Code Name: Part 1: (71 points. Answer on this paper. 2.0 pts each unless noted.)

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1 Code Name: Part 1: (71 points. Answer on this paper. 2.0 pts each unless noted.) 1. According to class, what was the likely relationship between agricultural improvement and industrialization? a. Improvements in agriculture were necessary before Europe could industrialize. Each farmer needed to produce more so that workers could shift to industry. b. The reason the Industrial Revolution came before the Agricultural Revolution was that industrial products such as iron plows, tractors, and chemical fertilizer were needed before agricultural productivity could rise above Medieval levels. c. Without an Agricultural Revolution there likely would still have been an Industrial Revolution. However, without an Agricultural Revolution, the world population would not have increased much. d. The Agricultural Revolution did not cause or facilitate the Industrial Revolutions and vice versa. Both were, however, a direct result of the Scientific Revolution. 2. Jethro Tull was a famous English farmer and landed gentry. What did Jethro Tull invent? a. A machine for planting seeds (seed drill) that greatly reduced the amount of seeds needed. b. The idea of selective breeding of farm animal. c. A practical steam engine that could be used to pump water from rivers into a farmer s field. d. The first practical chemical fertilizer. e. Rock n Roll with a flute, baby!!! 3. What role did turnips and clover play in England s agricultural revolution? a. Clover were introduced as a food for cattle. The clover, however, carried a parasite that largely destroyed the turnip crop. As a result, England became a land of potato farmers. b. England found it could grow clover and turnip and exported then to the rest of Europe for use as cattle feed. The desire to produce food for export caused English farmers to enclose their land. c. Clover and turnips were introduced into crop rotations. These plants could feed cattle and increased the amount of nitrogen in the soil. As a result, agricultural productivity increased significantly. d. England began importing clover and turnips from the continent (of Europe) to feed English cattle. The English cattle industry needed few workers thereby freeing labor for manufacturing. It also generated lots of protein so English workers cold work long hours. 4. Roughly when did steam tractors begin to be used in agriculture? a b c d e f g Which nation saw the most improvement (highest % increase) in its agricultural productivity over the period of 1600 to 1800? Check 1 blank below. Austria France Netherlands Belgium Germany Poland England Italy Spain

2 6. Sure, there is some arbitrariness and uncertainty when it comes to dating economic revolutions. That being said, according to this class, which of the following is the best date for the start of the Agricultural Revolution? a CE b CE c CE d CE e CE f CE 7. What is meant by Enclosure? a. protecting domestic industry that are just starting by placing tariffs on foreign goods b. protecting intellectual property (inventions) through secrecy rather than patents c. merging the production process so a firm owns and controls all (or most) of the process from procuring the raw materials to produce the final product and even marketing that product d. converting common lands into privately held, and usually fenced off, lands 8. Which of the following best describe the significance of Britain s Reform Bill of 1832? a. Britain s parliament finally gained full power of the purse. Now the parliament rather than the King had the power to decide on taxes and spending. b. Britain gave more voting rights to the merchant class, and some workers, without having to go through a violent revolution. c. Britain greatly reduced its tariffs ushering in an era of free trade in Europe. d. Britain greatly increased its tariffs ushering in an era of protectionism in Europe. 9. Tariffs, quotas, and other government regulations concerning trade are considered artificial barriers to free trade. Roughly, when did Europe have the fewest artificial barriers to trade? When was Europe s Golden Age of Free Trade? a to 1688 b to 1740 c to 1815 d to 1900 e to (6 pts) Fill in the table below. In what two industries, and what two processes, and when, did fossil fuels first come to be used on a large scale? Industry (what s being made) Process Roughly When 11. Kaliope believes that the Industrial Revolution really began when mankind started to mass produce goods in factories using machines. Roughly when did the industrial revolution start according to Kaliope s definition? a b c d e The first British factories were typically producing: a. cast iron b. cigarettes c. clocks d. iron ships e. pottery f. silverware g. steel h. textiles

3 13. Draw a graph to indicate what happened to Output per Capita and Population in Western Europe as the industrial revolution progressed? The first point is already on the graph. Indicate which the direction (up & left, straight right, straight down, etc.) the points will go after (about) Income capita 1760 Population Matching. Match each thinker with their contribution to scientific understanding. Thinker 14. Galileo Galilei 15. Galileo Galilei, a 2 nd contribution 16. Britain s Royal Society 17. William Harvey 18. Isaac Newton 19. Antoine Lavoisier 20. Nikolaus Kopernikus Contribution a. Based on experimental evidence, the Great Aristotle was wrong about gravity. Heavy bodies and light objects fall just as fast. b. Introduced the argument to Europe that a sun-centered universe (solar system) fits the real world observations a lot better than an earth-centered universe. c. Experimentally determines that blood circulates through the body actively pumped by the heart. This is contrast with the ancient view of how fluids in the body, and human health, work. d. The world is composed of many elements such as oxygen. This person is considered the founder of modern Chemistry. e. Evolution. Maybe even life itself is the product of understandable principles rather than divine magic. f. Based on evidence gained by looking through a telescope, the suncentered universe fits better than the earth-centered one. g. Promotes the sharing of research between scientists and craftsman (industrialists). h. Developed three laws of motion. Maybe the entire universe is subject to relatively simple laws we can learn and understand. 21. When could steel be cheaply mass-produced by the (tens of) ton(s)? Roughly beginning in: a b c d e

22. (4 pts) Which of the following are characteristics of cast iron? Indicate ( ) all that apply. it can be cast (poured) into a mold to produce useful shapes.

it could not be produced in large quantities until the advent of the Bessemer converter. 23. Which method for making steel blew air through a bottle containing molten metal? a. the Aston process b.

4 22. (4 pts) Which of the following are characteristics of cast iron? Indicate ( ) all that apply. it can be cast (poured) into a mold to produce useful shapes. during its production, it is heated but not melted. it has a very high carbon content (> 2%). it is very flexible for an iron based metal. It is hard to break. it could not be produced in large quantities until the advent of the Bessemer converter. 23. Which method for making steel blew air through a bottle containing molten metal? a. the Aston process b. the Crucible process c. the blaufen, or blue furnace, process d. the Catalan process e. the Chauncer spin the bottle process f. the Waloon process g. the Siemens open hearth process h. the Bessemer process 24. (6 pts) Below you have a picture of a railroad locomotive. Which letter indicates the: Firebox or furnace? Boiler? Cylinder? Piston? d e f e e These don t look like wood pellets. They aren t. I made them myself. h i j b a k c g Hint: Feel free to use a letter(s) more than once. 25. (3 pts) Which of the following are considered shortcomings of the Newcommen steam engine? Check any and all that apply. It was considerably more expensive than the Oldcommen steam engine. It was inherently inefficient and used considerable fuel for the amount of work it did. It was inherently small in size and could not be scaled up to power industrial purposes. It was most efficient when running at very high speed and pressures. This made the engine extremely dangerous. While the size of the piston could be scaled up, the amount of force one each square inch of the piston was quite limited. 4

5 26. Which of the following best define a General Purpose Technology? a. a technology that requires no new raw materials b. a technology that is not patented and can therefore be legally copied by anyone c. a technology that is simple enough to be built and used by ordinary people d. a technology with uses in a large number of processes and industries 27. Which of the following best fits the category or General Purpose Technology? a. Richard Arwright s Water Frame, a very efficient devise for spinning cotton into thread and the basis for some of the world s first factories. b. Humphrey Davy s discovery of a more efficient process to make sodium hydroxide, a major ingredient in soap making c. Steam engines after James Watt and others made improvements to them d. The Crucible Process for making steel that was used in the 1700 s 28. According to class (and reading), what do economic historians tend to think about Britain s patent system during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution? How certain are economic historians about whether or not Britain s patent system gave it an advantage over other countries? a. Britain s patents system was better than having no patent system. However, Britain s patent system had many flaws and is not a good explainer of why Britain was the first to industrialize. b. Britain s patent system, the first and best in Europe, has been estimated to explain about 20% to 40% of Britain s Industrial growth during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. c. Britain s patent system was superior to that of the rest of Europe because Britain did not recognize foreign patents, but forced other nations to recognize British patents. Britain used her naval power to blockade nations that would not agree to these terms. d. Britain s patent system was actually harmful to innovation. Britain would have likely been even farther ahead if she did not have a (flawed) patent system. 29. It s Which country mines the most coal per capita? a. Belgium e. Italy b. England f. Russia c. France g. Spain d. (what will someday be) Germany h. Switzerland 30. How does the total amount of coal mined by the above (# 29) country compare to the rest of Europe? a. The country is very small. While it mines the most coal per capita, the total amount of coal it mines is only a very small % of the European total. b. The country is only one of many countries in Europe that mine a lot of coal. While it mines the most coal per capita, the total amount of coal it mines is just under half of the European total. c. The country mines the vast majority of all the coal mined in Europe. 5

6 Part 2: Answer 1 of the following 2 essays (30 points) 1. Get out your drawing pencils! **** Explain the operation of a Newcomen Atmospheric Engine. Include a drawing (or two) to help explain how this engine worked. **** For what activity was this engine used? When and where (country) was it first used? Why was it used in this activity, but not others? What are some of the limitations of the Newcomen Atmospheric Engine? Explain why these limitations existed and how they prevented the Newcomen engine from being used more widely. 2. Today, most news stories on the matter portray low wages as giving a country an advantage when it comes to attracting manufacturing plants. Describe and explain the story, from our readings and lecture, about how wages differentials might have affected where manufacturing in factories first arose. Also, how according to this story, do wage differentials explain when and where technology would be adopted by second comers (i.e. nations other than the first to industrialize). 6

ECON European Economic History II, 2018 John Lovett. Code Name: Part 1: (70. points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted.

ECON European Economic History II, 2018 John Lovett. Code Name: Part 1: (70. points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted. ECON 30733 European Economic History II, 2018 John Lovett Code Name: Part 1: (70. points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted.) 1. According to lecture, which change in agriculture will lead