What is Epigenetics? Watch the video
|
|
- Julie Armstrong
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EPIGENETICS
2 What is Epigenetics? The study of environmental factors on gene expression in DNA. The molecule is called methylation controls when genes are turned on. Methylation turns off genes. Acetylation turn genes on.
3 What is Epigenetics? Watch the video
4 History of Epigenetics Discovered by Paul Kammerer, a lamarckian evolutionist, in the 1920s. The midwife toad experiment was controversial and soon found to have been fraudulent. Recent review of his experiment has shown it to be possible.
5 Epigenetic Inheritance Genetic tags are passed down through generations When the zygote is formed many epigenetic tags are removed from the chromosomes of the parents, but some remain
6 Epigenetic Inheritance cont. Previously believed that genetic information was passed through DNA only Studies in the field of epigenetics shows that parent s experiences are passed on to offspring through epigenetic tags
7 Identical Twins Identical twins are from the same zygote, so they begin life with the same genetic information, including epigenetic tags While infants they experience the same or very similar environments, so there is little variation in the epigenome Over time the twins environments will diverge, resulting in individual epigenetic tags to form for each twin
8 Identical Twins cont. The difference in the twins epigenomes is what makes them become different when they are older The epigenetic tags can have such an effect on the twins that one can develop a disease while the other is fine When this situation occurs, researchers will try to pinpoint the environmental factors that are responsible for the disease
9 Environmental Factors The major factors that affect the epigenome are: Stress Social interactions Physical activity Exposure to toxins Diet No specified yet The nutrition of the mother can affect the epigenome of a fetus Stress hormones also travel from the mother to a fetus to affect the epigenome
10 There is significant phenotypic discordance: Mental disorders Cancer Monozygous twins share a common genotype and are genetically identical
11
12 Agouti Twin Sisters
13
14 Coat Colors of Genetically Identical Agouti Mice Liter Mates
15 Coat color serves as a sensor for the degree of methylation present
16
17
18 Mosaicism: An Individual with Two Different Eye Colors Diego
19 Mosaicism: An Individual Eye with Two Colors
20 Bisphenol A
21 Epigenetics C.H. Waddington coined the term epigenetics to mean above or in addition to genetics to explain differentiation. How do different adult stem cells know their fate? Myoblasts can only form muscle cells Keratinocytes only form skin cells Hematopoetic cells only become blood cells But all have identical DNA sequences. Modern definition is non-sequence dependent inheritance. How can identical twins have different natural hair colors? How can a single individual have two different eye colors? How can identical twin liter mates show different coat colors? How can just paternal or maternal traits be expressed in offspring? This is called genetic imprinting. How can females express only one X chromosome per cell? How can acquired traits be passed on to offspring? Some changes in gene expression that are, in fact, heritable!
22 What is Epigenetics? Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that are not dependent on gene DNA sequence Epigenetics is the study of environmental factors on gene expression in DNA. Methylation turns off genes. Acetylation turn genes on. While epigenetics often refers to the study of single genes or sets of genes, epigenomics refers to more global analyses of epigenetic changes across the entire genome.
23 Three Levels of Folding of DNA in Chromatin
24 Methylated DNA from Zygote to Adult
25 DNA Methylation Differentiates Totipotent Embryonic Stem Cells from Unipotent Adult Stem Cells
26 DNA Methylation Differentiates Totipotent Embryonic Stem Cells from Unipotent Adult Stem Cells
27 DNA Methylation Differentiates Totipotent Embryonic Stem Cells from Unipotent Adult Stem Cells
28 Differentiated Cells can Become Totipotent
29 Critical CpG Sequences in CpG Islands Near Promoters
30 Organization of the Epigenome
31 Epigenetic Imprinting
32 Methylation Changes During Development
33 Epigenetics Mechanisms RNA Interference Gene Expression Histone Modifications DNA Methylation
34 The term epigenetic It refers to all heritable changes in gene expression and chromatin organization that are independent of the DNA sequence itself.
35 The region of DNA will then be heritably maintained in an inactive state. Transcriptionally active chromatin regions tend to be hyperacetylated and hypomethylated. If a region of DNA or a gene is destined for silencing, chromatin remodeling enzymes such as histone deacetylases and ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers likely begin the gene silencing process. One or more of these activities may recruit DNA methyltransferase resulting in DNA methylation, followed finally by recruitment of the methyl-cpg binding proteins.
36 Methylation of Cytosine in DNA Paula Vertino, Henry Stewart Talks
37 5-Methyl Cytosine in DNA Paula Vertino, Henry Stewart Talks
38 DNA Methylation Hypomethylation Hypermethylation
39 DNA Methylation and Cancer
40 RNA Interference (RNAi)
41 Summary of Epigenetic Gene Regulation Patterns of DNA methylation in adult cells parallels cell fate, chromatin structure and gene activation. Most DNA methylation is removed at fertilization and reestablished during embryogenesis. Imprinted genes keep their parental pattern of methylation giving rise to parental patterns of expression. Patterns of histone modifications parallel DNA methylation.
42 Summary of Epigenetic Gene Regulation Methylated gene regions are genetically inactive, highly condensed and special histone modifications. Active gene regions have little DNA methylation and distinctive histone modifications (acetyl groups and H3K4methyl). X chromosome inactivation in females is correlated with extensive CG island methylation on one chromosome, condensation, inactivation and Barr body formation. Alterations in gene and CG island methylation patterns are seen in aging and in cancer. Most CG islands are not methylated except for X chromosome inactivation and tumor suppressors in cancer.
43 Epigenetics in Medicine Epigenetics can help us master stem cells. With that knowledge we may be able to control changing stem cells. Epigenetics has opened a new field in genetic research.
Epigenetics. Medical studies in English, Lecture # 12,
Epigenetics Medical studies in English, 2018. Lecture # 12, Epigenetics Regulation of gene activity in eukaryotes Correlation of chromatin structure with transcription stably heritable phenotype resulting
More informationLecture 21: Epigenetics Nurture or Nature? Chromatin DNA methylation Histone Code Twin study X-chromosome inactivation Environemnt and epigenetics
Lecture 21: Epigenetics Nurture or Nature? Chromatin DNA methylation Histone Code Twin study X-chromosome inactivation Environemnt and epigenetics Epigenetics represents the science for the studying heritable
More informationFigure 1: Testing the CIT: T.H. Morgan s Fruit Fly Mating Experiments
I. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance As early cytologists worked out the mechanism of cell division in the late 1800 s, they began to notice similarities in the behavior of BOTH chromosomes & Mendel s
More informationDifferential Gene Expression
Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Differential Gene Expression September 28, 2006 Chromatin Structure ~140 bp ~60 bp Transcriptional Regulation: 1. Packing prevents access CH 3 2. Acetylation ( C O )
More informationDifferential Gene Expression
Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Differential Gene Expression June 19, 2008 Differential Gene Expression Overview Chromatin structure Gene anatomy RNA processing and protein production Initiating transcription:
More informationEpigenetics, Environment and Human Health
Epigenetics, Environment and Human Health A. Karim Ahmed National Council for Science and the Environment Washington, DC May, 2015 Epigenetics A New Biological Paradigm A Question about Cells: All cells
More informationChapter 11: Regulation of Gene Expression
Chapter Review 1. It has long been known that there is probably a genetic link for alcoholism. Researchers studying rats have begun to elucidate this link. Briefly describe the genetic mechanism found
More informationDifferential Gene Expression
Biology 4361 - Developmental Biology Differential Gene Expression June 18, 2009 Differential Gene Expression Overview Chromatin structure Gene anatomy RNA processing and protein production Initiating transcription:
More informationThe Importance of Epigenetic Phenomena in Regulating Activity of the Genetic Material
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 2013 The Importance of Epigenetic Phenomena in Regulating Activity of the Genetic Material
More informationIntroduction. Thomas Hunt Morgan. Chromosomes and Inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster
Chromosomes and Inheritance 1 4 Fig. 12-10, p. 244 Introduction It was not until 1900 that biology finally caught up with Gregor Mendel. Independently, Karl Correns, Erich von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
12 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes WORKING WITH THE FIGURES 1. In Figure 12-4, certain mutations decrease the relative transcription rate of the -globin gene. Where are these mutations located,
More informationChapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes
Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes DNA as the genetic material Heat-killed bacteria can transform living cells S Smooth R Rough Fred Griffith, 1920 DNA is the genetic material Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn
More informationBeyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance
Chapter 14. Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance 1 Extending Mendelian genetics Mendel worked with a simple system peas are genetically simple most traits are controlled by a single gene each gene has only
More informationChromatin. Structure and modification of chromatin. Chromatin domains
Chromatin Structure and modification of chromatin Chromatin domains 2 DNA consensus 5 3 3 DNA DNA 4 RNA 5 ss RNA forms secondary structures with ds hairpins ds forms 6 of nucleic acids Form coiling bp/turn
More informationGene Expression and Heritable Phenotype. CBS520 Eric Nabity
Gene Expression and Heritable Phenotype CBS520 Eric Nabity DNA is Just the Beginning DNA was determined to be the genetic material, and the structure was identified as a (double stranded) double helix.
More informationInheritance Biology. Unit Map. Unit
Unit 8 Unit Map 8.A Mendelian principles 482 8.B Concept of gene 483 8.C Extension of Mendelian principles 485 8.D Gene mapping methods 495 8.E Extra chromosomal inheritance 501 8.F Microbial genetics
More informationBIOLOGY. Chapter 16 GenesExpression
BIOLOGY Chapter 16 GenesExpression CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 18 Gene Expression 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Differential Gene Expression results
More informationCHAPTER 13 LECTURE SLIDES
CHAPTER 13 LECTURE SLIDES Prepared by Brenda Leady University of Toledo To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off.
More informationA Perspective on Human Genetics
Michael Cummings Chapter 1 A Perspective on Human Genetics David Reisman University of South Carolina 1.1 Genetics is the Key to Biology Genetics The scientific study of heredity Geneticists study how
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression
Slide 1 Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationHuether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5 th Edition
Huether and McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 5 th Edition Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are: a. Pentose sugars and
More informationDivision Ave. High School AP Biology
Control of Eukaryotic Genes 2007-2008 The BIG Questions n How are genes turned on & off in eukaryotes? n How do cells with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions?
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationFunctional characterisation
Me Me Ac Ac Functional characterisation How can we know if measured changes in DNA methylation and function (phenotype) and linked, and in what way? DNMT Dianne Ford Professor of Molecular Nutritional
More informationThis is the knowledge that you should understand upon completing this section:
DN 11 Syllabus hecklist This is the knowledge that you should understand upon completing this section: 11.1 DN DN occurs bound to proteins in chromosomes in the nucs and as unbound DN in the mitochondria.
More informationChp 10 Patterns of Inheritance
Chp 10 Patterns of Inheritance Dogs, one of human s longest genetic experiments Over 1,000 s of years, humans have chosen and mated dogs with specific traits. A process called -artificial selection The
More information3/9/04 Cloning/Stem Cells
3/9/04 Cloning/Stem Cells 1 Meet (left to right): Rainbow, Allie and cc (carbon copy) who is a genetic clone of Rainbow. Allie is cc s surrogate mom 2 To see entire article: http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/2.14.02nytcat.pdf
More information2 Gene Technologies in Our Lives
CHAPTER 15 2 Gene Technologies in Our Lives SECTION Gene Technologies and Human Applications KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: For what purposes are genes and proteins manipulated?
More informationCBA #4 Practice Exam Genetics. 1) (TEKS 5A) Which of the diagrams below shows the process of transcription:
CBA #4 Practice Exam Genetics 1) (TEKS 5A) Which of the diagrams below shows the process of transcription: 2) (TEKS 5C) All of the following are true statements about cell differentiation EXCEPT A. Cell
More informationEOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics
EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics The student will demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of genetics. Langham Creek High School 2012-2013 By PresenterMedia.com TEK 6A Identify
More informationWhat we ll do today. Types of stem cells. Do engineered ips and ES cells have. What genes are special in stem cells?
Do engineered ips and ES cells have similar molecular signatures? What we ll do today Research questions in stem cell biology Comparing expression and epigenetics in stem cells asuring gene expression
More informationName Date Class. In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or answers each question.
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or answers each
More informationDNA: The Hereditary Molecule
1 CHAPTER DNA: The Hereditary Molecule Chapter 1 Modern Genetics for All Students S 1 CHAPTER 1 DNA: The Hereditary Molecule SECTION A What is DNA?..............................................S5 1. An
More informationDo engineered ips and ES cells have similar molecular signatures?
Do engineered ips and ES cells have similar molecular signatures? Comparing expression and epigenetics in stem cells George Bell, Ph.D. Bioinformatics and Research Computing 2012 Spring Lecture Series
More informationAP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW
AP Biology Gene Expression/Biotechnology REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Gene expression can be a. regulated before transcription.
More informationGenetics - Problem Drill 19: Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis of Model Organisms
Genetics - Problem Drill 19: Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis of Model Organisms No. 1 of 10 1. The mouse gene knockout is based on. (A) Homologous recombination (B) Site-specific recombination
More informationAGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1
AGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1 - Genetics: Progress from Mendel to DNA: Gregor Mendel, in the mid 19 th century provided the
More informationMechanisms of X-inactivation
Mechanisms of X-inactivation Sarah M Duthie, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK X-inactivation involves the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X-chromosomes in the cells
More information2. Outline the levels of DNA packing in the eukaryotic nucleus below next to the diagram provided.
AP Biology Reading Packet 6- Molecular Genetics Part 2 Name Chapter 19: Eukaryotic Genomes 1. Define the following terms: a. Euchromatin b. Heterochromatin c. Nucleosome 2. Outline the levels of DNA packing
More informationRead each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight?
Name Date Class CHAPTER 8 DIRECTED READING Mendel and Heredity Section 8-1: The Origins of Genetics Mendel and Others Studied Garden-Pea Traits 1. What did T. A. Knight discover? 2. How did Mendel s scientific
More informationEmbryonic development, epigenics and somatic cell nuclear transfer - The science and its social implications -
Embryonic development, epigenics and somatic cell nuclear transfer - The science and its social implications - Moshe Yaniv Unité d Expression Génétique et Maladies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France September
More informationGENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s
GENE REGULATION slide shows by Kim Foglia modified Slides with blue edges are Kim s 2007-2008 Bacterial metabolism Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their environment STOP GO if they have
More informationNON MENDELIAN GENETICS. DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MUTATIONS DUE DECEMBER 8TH
NON MENDELIAN GENETICS. DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, MUTATIONS DUE DECEMBER 8TH MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 11/14 11/15 11/16 11/17 11/18 Non-Mendelian Genetics DNA Structure and Replication 11/28
More informationGenetics and Gene Therapy
Genetics and Gene Therapy Optional Homework Instructions: Print and read this article. Answer the questions at the end to the best of your ability. Extra credit will be given based on quality of responses.
More informationChromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription
Chromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription Epigenetics 2014 by Nigel Atkinson The University of Texas at Austin From Weaver 4th edition and Armstrong 1st edition What is the point? DNA is not
More informationDNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology
DNA Structure and Replication Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine 1 Division and differentiation
More informationQuantitative Genetics
Quantitative Genetics Polygenic traits Quantitative Genetics 1. Controlled by several to many genes 2. Continuous variation more variation not as easily characterized into classes; individuals fall into
More informationChapter 13. The Nucleus. The nucleus is the hallmark of eukaryotic cells; the very term eukaryotic means having a "true nucleus".
Chapter 13 The Nucleus The nucleus is the hallmark of eukaryotic cells; the very term eukaryotic means having a "true nucleus". Fig.13.1. The EM of the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell 13.1. The Nuclear Envelope
More informationGenetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon
Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids Key Concepts: What factors control the inheritance of traits in organisms?
More informationTumor Growth Suppression Through the Activation of p21, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor
Tumor Growth Suppression Through the Activation of p21, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Nicholas Love 11/28/01 A. What is p21? Introduction - p21 is a gene found on chromosome 6 at 6p21.2 - this gene
More informationChapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression. 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression 1. Gene Regulation in Bacteria 2. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 3. Gene Regulation & Cancer Gene Regulation Gene regulation refers to all aspects of controlling
More informationStudent Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart
Student s Name Date Class Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart Topic: K W L What do you Know? What do you Want to know? What did you Learn? Lesson 1 / Pre-Assessment: Genes and Molecular Machines Student s Name
More informationReproduction, Heredity, & Molecular Genetics. A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides
Name: Date: 1. A strand of DNA consists of thousands of smaller, repeating units known as A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides 2. Which two bases are present in equal amounts in a
More informationGen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce
Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency
More informationChapter 16: Gene Expression from Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
Chapter 16: Gene Expression from Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. 2013, Rice University. CHAPTER 16 GENE EXPRESSION 429 16 GENE EXPRESSION
More informationHigher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells Pupils Learning Outcomes
Higher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells Pupils Learning Outcomes 1.1 Division and Differentiation in Human Cells I can state that cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell develops more
More informationWhat is DNA??? DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid IT is a molecule that contains the code for an organism s growth and function
Review DNA and RNA 1) DNA and RNA are important organic compounds found in cells, called nucleic acids 2) Both DNA and RNA molecules contain the following chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
More informationCS273B: Deep Learning in Genomics and Biomedicine. Recitation 1 30/9/2016
CS273B: Deep Learning in Genomics and Biomedicine. Recitation 1 30/9/2016 Topics Genetic variation Population structure Linkage disequilibrium Natural disease variants Genome Wide Association Studies Gene
More informationReview. 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance. 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above?
Review 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance 0 Rr 0 RR 0 rr 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above? 2 Vocab to Remember! 0 Allele 0 Gene 0 Trait
More information17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST
Topic 17 INHERITANCE 17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SUFEATIN SURHAN BIOLOGY MSPSBS 2010 SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Candidates should
More informationGENETICS. I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide chains wrap around each other to form a
GENETICS I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide 1. 2. 3. chains wrap around each other to form a Chains run in opposite direction known as Type of bond between the
More informationGenomics and resilience
Genomics and resilience Jean-Paul Renard French Academy of Agriculture - section n 3n Hélène Jammes French Academy of Agriculture French Academy of Agriculture -section n 6 n and INRA UMR 1198-Jouy en
More informationREGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. II. Eukaryotes
REGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS II. Eukaryotes Complexities of eukaryotic gene expression! Several steps needed for synthesis of mrna! Separation in space of transcription and translation! Compartmentation
More informationNon Mendelian Genetics
Non Mendelian Genetics TEKS 6 Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected to: 6F
More informationDO NOT OPEN UNTIL TOLD TO START
DO NOT OPEN UNTIL TOLD TO START BIO 312, Section 1: Fall 2012 December 4 th, 2012 Exam 3 Name (print neatly) Signature 7 digit student ID INSTRUCTIONS: 1. There are 12 pages to the exam. Make sure you
More informationCell Growth and Reproduction
Cell Growth and Reproduction Robert Hooke was the first person to describe cells, in the year 1665. He was looking through his microscope at a piece of cork when he noticed a lot of repeating honeycomb
More informationHow about the genes? Biology or Genes? DNA Structure. DNA Structure DNA. Proteins. Life functions are regulated by proteins:
Biology or Genes? Biological variation Genetics This is what we think of when we say biological differences Race implies genetics Physiology Not all physiological variation is genetically mediated Tanning,
More informationBio 311 Learning Objectives
Bio 311 Learning Objectives This document outlines the learning objectives for Biol 311 (Principles of Genetics). Biol 311 is part of the BioCore within the Department of Biological Sciences; therefore,
More informationRead and take notes on pages
Protein Synthesis Read and take notes on pages 336-340 What is protein? Proteins Polypeptide chains of amino acids Are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. They have
More informationGenes and human health - the science and ethics
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - why is it so important? Genes and human health - the science and ethics DNA is essential to all living organisms, from bacteria to man, as it contains a code which specifies
More informationClassical (Mendelian) Genetics. Gregor Mendel
Classical (Mendelian) Genetics Gregor Mendel Vocabulary Genetics: The scientific study of heredity Allele: Alternate forms of a gene/factor. Genotype: combination of alleles an organism has. Phenotype:
More informationTemperature sensitive gene expression: Two rules.
32 Research Notes Dros. Inf. Serv. 92 (2009) Temperature sensitive gene expression: Two rules. Gupta, Anand P. Johnson C. Smith University, Department of Science and Mathematics, 100 Beatties Ford Road,
More informationPV92 PCR Bio Informatics
Purpose of PCR Chromosome 16 PV92 PV92 PCR Bio Informatics Alu insert, PV92 locus, chromosome 16 Introduce the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique Apply PCR to population genetics Directly measure
More informationObserving Patterns In Inherited Traits
Observing Patterns In Inherited Traits Ø Where Modern Genetics Started/ Gregor Mendel Ø Law of Segregation Ø Law of Independent Assortment Ø Non-Mendelian Inheritance Ø Complex Variations in Traits Genetics:
More informationDNA DNA Profiling 18. Discuss the stages involved in DNA profiling 19. Define the process of DNA profiling 20. Give two uses of DNA profiling
Name: 2.5 Genetics Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 2.5.1 Heredity and Variation 1. Discuss the diversity of organisms 2. Define the term species 3. Distinguish between
More informationBIL Spring 2011 EXAM III
BIL 250 - Spring 2011 Choose the BEST answer. Two points each. EXAM III Krempels 1. The purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction is to a. determine the function of Taq polymerase in vitro d. insert plasmid
More informationConcepts and Methods in Developmental Biology
Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Concepts and Methods in Developmental Biology June 16, 2009 Conceptual and Methodological Tools Concepts Genomic equivalence Differential gene expression Differentiation/de-differentiation
More informationAn introduction to genetics and molecular biology
An introduction to genetics and molecular biology Cavan Reilly September 5, 2017 Table of contents Introduction to biology Some molecular biology Gene expression Mendelian genetics Some more molecular
More informationDNA/Genetics Test 2016
N/Genetics Test 2016 Name: ate: 1. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?. N Protein RN. Protein RN N. RN Protein N. N RN Protein
More informationMendel & Inheritance. SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Mendel & Inheritance SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment Mendel s Law of Segregation: gene pairs separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed; each gamete as only
More information! Allele Interactions
Chapter 4!Extensions to Mendelian Genetics! Allele Interactions 1 INTRODUCTION Mendelian inheritance describes inheritance patterns that obey two laws Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Simple
More informationExploring Mendelian Genetics. Dihybrid crosses. Dihybrid crosses
Objective 8: Predict the results of dihybrid genetic crosses by using Punnett squares Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11.3 Dihybrid cross--a cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits. A cross between
More informationName Class Date. Practice Test
Name Class Date 12 DNA Practice Test Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. What do bacteriophages infect? a. mice. c. viruses.
More informationNUCLEUS. Fig. 2. Various stages in the condensation of chromatin
NUCLEUS Animal cells contain DNA in nucleus (contains ~ 98% of cell DNA) and mitochondrion. Both compartments are surrounded by an envelope (double membrane). Nuclear DNA represents some linear molecules
More informationDevelopmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy
Developmental Biology BY1101 P. Murphy Lecture 7 Cellular differentiation and the regulation of gene expression. In this lecture we looked at two main questions: How is gene expression regulated? (revision
More informationRapid Learning Center Presents. Teach Yourself AP Biology in 24 Hours
Rapid Learning Center Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math Rapid Learning Center Presents Teach Yourself AP Biology in 24 Hours 1/35 *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not
More informationEpigenetics. The Epigenetics activity aligns with the following National Science Education Standards (see books.nap.
Original broadcast: July 24, 2007 Epigenetics Activity Summary Students make a model of chromatin and use it to show how chemical tags that bond to the chromatin can influence its uncoiling. Materials
More informationLinkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes. Ch. 6
Linkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes Ch. 6 1 LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER! In eukaryotic species, each linear chromosome contains a long piece of DNA A typical chromosome contains many hundred or even
More informationChapter 20: Biotechnology
Name Period The AP Biology exam has reached into this chapter for essay questions on a regular basis over the past 15 years. Student responses show that biotechnology is a difficult topic. This chapter
More informationTable of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology
Table of Contents Chapter: Heredity Section 1: Genetics Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel Section 3: Biotechnology 1 Genetics Inheriting Traits Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are
More informationDNA segment: T A C T G T G G C A A A
DNA Structure, Replication, Protein Synthesis & Name Period Genetics Study Guide Chapter 12 and 13 Structure of DNA and Protein Synthesis 1. What macromolecule is coded for by genes located on DNA? Provide
More informationGenetic material must be able to:
Genetic material must be able to: Contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism Pass from parent to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division Be accurately copied Account
More informationCHAPTERS , 17: Eukaryotic Genetics
CHAPTERS 14.1 14.6, 17: Eukaryotic Genetics 1. Review the levels of DNA packing within the eukaryote nucleus. Label each level. (A similar diagram is on pg 188 of your textbook.) 2. How do the coding regions
More informationHeredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in
Genetics Grade 7 1 Heredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in common with either parent 2 Tracking
More informationProblem Set 2B Name and Lab Section:
Problem Set 2B 9-26-06 Name and Lab Section: 1. Define each of the following rearrangements (mutations) (use one phrase or sentence for each). Then describe what kind of chromosomal structure you might
More informationObserving Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition
More informationMethDB a public database for DNA methylation data
270 274 Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 1 2001 Oxford University Press MethDB a public database for DNA methylation data Christoph Grunau*, Eric Renault, André Rosenthal 1 and Gérard Roizes
More information