Biodiversity of macro-fungi and slime mold in Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Bangkok

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1 1398 แก นเกษตร 45 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2560). KHON แก นเกษตร KAEN AGR. 45 J. ฉบ บพ เศษ 45 SUPPL. 11 : :(2560). (2017). Biodiversity of macro-fungi and slime mold in Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Bangkok Thanawat Sutjaritvorakul 1*, Pattareewan Imsuwan 2, Chadawan Ittichaichareon 3, Idhisak Sridam 3 and Amorn Koomsubsiri 3 ABSTRACT: Pathumwan Institute of Technology is located in central part of Bangkok, which is a large city with severe problem of pollution caused by industry, traffic and dense population. Therefore, many organisms are difficult to survive under this condition. The aim of this research is to study biodiversity of macro-fungi and slime mold in Pathumwan Institute of Technology, which have never been report before. The information of macro-fungi biodiversity is important for future comparison to our understanding of changing fungal diversity. This research was performed during June-July Macro-fungi and slime mold were collected and identify according to their macro and microscopic structure. Twenty-one strains were found including, eighteen saprophytic macro-fungi, one mycorrhizal mushroom and two slime molds. In addition, the result reveals that six strains (28.57 %) is an edible mushroom. It could be suggested that these edible mushroom can be used in daily life of local people living in this area. Moreover, these macro-fungi could be applied in bioremediation, biodegradation, pharmacological and other biotechnological applications. Keywords: Biodiversity, Mushroom, Macro-fungi, Slime mold, Bangkok Introduction In nature, fungi play a major role in terrestrial ecological system. They can form symbiotic associations with higher plant root as mycorrhizal fungi, contributing to essential nutrient cycling, decomposing organic matter and some mushrooms are plant pathogens (Gadd et al., 2003). However, mushroom is an important source of food and medicine for human (Wani et al., 2010). Mushroom structures are varied in shapes, size and colour. They can grow in almost all types of soils, on decaying organic matter, wood chips, on leaf litter. They appear in all seasons especially rainy season (Manoharachary et al., 2005; Karwa and Rai, 2010). Edible macro-fungi are a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals. They are preferred due to their special flavor and aroma. Therefore, some of edible mushrooms are economic importance such as Termitomyces spp. (Cuptapun et al. 2010; Wiriya et al., 2014). Moreover, macro-fungi have been studied for searching for new therapeutic bioactive compounds that are responsible for their antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial properties (Sutjaritvorakul et al., 2010; Wani et al., 2010; Orachaipunlap et al. 2016). 1 Program in Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Office of the Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Program in Information Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Bangkok, * Corresponding author: thana5306@hotmail.com

2 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 45 SUPPL. 1 : (2017). Pathumwan Institute of Technology is located in central part of Bangkok, a large city with severe problem of pollution caused by industry, traffic and dense population. Therefore, many organisms are difficult to grow under this condition. The aim of this research is to study biodiversity of macro-fungi and slime mold in Pathumwan Institute of Technology, which have never been report before. The information of macro-fungi biodiversity may provide the information on changing of fungal diversity in future. Materials and methods Pathumwan Institute of Technology ( N, E) is located in central of Bangkok is the area of study. This research was performed during rainy season (June-July 2016) at small forest area about 1,600 m 2 where woody plants such as Moraceae, Fabaceae and Combretaceae were predominantly found. A sterilized knife was used to collect the whole and parts of mushrooms growing on the soil and on trees. For fungal identification, the genera were identified by morphological characteristic according to their microscopic structures (e.g. colure, size, shape of spore) and macroscopic structure (e.g. basidiocarp). Specimens for light microscopy were mounted in the water, Melzer s reagent and lactophenol-cotton blue for investigation of spores and other microscopic characteristics. In this research, identification of fungi was using Genera of polypores nomenclature and taxonomy (Ryvaede, 1991), wood-rotting fungi of North America (Gilbertson, 1980), Diversity of mushrooms and macrofungi in Thailand (Chansrikul, et al. 2008), North America Mushroom: a field guide to 1399 edible and inedible (Miller and Miller, 2006) and Wild Mushrooms of Thailand: Biodiversity and Utilization (Sanoamuang, 2010). Results and discussion Most macro-fungi produce their fruiting body that can be found only a few day, and one of the important factor affect the biodiversity of mushrooms is the weather (Kauseresud et al, 2008). The average rainfall of survey period during June and July was and mm respectively (Data obtained from Department of Drainage and Sewerage, the Bangkok Metropolitan) (Figure 1). Nineteen sporocarps of macro-fungi and two strains of slime mold were found in Pathumwan Institute of technology during June-July 2016 (Table 1). Twenty-one strains were found including, eighteen saprophytic macro-fungi, two slime mold species (Arcyria incarnate and Diachea leucopodia), and Tricholoma cassum is the only one mycorrhizal mushroom was found in this area. Moreover, the results showed that most of macro-fungi are saprophyte and six strains were found to be an edible mushroom. However, the edibility of five strains is still unknown. The results are in agreement with the result obtained from Pushpa and Purushothama (2012), which was reported that most of macro-fungi were found in urban area are saprophytic and wood-rotting mushroom. However, Nuangmek et al. (2015) reported the number of mushroom species found in Plant Genetic Conservation Project, University of Phayao over a number of this research. It could be suggested that the difference in climate, temperature, ph affect the number and species

3 1400 แก นเกษตร 45 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2560). of mushroom (Kulsantiwong et al. 2014). These result on the occurrence of the macro-fungi reveals the source of edible mushroom in this district. Not only in terms of edibility, these macro-fungi could be applied in bioremediation, biodegradation, pharmacological and other biotechnological applications. A B Figure 1 The average rain fall of Bangkok in June (A) and July (B) 2016, Pathumwan district ( ) Table 1 Macro-fungi and slime mold in Pathumwan Institute of Technology during June-July 2016 No. Fungal strain Classification Ecological role Edibility 1 Arcyria incarnata Myxomycota Saprophyte Inedible 2 Auricularia fuscosuccinea Basidiomycota Saprophyte Edible 3 Campanella simulan Basidiomycota Saprophyte Unknown 4 Coprinus spp. Basidiomycota Saprophyte Unknown 5 Dacryopinax spathularia Basidiomycota Saprophyte Edible 6 Daldinia concentrica Ascomycota Saprophyte Inedible 7 Diachea leucopodia Myxomycota Saprophyte Inedible 8 Ganoderma lucidum Basidiomycota Saprophyte/Parasite Edible 9 Ganoderma spp. Basidiomycota Saprophyte/Parasite Unknown 10 Gloeophyllum oderatum Basidiomycota Saprophyte/Parasite Unknown 11 Lepiota phaeosticta Basidiomycota Saprophyte Unknown 12 Lepiota spp. Basidiomycota Saprophyte Inedible 13 Leucocoprinus birnbaumii Basidiomycota Saprophyte Inedible 14 Marasmius haematocephalus Basidiomycota Saprophyte Inedible 15 Marasmius spp. Basidiomycota Saprophyte Inedible 16 Polyporus retirugis Basidiomycota Saprophyte Edible 17 Schizophyllum commune Basidiomycota Saprophyte Edible 18 Trametes spp.1 Basidiomycota Saprophyte Inedible 19 Trametes spp.2 Basidiomycota Saprophyte Inedible 20 Tricholoma cassum Basidiomycota Mycorrhiza Edible 21 Xylaria spp. Ascomycota Saprophyte Inedible

4 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 45 SUPPL. 1 : (2017) Figure 2 Arcyria incarnate (A), Auricularia fuscosuccinea (B), Campanella simulant (C), Coprinus spp. (D), Dacryopinax spathularia (E), Daldinia concentrica (F), Diachea leucopodia (G), Ganoderma lucidum (H), Ganoderma spp. (I), Gloeophyllum oderatum (J), Lepiota phaeosticta. (K), Lepiota spp. (L), Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (M), Marasmius haematocephalus (N), Marasmius spp. (O), Polyporus retirugis (P), Schizophyllum commune (Q), Trametes spp.1 (R), Trametes spp.2 (S), Tricholoma cassum (T), Xylaria spp. (U) Conclusion Biodiversity of macro-fungi and slime mold were investigated in Pathumwan Institute of technology during June and July They are consisting of nineteen strains of macro-fungi and two strains of slime mold. The results revealed that most of macro-fungi are saprophytic mushroom, and six species were found to be an edible mushroom. In addition, abiotic factor such as the average rainfall has directly involved in fungal diversity. Acknowledgements The research team gratefully acknowledge climate data support from the Department of Drainage and Sewerage, the Bangkok Metropolitan.

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