Fred Below, Jason Haegele, Ross Bender, and Adam Henninger Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at
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1 Fred Below, Jason Haegele, Ross Bender, and Adam Henninger Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2012 Fertilizer Outlook & Technology Conference Philadelphia, PA November 13, 2012
2 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Ranks those factors that each year can have a positive (and sometimes negative) impact on corn yield Gives each factor an average bushel per acre value
3 Crucial Prerequisites, but not Yield Wonders Drainage Pest/Weed Control Proper soil ph & adequate levels of P and K based on soil tests
4 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Weather Nitrogen Value bu/acre Given key prerequisites
5 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Weather Nitrogen Hybrid Value bu/acre Given key prerequisites
6 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Weather Nitrogen Hybrid Previous Crop Value bu/acre Given key prerequisites
7 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Weather Nitrogen Hybrid Previous Crop Plant Population Value bu/acre Given key prerequisites
8 How have corn yields increased? Grain yield (bu acre -1 ) U.S. plant density U.S. average grain yield Plant density (acre -1 ) Source USDA Year 16000
9 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Weather Nitrogen Hybrid Previous Crop Plant Population Tillage Value bu/acre Given key prerequisites
10 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Value bu/acre Weather 70+ Nitrogen 70 Hybrid 50 Previous Crop 25 Plant Population 20 Tillage 15 Growth Regulators 10 Given key prerequisites
11 Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World Rank Factor Given key prerequisites Weather Nitrogen Hybrid Previous Crop Plant Population Tillage Growth Regulators TOTAL Value bu/acre bu
12 How to Get High Corn Yields? Optimize each of the seven wonders and their positive interactions Provide better prerequisites, season long weed control & balanced fertility/nutrition
13 Prerequisites for High Yields? Proper soil ph & adequate levels of P and K based on soil tests Fertility- Use application and fertilizer technologies to supply required crop nutrition
14 Nutrition Needed for 230 Bushel Corn Nutrient Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index lbs/acre % N P 2 O K 2 O S Zn (oz) B (oz) Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010.
15 N Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn Nitrogen Uptake (lb N ac -1 ) Grain Tassel, Cob, Husk Leaves Stalk and Leaf Sheaths Leaf Blades GDD F Percent (%) of Total Nitrogen E V3 V6 V9 V14 V18 R1 R3 R5 R6 Growth Stage Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010 Agron Journal 2013 in press
16 P Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn Phosphorus Uptake (lb P 2 O 5 ac -1 ) Grain Tassel, Cob, Husk Leaves Stalk and Leaf Sheaths Leaf Blades GDD F Percent (%) of Total Phosphorus E V3 V6 V9 V14 V18 R1 R3 R5 R6 Growth Stage Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010 Agron Journal 2013 in press
17 Average of 6 hybrids in Champaign and DeKalb IL in 2010 Agron Journal 2013 in press Zn Uptake & Partitioning for 230 Bushel Corn Zinc Uptake (oz Zn ac -1 ) Grain Tassel, Cob, Husk Leaves Stalk and Leaf Sheaths Leaf Blades Percent (%) of Total Zinc GDD F 0 E V3 V6 V9 V14 V18 R1 R3 R5 R6 Growth Stage
18 Standard vs. High Tech 2009/10 Fertility Nitrogen No P or K based on soil test 100 lbs P 2 O 5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) 180 lbs pre-plant as UAN 100 lbs extra N sidedress as Super-U Genetics RR Refuge Hybrid (DKC 61-22) Triple stack Hybrid (DKC 61-19) Both with soil insecticide at planting Population 32,000 plants/ac vs 45,000 plants/ac Fungicide No Fungicide Both in 30 inch rows and twin rows in 2010 Headline or Quilt-Xcel (@ R1)
19 High Tech Package vs Traditional 2009/10 Ears from 1/1000 of an acre High Technology Package Standard Practice
20 Omission Plot Experimental Design FACTORS TREATMENT Fertility Nitrogen Genetics Population Fungicide HIGH TECH MESZ Base + Slow release Triple stack 45,000 Strobilurin Remove Technology Fertility No P & K Base + Slow release Triple stack 45,000 Strobilurin Nitrogen MESZ Base Triple stack 45,000 Strobilurin Genetics Population Fungicide MESZ MESZ MESZ Base + Slow release Base + Slow release Base + Slow release Refuge 45,000 Strobilurin Triple stack 32,000 Strobilurin Triple stack 45,000 none STANDARD No P & K Base Refuge 32,000 none Add Technology Fertility MESZ Base Refuge 32,000 none Nitrogen No P & K Base + Slow release Refuge 32,000 none Genetics No P & K Base Triple stack 32,000 none Population No P & K Base Refuge 45,000 none Fungicide No P & K Base Refuge 32,000 Strobilurin
21 Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield Standard Management 193 bu acre -1 +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn) Nitrogen (protected from weather loss) Genetics (biotech insect protection) Population (45,000 plants/acre) Fungicide (strobilurin at flowering) LSD (p<0.10) = 6 Data from Champaign and Dixon Springs in 2009 & 2010
22 Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield High Tech all Five Factors 245 bu acre -1 -Fertility (fertility from soil test) Nitrogen (unprotected from loss) Genetics (-biotech insect protection) Population (only 32,000 plants/acre) Fungicide (no fungicide) LSD (p<0.10) = 6 Data from Champaign and Dixon Springs in 2009 & 2010
23 Traditional vs High-Tech Two Years Traditional High Tech Factor Yield Yield bu acre -1 None or All Fertility Nitrogen Genetics Population Fungicide LSD (p<0.10) = 6 Data from Champaign and Dixon Springs
24 Standard vs High Tech 2011/12 Fertility Nitrogen Genetics Population Fungicide No or fall P or K based on soil test 100 lbs P 2 O 5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6 directly under row at planting 180 lbs pre-plant as urea 180 lbs pre-plant SuperU + 60 lbs sidedress urea with Agrotain Workhorse Management Hybrid Racehorse Management Hybrid Both triple-stack with soil insecticide at planting 32,000 plants/ac vs 45,000 plants/ac Both final stand in 30 inch & some twin and 20 inch rows No Fungicide Headline-Amp or R1
25 Yield Response from High-Tech Management in 2011 Management response (bu acre -1 ) Avg. = 26 bu acre Omission Plot Experiment (sorted)
26 Standard vs High-Tech 2011 Standard High Tech Factor Yield Yield bu acre -1 None or All Fertility Nitrogen Genetics Population Fungicide LSD (p<0.10) = 6 Average of 12 trials in Illinois In 2011
27 Improved Growth with Spring-Banded MESZ Champaign, IL 2011
28 No Corn Plant Left Behind Standard Technology High Technology Champaign, IL 2011
29 Champaign, 2012 Drip irrigation allows for precise application of water and nutrients Seven inches supplemental water during June and July
30 Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield Standard Management 135 bu acre -1 +Irrigation (7 inches during June/July) * +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn) Nitrogen (protected from weather loss) Population (45,000 plants/acre) * +Fungicide (strobilurin at flowering) * Significantly different from standard at P Champaign, 2012
31 Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield High Tech all Five Factors 210 bu acre -1 -Irrigation (no supplemental water) * -Fertility (fertility from soil test) * -Nitrogen unprotected from loss) Population (only 32,000 plants/acre) * -Fungicide (no fungicide) * Significantly different from high tech at P Champaign, 2012
32 Conclusions Yield gains are possible from a systems approach to crop management that combines individual practices known to impact yield Increasing plant population may be the foundation for pushing higher yields, but it must be managed and protected
33 Acknowledgements Personnel Brad Bandy Tryston Beyrer Tom Boas Ryan Becker Ross Bender Fernando Cantao Keila Cunha Paulo Galvao Laura Gentry Jason Haegele Mark Harrison Cole Hendrix Adam Henninger Jim Kleiss Brandon Litherland Jack Marshall Bianca Moura Matías Ruffo Juliann Seebauer Marjorie Souza Logan Smith Martín Uribelarrea Mike Vincent Kyle Vogelzang Wendy White Financial Support AGCO Agrium AgroFresh BASF Dawn Equipment Dow AgroSciences DuPont GrowMark Honeywell Illinois Corn Marketing Board Illinois Fertilizer Research Council Koch Agronomic Services Monsanto Mosaic Nachurs Netafilm Orthman Rosen s Inc. Syngenta Valent BioSciences WinField Solutions Wyffels Hybrids
34 Very Special Thanks Mosaic BASF Monsanto Syngenta Koch Agronomic Services For more information:
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