DBQ 12: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: BEGINNINGS
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1 Document 1 This map shows the resources and canals of England in the eighteenth century. Canals began in 1756 England resources and canals circa 1700 Cotton Lead Tin Lead According to the map, what resources did England have that were needed for industrialization? Document 2 This excerpt is from a testimony presented before England s Factory Commission in You have been a witness of the operative [working] class in these parts; you have seen it grow from nothing into a great body in the space of a few years: how was it recruited?... A good many from the agricultural parts.... People left other occupations and came to spinning for the sake of the high wages. 94
2 Why were workers readily available for factory jobs? Document 3 This excerpt describes the assembly line used in factories during the eighteenth century. I have seen a small manufactory [factory] of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them performed two or three distinct operations.... They could... make among them... upwards of 48,000 pins in a day.... But if they had all wrought [worked] separately and independently... they certainly could not each of them have made twenty... in a day. Source: Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776 (adapted) According to Smith, why were workers in a factory so productive? Document 4 This excerpt describes the industrialization of England. England... has been fortunate in possessing the natural conditions necessary to success.... We recognize that England is rich in these advantages, that she has coal and iron lying close together, that her sheep give the best wool, that her harbors are plentiful, that she is not ill-off for rivers, and that no part of the country is farther than seventy miles from the sea. Source: George Warner, Landmarks in English Industrial History, Blackie and Son, 1899 (adapted) How did geography help England industrialize? 95
3 Document 5 This excerpt comments on innovations during the Industrial Revolution. Systematic thought lay behind most of the innovations in industrial practice. Invention... rarely thrives in a community of simple peasants or unskilled manual laborers: only when division of labor has developed... does it come to harvest. The stream of English scientific thought was one of the main tributaries [causes] of the industrial revolution... discoveries in different fields of activity were linked together.... Source: Thomas S. Ashton, The Industrial Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1962 (adapted) How did innovation lead to the Industrial Revolution in England? Document 6 The following chart identifies important inventions during the eighteenth century. Changes in Textile Machinery Inventor Invention Importance John Kay flying shuttle increased speed of weaving James Hargreaves Richard Arkwright Edmund Cartwright spinning jenny water frame power loom spun 8 10 threads at a time; used at home large spinning machine in factory, driven by water water powered; automatically wove thread into cloth Eli Whitney cotton gin separated seed from raw cotton Which three inventions were most important in increasing textile production? Explain. 96
4 Document 7 This chart identifies agricultural changes during the Industrial Revolution. Changes in Agriculture Inventor Invention Importance Jethro Tull Robtert Blakewell Cyrus McCormick horse-drawn seen drill stock breeding mechanical reaper planted seeds in straight rows improved quality of animals to produce more meat, milk, and wool made grain harvesting easier What was the result of these changes in agriculture in England? Document 8 This excerpt comments on farming methods in England. As I shall leave Norfolk, it is proper to give a review of the farming methods which have made... this country so famous in the farming world.... The great improvements have been made by the following methods. By enclosing without the help of Parliament By the introduction of a four year rotation of crops By growing turnips, clover, and rye grass By the country being divided chiefly into large farms Source: Arthur Young, A Farmer s Tour Through the East of England, 1771 (adapted) 97
5 How did these four changes in agriculture enable England to industrialize more easily? Document 9 This excerpt describes English industrialization. When one realizes the thousands of internal tariffs that obstructed [slowed down] traffic in Germany up to 1834 and the innumerable tolls and charges that hindered trade in France before it is clear that the political and economic freedom in England was one of the causes of her industrial expansion. Source: L.C.A. Knowles, The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain During the Nineteenth Century, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1921 (adapted) What are two reasons Knowles cited to explain industrialization in England? PART B Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? 98
The Industrial Revolution Section 1
Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Main Idea A New Kind of Revolution In the 1700s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth
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