Culture Hearths & World Religions Steven A. Stofferahn Department of History
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1 & World Religions Steven A. Stofferahn Department of History Geography and History of the World Seminar Indiana State University July 2007
2 GHW 1.1 DEFINITION Culture Hearth: - heartland - source area - innovation center - place of origin of a major culture * civilization incubator
3 GHW 1.1 STANDARD Use maps, timelines, and/or other graphic representations to identify the location, distribution, and main events in the development of culture hearths in various regions of the world.
4 GHW 1.1 Primary Culture Hearths of the World
5 GHW 1.1 Primary Culture Hearths of the World: Fertile Crescent (8000 BCE) India (7000 BCE) Huang Ho (5000 BCE) West Africa (2000 BCE) Mesoamerica & S. America ( BCE)
6 GHW 1.1 Fertile Crescent: - Neolithic Revolution ca BCE - several early settlements: Jericho et al. - organized societies appear concurrently: Mesopotamia: Sumer (3200) Unification of Egypt (3100)
7 GHW 1.1 India: - early agricultural sites date from 7000 BCE - Harappan society arises ca dependent upon rich floodplains of Indus - develop cotton textiles & dyes by impt. trade contacts w/ Fertile Crescent - Aryan migration into India ca. 1500
8 GHW 1.1 Huang Ho (Yellow River): - Neolithic Revolution ca BCE - rich soils but floods = need for dikes, dredging - small societies flourish, BCE - emergence of centralizing hereditary monarchies: Xia (ca ) & Shang (ca ) - major influence of Indo-Europeans: bronze, chariots - Zhou dynasty ( ): classical Chinese civilization
9 GHW 1.1 West Africa: - early Sudanic agricultural influence - incremental Bantu migrations, BCE - spread across central and southern Africa - enabled by agricultural surpluses & iron - diffusion: - W. African yams & grains - 90 million Bantu-speakers today
10 GHW 1.1 Mesoamerica & South America: - migrations to W. hemisphere ca. 13,000 BCE(?) - early agriculture in Mesoamerica by maize cultivation begins ca no large domestic animals (hence no wheel) - only small villages; no large cities until later - Olmec rulers (fl ) compel building of large ritual centers, drainage projects, & artistic objects (heads) - Olmec destroy own civilization; Maya inherit later
11 GHW 1.2 STANDARD Ask and answer geographic and historical questions about the locations and growth of culture hearths. Assess why some of these culture hearths have endured to this day, while others have declined or disappeared.
12 GHW 1.2 Keys to Success: - geographical integrity - ecological sustainability - agricultural surpluses - internal order
13 GHW 1.2 Egypt: Gift of the Nile ( BCE) - regular flood cycle - natural frontiers - Nile-as-highway - breadbasket - awe and wonder pharaohs
14 GHW 1.2 Egypt: 2 nd Pyramid of Giza (Khafra, )
15 GHW 1.2 Common Factors of Decline: - increased contacts with hostile neighbors - ecological degradation & exhaustion - over-attractive agricultural hearths (?) - internal disorder all in evidence in Egypt by 1200 BCE
16 GHW 1.3 STANDARD Analyze agricultural hearths and exchanges of crops among regions. Evaluate the impact of agriculture on the subsequent development of culture hearths in various regions of the world.
17 GHW 1.3 Columbian Exchange: DEFINITION the radical s global diffusion of: - people - animals - ideas * plants & food crops * pathogens
18 GHW 1.3 Columbian Exchange: DEMOGRAPHICS New World: disaster - smallpox, measles, influenza, et al. - 90% mortality - s.16-18: 100 million dead - adult losses = esp. devastating
19 Columbian Exchange: SMALLPOX
20 GHW 1.3 Columbian Exchange: DEMOGRAPHICS Old World: boon - new crops = population explosion - s.16-18: growth of 475 million! - European pol & econ expansion WORLD HEGEMONY
21 GHW 1.4 STANDARD Detect the factors that explain how the local and regional human and physical environments of selected culture hearths were modified over time in terms of such features as urban development and agricultural activities.
22 GHW 1.4 The Reinvention of Ancient Athens
23 GHW 1.4 Peisistratus ( BCE) - popular tyrant of Athens - land redistribution and 5% income tax - reshapes Athenian agriculture & economy: OLIVE OIL and CERAMICS - Athens becomes a major commercial hub - leads to Athens hegemony in the Greek world
24 Questions ~ Discussion
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