 church and 1 school (for boys who are wealthy enough). Make sure the church is in a convenient place for them to walk to it!

11 SETTING: ENGLAND (1782) Workers work long hours and are exhausted and stressed out! TASK #10: Add 2 more pubs!

12 SETTING: ENGLAND (1783) Workers barely get by financially. There are a few families whose lifestyle is comfortable and luxurious- large landowning farmers and factory owners. TASK #11: Add 2 special homes.

13 SETTING: ENGLAND (1785) A man named James Watt invents the steam engine, which replaces the water frame. It is far more efficient and allows for factories to be built away from the river. TASK #12: Add 10 factories with smoke. Add smoke to all other pre-existing factories. Add 1 more nice house since people continue to get rich.

14 SETTING: ENGLAND (1800) Henry Cort has invented the puddling process which makes it possible for coal, to be used as the primary fuel in the new iron industry. Larger factory districts appear which manufacture iron at low prices and can easily be transported by your canal. TASK #13: Add 1 new coal mine. Add a new iron bridge to replace the old wooden bridge.

15 SETTING: ENGLAND (1815) Coal miners are busy- it is dangerous work and very unhealthy- children become victims of black lung, explosions and accidents. Their growth is stunted as they spend most of their 14 hours a day stooped over. They are malnourished and unable to exercise or eat properly. Casualty rates go up. TASK #14: Draw 1 cemetery.

16 SETTING: ENGLAND (1820) The existing canals and dirt roads cannot accommodate the heavy industrial traffic. The steam engine pulls a series of wagons or cars on an iron track. The first railroad is tested and proves to be quite effective. TASK #15: Add 1 major railroad line connecting your factory districts to your coal mining regions.

17 SETTING: ENGLAND (1827) There is a surplus of workers in our community. Capitalists hire children and women over men because they can pay them less. Unemployed men are depressed, ashamed and angry about their wives and children working- they turn to crime and the social life of the pub. For the first time in English history, alcoholism appears in epidemic proportions. TASK #16: Add 1 jail and 2 pubs.

18 SETTING: ENGLAND (1835) Someone discovered that the gases that coal released can be burned to give light. During the 1830 s London and other large towns became the first communities to use gas to burn in street lights. Soon all around England hundreds of towns used gas to light streets and homes TASK #17: Add 20 Street lamps.

19 SETTING: ENGLAND (1838) The working conditions in factories are poor. Many workers contacted the deadly factory fever or white lung disease in the textile and iron factories. White lung was probably cancer, tuberculosis, emphysema or another lung ailment. Others are injured. Children are weak from lack of proper sleep or diet and often mutilated in machines. Women s long hair was caught in moving machinery. If you were unable to work, you are fired. There was no health insurance. TASK #18: Add 2 hospitals and 1 more cemetery.

20 SETTING: ENGLAND (1840) There is a need for quicker and cheaper transportation. Coal, iron, finished products, raw materials must all be transported from one area of England to another. Ireland suffers a potato famine which drives hundreds of thousands of Irish to England. Irish provide cheap labor to build railroads TASK #19: Add 1 more Railroad line.

21 SETTING: ENGLAND (1842) By now, several million acres of good English land has been enclosed and sold to private parties of large estates. Despite the misery this creates for England s landless poor, the economic benefits for the rich are obvious. There farmers purchase the newest power-driven machinery and can easily feed the working class of England. The small landowning farmer is crushed by the enclosed commons. Thousands leave their villages and move to towns and cities looking for work to feed their families. By the thousands, they move to the bleak, uninviting towns of the north in the new cotton mills. TASK #20: Add 20 new homes, 5 tenements, 2 stores, 1 church, 5 factories, 1 pub and 1 more nice house.

22 SETTING: ENGLAND (1845) There are some advantages for many of the urban dwellerscity life is different from country life. For the small but growing middle classes, a whole new cultural life is available. Museums, theaters, opera, restaurants, plays, concerts are made available. Whereas before only the aristocrats could afford the arts, now the middle class enjoys the fine life of culture and good living. TASK #21: Add 2 theaters and 2 private schools.

23 SETTING: ENGLAND (1850) There are no pollution controls so the air in your community looks dark. Windows, walls and trees are covered with layers of soot and coke. The river that once flowed through your quiet village for hundreds of years is now unfit for drinking, bathing or laundry. A new disease begins to take the lives of people. Malignant tumors grow in people s bodies and the term cancer is first used in the medical profession. The average life expectancy for the poor classes is now 30 years. Your city is overcrowded and shrouded in factory smoke. The noise, the loss of privacy, the loss of family unity shatters the peace of the old ways. Suicide rates double, then triple. TASK #22: Add 1 cemetery, 1 jail, and 1 hospital to accommodate the victims of urban life.

24 Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1) How did the Industrial Revolution change life in your village? Write in the perspective of a person who lived in the village before the revolution and witnessed the event. It should be a full paragraph.

25 Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1) Would you have planned your village different in the beginning? Why? 2) What caused the urbanization? 3) What resulted from it? 4)Did the size of your buildings change over time?

26 Topic 3: The Industrial Revolution

27 Date: 10/13/11 Page: 2 Title: Industrialization in Great Britain

28 Directions: 1. Copy down the charts provided into your notebook (about ½ page for each) 2. In small groups, you will be given a reading that corresponds with one of your charts. 3. You are to write down the main points of each topic on your chart, and then draw a sketch of those main points to help you remember them. 4. When you have completed task #3 in your notebook, you will receive a piece of newsprint. You are to copy your information and sketch onto the newsprint. Be accurate and thorough your notes will form the basis of your classmates notes!

29 1. Define crop rotation (from assignment #1) 2. Define industrialization (from assignment #1) 3. Define urbanization (from assignment #2) 4. What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about for factory workers? (from assignment #2) 5. What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about for large landowners and aristocrats? (from assignment #2)

30 Farming in the Middle Ages: Disadvantages of Traditional Farming: Forces for change:

31 Enclosure Movement: Crop Rotation: Other Discoveries: Effects of the Agricultural Revolution:

32 Mercantilism and Rising Demand: Cottage Industry: Capitalism: Effects of the Cottage Industry:

33 Textile Industry Invented: Rise of the Factory: Effects of Textile Factories in Britain:

34 The Need for Energy: How the Steam Engine Works: Effect of Steam Engine: The Need for Iron: The Need for Coal: Effects of Iron and Coal:

35 The Need for Better Transportation: Inventions: Effects of Railroads:

36 Geography: Government: Social Factors: Colonial Empire: Advantages of Industrializing First:

37 Farming in the Middle Ages: Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming) Three-field system: 1 of 3 fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility Animals grazed in common pastures Disadvantages of Traditional Farming: Land use inefficient Farmers didn t experiment with new methods Forces for change: Population growing more food needed French blockade no corn more food needed

38 Enclosure Movement: Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures and experimented with new farming technology Villages lost common lands and political power Peasants became poorer Crop Rotation: Fields depleted of nutrients by 1 crop replenished by planting different crops Fields not left inefficiently fallow Other Discoveries: Seed drill planted seeds more efficiently New crops (corn and potato) Effects of the Agricultural Revolution: More food available Population increased

39 Mercantilism and Rising Demand: Supplied materials > wool and cotton > to cottages to be carded and spun Cottage Industry: Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to dying cottage to sell finished cloth Merchants sell product for more than material & labor costs = profit + larger investment = higher profit Capitalism: An economic system based on: -Private ownership -Free competition -Profit motive -Early capitalism example: cottage industry Effects of the Cottage Industry: Big profits for new class of merchants Alternative source of income for peasants

40 Textile Industry Invented: Cottage industry couldn t keep up with the demand for textiles Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning Power loom sped up weaving Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton Rise of the Factory: New machines, often too big for homes, were put into factories Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water Effects of Textile Factories in Britain: Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hand-produced items Britain s textile industry increased enormously Majority of villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories

41 The Need for Energy: Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power How the Steam Engine Works: Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power Effect of Steam Engine: Steam power, used where coal existed, increased textile production Improved mining which increased metals which in turn fueled other industries The Need for Iron: Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon The Need for Coal: Carbon necessary for smelting iron Steam engines powered by coal Effects of Iron and Coal: Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined Coal powered Britain s enormous navy

42 The Need for Better Transportation: Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly and cheaply Pre-Industrial society used horses, mules, and dirt roads Inventions: Stone and eventually asphalt roads Canals Railroad era ushered in with The Rocket in 1829 Effects of Railroads: Expanded rapidly throughout Britain Cheaper transportation increased production and profits Railways fueled other industries: coal, steam engines, iron, steel, manufactured products

43 Geography: Climate good for textile production Plenty of natural resources such as iron and coal Separation from the European continent kept them out of wars Government: Internal trade encouraged Population allowed to relocate Helped build canals and roads Social Factors: British society less rigid than other countries Colonial Empire: Supplied raw materials for manufactured goods and provided markets for goods Advantages of Industrializing First: No other countries competing for manufactured goods U.K. had a monopoly on technology

44 A : Traditional Society Farming in the Middle Ages Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming) Three-Field System: 1 of 3 fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility Animals grazed in common pastures

45 A : Traditional Society Disadvantages Land use inefficient Farmers didn t experiment with new methods

46 A : Traditional Society Forces for Change Population growing > more food needed French blockade > no corn > more food needed

47 Enclosure Movement B: The Agricultural Revolution Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures & experimented with new farming technology Villages lost common lands & political power Peasants became poorer

48 Crop Rotation B: The Agricultural Revolution Fields depleted of nutrients by 1 crop replenished by planting different crops Fields not left inefficiently fallow

49 B: The Agricultural Revolution Other Discoveries Seed drill planted seeds more efficiently New crops > corn & potato

50 B: The Agricultural Revolution Results of the Agricultural Revolution More food available Population increased

51 C: Cottage Industry & Early Capitalism Mercantilism & Rising Demand Supplied materials > wool & cotton > to cottages to be carded & spun

52 C: Cottage Industry & Early Capitalism Cottage Industry Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to dying cottage to sell finished cloth Merchants sell product for more than material & labor costs = profit + larger investment = higher profit

53 C: Cottage Industry & Early Capitalism Early capitalism example: Cottage industry Capitalism An economic system based on: Private ownership Free competition Profit motive

54 C: Cottage Industry & Early Capitalism Effects of the Cottage Industry Big profits for new class of merchants Alternative source of income for peasants

55 D: Textile Industry & Factory System Textile Industry Invented Cottage industry couldn t keep up with demand for textiles Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning Power loom sped up weaving Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

56 D: Textile Industry & Factory System Rise of the Factory New machines, often too big for homes, were put into factories Factories located near power source: Coal Iron Water

57 D: Textile Industry & Factory System Effects of Textile Factories in Britain Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than handproduced items Britain s textile industry increased enormously Majority of villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories

58 E: Energy for the Industrial Revolution The Need for Energy Early factories relied on horses, oxen & water mills Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power How the Steam Engine Worked Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power

59 E: Energy for the Industrial Revolution Effect of Steam Engine Steam power, used where coal existed, increased textile production Improved mining which increased metals which in turn fueled other industries

60 E: Energy for the Industrial Revolution The Need for Iron Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon The Need for Coal Carbon necessary for smelting iron Steam engines powered by coal Effect of Iron & Coal Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined Coal powered Britain s enormous navy

61 F: Transportation The Need for Better Transportation Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly & cheaply Pre-Industrial society used horses, mules & dirt roads

62 Inventions F: Transportation Stone & eventually asphalt roads Canals Railroad era ushered in with The Rocket in 1829

63 Effects of Railroads Expanded rapidly throughout Britain Cheaper transportation increased production & profits Railways fueled other industries: Coal Steam engines Iron Steel Manufactured products F: Transportation

64 G: Why Britain Led the Industrial Geography Climate good for textile production Plenty of natural resources such as iron & coal Separation from the European continent kept them out of wars Revolution

65 G: Why Britain Led the Industrial Government Revolution Internal trade encouraged Population allowed to relocate Helped build canals & roads

66 G: Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution Social Factors: British society less rigid than other countries Colonial Empire: Supplied raw materials for manufactured goods & provided markets for goods

67 G: Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution Advantages of Industrializing First No other countries competing for manufactured goods U.K. had a monopoly on technology

68 G: Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

69 ***Regional GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution Begins (c.1750)

70 Industrial Revolution Begins (c.1750)

71 G: Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

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73 Date: Page: 4 Title: Reforming the Industrial World Warmup: Brainstorm as many positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution as you can. Positive Negative

74 As you watch The Children Who Built Victorian Britain, take notes on what it was like to be a child working in a factory during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, in addition to changes that came to British society as a result of Industrialization.

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76 Legislative Reform as a Result of the Industrial Revolution Legislative Reform Effect The Factory Act 1833 The Mines Act 1842 The Ten Hour Act 1847 Made it illegal to hire children under 9 Children 9 to 12 could not work more than 8 hrs. a day Children 13 to 17 could not work more than 12 hrs. a day Prevent women & children from working underground Limited workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories US: The National Child Labor Committee 1904 Formed in order to end child labor

77 As society changed in Great Britain due to the Industrial Revolution, the economy changed as well. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services. 3 BEQs (Basic Economic Questions) What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce? There are 4 major types of economic systems.

78 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TRADITIONAL Rely on habit, custom, or ritual to decide what to produce, how to produce it, and to whom to distribute it. COMMAND The central government makes all economic decisions (production and consumption of goods and services.) MARKET Decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange (supply & demand.) MIXED Combines traditional & free market with limited government intervention (public & private ownership of industries)

79 Capitalism vs. Socialism The economic system called capitalism developed gradually over centuries, beginning in the late Middle Ages. Because of the ways industrialization changed society, some people began to think that capitalism led to certain problems, such as the abuse of workers. They responded by developing a new system of economic ideas called socialism.

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82 Adam Smith It is not from the benevolence (kindness) of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. - Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

83 Isms Capitalism Play (1:18-7:53) > Laissez-faire

84 Isms Communism & Socialism (6:00)

85 Date: Page: 5 Title: Democratic Reform & Activism

86 Great Britain s Steps Toward Democracy

87 Great Britain s Steps Toward Democracy Reform Bill of 1832 Eased the property requirements so that wealthy middle class men could vote (i.e. factory owners, bankers, merchants) & cities were given more representation English Bill of Rights signed by William & Mary making Britain a Constitutional Monarchy & included the following: 1) Limited the King s power regarding levying taxes, maintaining an army & interfering with Parliament; 2) Guaranteed basic civil liberties such as a speedy trial & protection against cruel & unusual punishment & excessive fines & bail Habeas Corpus Act signed by Charles II giving the following rights to the accused: 1) Right to know the charges against him; 2) To be brought before a judge; 3) Fair & impartial chance to defend oneself Petition of Right signed by Charles I & included the following: 1) Parliament s consent needed for taxes; 2) King could not imprison anyone without a trial; 3) King could not quarter troops; 4) King could not impose martial law in peacetime The Model Parliament created by Edward I to raise money for his wars & became a legislative assembly Magna Carta The Great Charter guaranteeing basic political rights drawn up by nobles & signed by King John (the king is not above the law)

88 Great Britain s Steps Toward Democracy Universal Suffrage Suffrage for Women over 30 WSPU Women s Social & Political Union formed as a militant organization working for women s suffrage. When arrested & jailed, members went on hunger strikes to draw attention to their cause Universal Male Suffrage Several industrial countries had given the right to vote to all men, but no country allowed women to vote Suffrage for Male Rural-Workers After 1884, most adult males in Britain had the right to vote Suffrage for Working-Class Men Chartist Movement Working class called for suffrage for all men, annual elections, the secret ballot, an end to property requirements, & pay for members of Parliament (so lower classes could participate in Parliament; Most demands rejected until the 1900s

89 Democracy in Great Britain

90 Great Britain s Steps Toward Democracy 1215 > Magna Carta The Great Charter guaranteeing basic political rights drawn up by nobles & signed by King John (the king is not above the law) 1295 > The Model Parliament created by Edward I to raise money for his wars & became a legislative assembly

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93 1628 > Petition of Right signed by Charles I & included the following: Parliament s consent needed for taxes King could not imprison anyone without a trial King could not quarter troops King could not impose martial law in peacetime 1679 > Habeas Corpus Act signed by Charles II giving the following rights to the accused: Right to know the charges against him To be brought before a judge Fair & impartial chance to defend oneself

94 1689 > English Bill of Rights signed by William & Mary making Britain a Constitutional Monarchy & included the following: Limited the King s power regarding levying taxes, maintaining an army & interfering with Parliament Guaranteed basic civil liberties such as a speedy trial & protection against cruel & unusual punishment & excessive fines & bail

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97 1832 > Reform Bill of 1832 Eased the property requirements so that wealthy middle class men could vote (i.e. factory owners, bankers, merchants) & cities were given more representation 1838 > Chartist Movement Working class called for suffrage for all men, annual elections, the secret ballot, an end to property requirements, & pay for members of Parliament (so lower classes could participate in Parliament) Most demands rejected until the 1900s

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99 1867 > Suffrage for Working-Class Men 1884 > Suffrage for Male Rural-Workers After 1884, most adult males in Britain had the right to vote 1890 > Universal Male Suffrage Several industrial countries had given the right to vote to all men, but no country allowed women to vote

100 1867 > Suffrage for Working-Class Men 1884 > Suffrage for Male Rural-Workers After 1884, most adult males in Britain had the right to vote 1890 > Universal Male Suffrage Several industrial countries had given the right to vote to all men, but no country allowed women to vote

101 1903 > WSPU Women s Social & Political Union formed as a militant organization working for women s suffrage 1918 > Suffrage for Women over > Universal Suffrage

102 1903 > WSPU Women s Social & Political Union formed as a militant organization working for women s suffrage When arrested & jailed, members went on hunger strikes to draw attention to their cause

103 1918 > Suffrage for Women over > Universal Suffrage

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106 Introduction to the FLEB (Flow Chart/Web) With a partner, create a FLEB that shows the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution. Try to include as much information from this topic as possible. What do you think a FLEB should look like???