Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Transcription

1 Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 22 nd Annual National No-Tillage Conference Springfield, IL January 15, 2014

2 Quest for High Soybean Yields 9 billion people by 2050 requires a doubling of crop production, including soybean US average soybean yields are currently about about 42 bushels/acre

3 Quest for 85 Bushel Soybean 85 bushel soybean produced each year in state soybean yield contests World record soybean yield of 161 bushels

4 Quest for 85 Bushel Soybean Intelligent Intensification with the management factors that have the biggest impact on soybean yield each year The Six Secrets of Soybean Success

5 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success What Factors Have the Biggest Impact on Soybean Yield? Champaign, IL 2012

6 Not Secrets of Soybean Success, but Important to Overall Crop Productivity Corn yields 25 bu better when it follows soybean & requires less fertilizer N Soybean improves soil tilth compared to corn

7 Crucial Prerequisites, but not Secrets of Success Drainage Weed Control Proper Soil ph

8 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank 1 Factor Weather Given key prerequisites

9 Excess Precipitation Delayed Planting in 2013

10 Exceptional Drought in 2012

11 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank 1 2 Factor Weather Fertility Given key prerequisites

12 Typical Fertilization for Corn and Soybean in Illinois 180 lbs N, 90 lbs P 2 O 5 and 120 lbs K 2 0 per acre applied to corn. No S or micronutrients No fertilizer applied to soybean

13 Nutrient Uptake and Removal by Nutrient 62 Bushel Soybean Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index lb acre -1 % N P 2 O K 2 O S Zn (oz) B (oz) Average of two varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012

14 P and K Uptake and Removal by 62 bu Soybean vs 230 bu Corn Nutrient Required to Produce Removed with Grain Harvest Index Corn Soy Corn Soy Corn Soy lb acre - 1 % P 2 O K 2 O Corn data from Agron J. 105: (2013); Soybean data from DeKalb, IL 2012

15 K Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean K Uptake (lb K 2 O ac -1 ) Grain Flowers, Pods Stem, Petioles Leaves Percent of Total (%) Days After Planting Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8 Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012 Growth Stage

16 P Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean P Uptake (lb P 2 O 5 ac -1 ) Grain Flowers, Pods Stem, Petioles Leaves Percent of Total (%) Days After Planting Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8 Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012 Growth Stage

17 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Given key prerequisites

18 All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal Variety Yield Variety Yield bu acre -1 bu acre varieties with high-tech management at Champaign, IL 2012

19 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection 5 6 Given key prerequisites

20 Soybean Yield Components Yield = Pod number/acre x Seeds per pod x Weight per seed

21 How Does Pod Number Effect Soybean Yield 3.0 Pod Number (per node) Bushels Node Number

22 How Does Pod Number Effect Soybean Yield 3.0 Pod Number (per node) Bushels 62 Bushels Node Number

23 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment 6 Given key prerequisites

24 Impact of Seed Treatment on Emergence Untreated Fungicide, Insecticide, Nematicide Photos courtesy of AJ Woodyard, BASF

25 Impact of Seed Treatment on Soybean Growth Fungicide only R2 growth stage, Champaign, IL 2012 Fungicide, Insecticide, Nematicide

26 Impact of Seed Treatment on Soybean Growth Plants at growth stage R2 at Champaign, IL 2012

27 The Six Secrets of Soybean Success Rank Factor Weather Fertility Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment Row Arrangement Given key prerequisites

28 Row Spacing Affects Light Interception And Canopy Air Movement 30 Rows 20 Rows Champaign, IL 2012

29 Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing Standard vs High Tech Soybean 2012 Fertility Variety P or K applied year before to corn 75 lbs P 2 O 5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6 directly under row at planting Normal maturity grown in region Longest possible maturity for region Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide

30 Soybean Omission Plots plots at 4 sites with: Two trials Champaign & Rushville Banded fertility at planting Maturity according to region Normal maturity in standard vs full maturity in high tech Different company seed and foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF Rushville DeKalb Champaign All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre Harrisburg

31 Soybean Omission Plot Design Decrease Technology Add Technology MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full - Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full - Foliar protecqon Placed Full maturity None Full - Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic +Variety None Full maturity None Basic +Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic +InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic +Foliar protecqon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic +Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full Treatments evaluated in 30 and 20 inch row spacing

32 No Interaction of Row Spacing and Other Management Factors in Rows 20 Rows Champaign, IL 2012

33 Yield Increase from 20 Row Spacing Location Yield Increase Δ bu acre -1 DeKalb +6.5* Champaign * Rushville * Harrisburg - 2.6* Average +2.1* *Significant P 0.05, Average of six trials in Illinois and of standard and high technology management. 1 Two trials at Champaign and Rushville

34 Soybean Omission Plot Design Decrease Technology Add Technology MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full - InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full - Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full - Foliar protecqon Placed Full maturity None Full - Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic +Variety None Full maturity None Basic +Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic +InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic +Foliar protecqon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic +Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full Treatments evaluated in 30 and 20 inch row spacing

35 Soybean Yield Response to Management Location Standard HighTech Δ bu acre -1 DeKalb * Champaign * Champaign * Rushville * Rushville * Harrisburg * * Significantly different at P Average of 30 & 20 rows

36 Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield Δ Standard Management 50.1 bu acre -1 +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn) * +Variety (fullest maturity for region) * +Fungicide (at R3 growth stage) * +Insecticide (at R3 growth stage) * +Fungicide and Insecticide * +Seed treatment (at planting) * *Significantly different from standard at P Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 30 and 20 rows

37 Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield Δ High Tech all Six Factors 60.0 bu acre -1 -Fertility (fertility from previous corn) * -Variety (normal maturity for region) * -Fungicide (no fungicide) * -Insecticide (no insecticide) * -Fungicide and Insecticide * -Seed treatment (none or base) * *Significantly different from standard at P Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 30 and 20 rows

38 2012 Soybean Omission Plots Average of Six Trials Standard High Tech Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bu acre -1 None or All Fertility * * Variety * * Fungicide * * Insecticide * * Fung. + Insect * * Seed treatment * * * Significantly different at P Average of 30 & 20 rows

39 Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing Standard vs High Tech Soybean 2013 Fertility Variety P or K applied year before to corn 75 lbs P 2 O 5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6 directly under row at planting Normal and Full maturity for region Normal and Full maturity for region Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide

40 Soybean Omission Plots plots at 4 sites with: Two plots at each site Banded fertility at planting Different company seed and foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF Rushville DeKalb Champaign Normal and full maturity variety in each trial in 2013 All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre Harrisburg

41 No Difference Between Normal and Full Maturity Varieties in 2013 Probably Due to Relatively Late Planting

42 Row Spacing Interacted with Other Management Factors in Rows 20 Rows Champaign, IL 2012

43 Row Space and Management Interaction Row Space Standard High Tech Δ inches bushels acre * * Increase from 20 inch rows * * Significantly different at P Average of eight trials each with two varieties in 2013

44 Effect of Management on Soybean (30 Rows) Location Standard High Tech Δ bushels acre 1 DeKalb * DeKalb Champaign Champaign Harrisburg * Harrisburg * Rushville * Rushville * Average * *Significant at P 0.1. Average of two varieties in each trial.

45 Effect of Management on Soybean (20 Rows) Location Standard High Tech Δ bushels acre 1 DeKalb * DeKalb * Champaign Champaign * Harrisburg * Harrisburg * Rushville * Rushville * Average * *Significant at P 0.1. Average of two varieties in each trial

46 Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management 30 Rows 20 Rows Add One Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bushels acre -1 Standard Fertility * * +Fungicide * * +Insecticide * +Fung. + Insect * * +Seed treatment * *Significantly different at P Average of eight trials in 2013

47 Omit One Enhanced Factor From High-Tech System 30 Rows 20 Rows Omit One Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bushels acre -1 High Tech (all) Fertility * Fungicide Insecticide Fung. + Insect * Seed treatment * *Significantly different at P Average of eight trials in 2013

48 Soybean Omission Plots Average of all Trials Standard High Tech Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bu acre -1 None or All Fertility * * Fungicide * * Insecticide * * Fung. + Insect * * Seed treatment * * * Significantly different at P Average of 30 & 20 rows

49 Conclusions Soybean yield can be increased with crop management Each of the six secrets of soybean can independently increase yield and when combined into a system they are partially additive

50 Acknowledgements Personnel Brad Bandy Tryston Beyrer Tom Boas Ryan Becker Ross Bender Fernando Cantao Paula Cler Keila Cunha Paulo Galvao Laura Gentry Claire Geiger Jason Haegele Mark Harrison Cole Hendrix Adam Henninger Jim Kleiss Brandon Litherland Jack Marshall Bianca Moura Ellie Raup Matías Ruffo Juliann Seebauer Marjorie Souza Logan Smith Martín Uribelarrea Mike Vincent Alison Vogel Kyle Vogelzang Wendy White

51 Crop Physiology Lab Sites & Farm Cooperators DeKalb DeKalb - Eric Lawler H.B. Babson Farms Rushville - Mike Dyche Jr. Dyche Farms Inc Rushville Champaign Champaign UI Research Farm Harrisburg - Scott Berry Berry Farms Harrisburg

52 Acknowledgements Financial Support AGCO Agricen Agrium AgroFresh BASF Calmer Corn Heads Crop Production Services Dawn Equipment Dow AgroSciences DuPont/Pioneer Fluid Fertilizer Foundation GrowMark Honeywell Helena Chemical Company Illinois Corn Marketing Board Illinois Soybean Association IPNI John Deere Koch Agronomic Service Monsanto Mosaic Nachurs Netafilm Orthman Rosen s Inc. Syngenta Stoller Enterprises Valent BioSciences WinField Solutions Wolf Trax Wyffels Hybrids

53 Very Special Thanks No-Till Farmer Illinois Soybean Association For more information: Crop Physiology Laboratory at the University of Illinois