Daniel Lee Global Aquaculture Alliance

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1 Daniel Lee Global Aquaculture Alliance

2 Assessing the true cost of farmed seafood Examples 1. shrimp carbon footprint 2. fish in : fish out ratios

7 Kauffman s main assumptions to 60% of farms are extensive operations constructed within tidal zones frequently occupied by mangroves 2. Shrimp productivity = 50 to 500 Kg/ha/yr 3. Pond life span = 3 to 9 years. Conclusion: 1 lbof shrimp generates 1 ton of CO2 J. Boone Kauffman. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University. From briefing paper The Jumbo Carbon Footprint of a Shrimp

8 Kauffman s assessment (not peer reviewed) amounts to: Worst case x Worst case x Worst case = Representative Case But when challenged, Kauffman said he wasn t talking about all farmed shrimp. Too late! The damage has been done

10 Reply to Kauffman from James S. Diana* Most shrimp are not grown in mangrove areas Shrimp production levels today are actually times higher than Kauffman says Exported shrimp very rarely come from the extensive systems described by Kauffman * School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan

11 250 CO2 emissions, kg/100g Kauffman shrimp cocktail Cao et al. Shrimp cocktail Cao et al. Shrimp cocktail Buffalo wings tenderloin sliders (beef) pork empanadas

12 CO2 emissions, kg/100g Cao et al. Cao et al. Shrimp cocktailshrimp cocktail Buffalo wings tenderloin sliders (beef) pork empanadas

13 Conclusions from Cao et al.

14 Carbon footprint of farmed Atlantic salmon fillet applying different methods: No capital goods Capital goods No capital goods Capital goods Land use change minimum Land use change maximum Source: Collective action on seafood greenhouse gases. BSI Pas2050-2, Seafish and Rob Parker, 2012

Draft PAS 2050-2:2012 Assessment of life

15 Draft PAS :2012 Assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions Supplementary requirements for the application of PAS 2050:2011 to seafood and other aquatic food products

16 Fish in Fish out: what s it all about? Online search yields numerous quotes: It takes 4 kg of wild fish, vacuumed up at sea by those big ocean-stripping factory boats, to make 1 kg of fish meal, which makes about 1 kg of salmon. Poletopole Nov it takes 4kg of wild fish to bring 1kg of farmed fish to market PlumwoodV. (2002) Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason. Routledge, London.

17 Until we stop catching fish to feed fish... aquaculture will continue to create more problems than it solves Marine Environmental Management MSc Introduction, Website, University of York, UK

18 Academic studies The ratio of wild fisheries inputs to farmed fish outputs has fallen to 0.63 for the aquaculture sector as a whole but remains as high as 5.0 for Atlantic salmon Naylor et al. (2009) Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. PNAS 106(23)

19 The oxtail fallacy or why so many FIFO estimates are misleading

20 The oxtail fallacy An ox (cow) weighs 500 kg One ox produces 1 kg tail It takes 1 kg of tail to make 1 kg oxtail soup Conclusion: the ox in: ox out ratio of the oxtail soup industry is 500:1

21 The oxtail fallacy

22 The oxtail fallacy Consumers urged to boycott oxtail soup to reduce pressure on wild cow stocks

23 The oxtail fallacy Tail 0.2% Cow (processed into cuts) Forage Fish (processed into meal, oil) Fishmeal 22.5% Water 72.5% Oil 5%

24 The oxtail fallacy oxtail soup industry: Wrongly assumes that the tail is the only part of the ox utilized aquaculture industry: Wrongly assumes that fish oil is the only part of the forage fish utilized

25 FIFO (fish in fish out) Calculation Methods ASC (Tilapia Aquaculture Dialogue) ASC (Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue) EWOS (marine protein) EWOS (marine oils) IFFO/Jackson Naylor et al. 2009

26 EWOS: Marine Oil Dependency Ratio

27 IFFO/Jackson: Fish in Fish out ratio

28 FIFO: advancing the debate Analysis from David Mizon, MSc student Measuring fishyness

29 Ranking Nutrients Constituent Fish Meat Vegetable Water Energy Energy Protein Total lipid (fat) Ash Carbohydrate, by difference Fiber, total dietary Sugars, total Sucrose Glucose (dextrose) Fructose Lactose Maltose Galactose Minerals Calcium, Ca Iron, Fe Magnesium, Mg Phosphorus, P Potassium, K Sodium, Na Zinc, Zn Copper, Cu Manganese, Mn

30 Measuring Fishyness 120 different nutritional factors Fish Salmon Prawn Carp Meat Chicken Beef Pork Legumes, Grains Kidney Beans Rice Lentils

31 FIFO by EPA + DHA EWOS Method method uses a focussed used a non-descriptmarine approach EPA and oil DHA calculation Where: Wfin is the mass (kg) of wild fish input Pf is the mass (kg) of product fish created

32 So what about farmed salmon? Use EPA + DHA calculation to calculate FIFO of salmon Map a range of FIFO based on different assumptions of fish and feed contents

33 FIFO by EPA + DHA FIFO = 1.37

34 How does this compare? FIFO Rat tio The EPA + DHA FIFO is slightly higher, a result of increased specificity T & M Method IFFO EWOS MPDR Methodology EWOS MODR EPA + DHA

35 ISO TC 234 Fisheries and Aquaculture Working Group 6 Working Group 6 Calculation of FIFO (fish in fish out) and FCR (feed conversion ratio)

36 Assessing the true cost of farmed seafood

37 Thank you!

Sustainable feed ingredients -a great challenge for the fish feed producers?

Sustainable feed ingredients -a great challenge for the fish feed producers? Kjell Bjordal, Head EWOS Group European Maritime Day 2012 Gothenburg Knowledge makes the difference Approach Introduction to