Genetics. What DNA is telling us!
|
|
- Marian Primrose Waters
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Genetics What DNA is telling us!
2 Learning Goals The student will investigate and understand common mechanisms of inheritance and protein synthesis. Key concepts include: 1. prediction of inheritance of traits based on the Mendelian laws of heredity; 2. genetic variation (mutation, recombination, deletions, additions to DNA) 3. use of genetic information; and 4. exploration of the impact of DNA technologies.
3 vocabulary terms INHERITANCE or HEREDITY- The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
4 vocabulary terms GENETICS The study of the transmission of heredity
5 vocabulary terms HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES A pair of matching chromosomes in an organismwith one inherited from Mom & one from Dad.
6 vocabulary terms AUTOSOME- Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome. In humans there are 22 pairs
7 vocabulary terms GENOTYPE- the genes present in the DNA of an organism. Genotypes are represented by 2 letters -because (as a result of sexual reproduction) 1 gene from MOM + 1 gene from DAD = 2 genes (2 letters) for offspring
8 vocabulary terms Now, it turns out there are usually 3 possible GENOTYPES: 1. 2 capital letters (like "TT") 2. 1 of each ("Tt") 3. 2 lowercase letters ("tt"). Since WE LOVE VOCABULARY, each possible combo has a term for it.
9 vocabulary terms HOMOZYGOUS: GENOTYPE has 2 capital or 2 lowercase letters (ex: TT or tt) ("homo" means "the same") -A zygote is a fertilized egg- Sometimes the term "PUREBRED" is used instead of homozygous.
10 vocabulary terms HETEROZYGOUS: GENOTYPE has 1 capital letter & 1 lowercase letter (ex: Tt) ("hetero" means "other") A heterozygous genotype can also be referred to as HYBRID and sometimes the organism is called a CARRIER
11 vocabulary terms Let's Summarize: Genotype- genes present in an organism (usually abbreviated as 2 letters) TT = homozygous = purebred Tt = heterozygous = hybrid tt = homozygous = purebred
12 vocabulary terms PHENOTYPE- how the trait physically shows-up in the organism; it is the observable traits present in an organism What the organism LOOKS like Examples of phenotypes: blue eyes, brown fur, striped fruit, yellow flowers
13 vocabulary terms POLYGENIC INHERITANCE- a trait controlled by two or more genes that may be on the same or on different chromosomes Examples of polygenic inheritance: eye color, skin color, and height
14 vocabulary terms ALLELES- alternative forms of the same gene. Alleles for a trait are located at corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes called loci. ALLELES A b C d e A B c d E Chromosome from MOM Chromosome from DAD
15 Chromosome from DAD: P (P) Chromosome from MOM: p (p)
16 vocabulary terms When 1 allele masks (hides) the effect of another, that allele is called DOMINANT and the hidden allele is called RECESSIVE.
17 vocabulary terms Dominant alleles are represented by a CAPITAL letter Recessive alleles are represented by a LOWERCASE letter
18 What are Dominant Genes? Dominant Genes = gene overshadows the other Angus Cattle: black is dominant, red is not Dominant: BB - homozygous dominant or Bb - heterozygous Recessive: bb ONLY- Homozygous recessive
19 What are Dominant Genes? Hereford: white face is dominant Dominant: WW or Ww Recessive: ww ONLY
20 What are Recessive Genes? The gene that is overshadowed by a dominant gene Recessive genes can only express themselves if BOTH genes are recessive So the genotype MUST be homozygous recessive
21 What are Recessive Genes? Black wool is recessive to white wool. Dominant: WW or Ww Recessive: ww ONLY
22 What are Recessive Genes? Some types of dwarfism are recessive to average size. Dominant: DD or Dd Recessive: dd ONLY
23 What are Recessive Genes? Albinism (Albino) is recessive to pigmented.
24 What makes an organism the way that it is? NATURE vs. NURTURE Traits that are expressed through genes can be inherited. Characteristics that are acquired through environmental influences, such as injuries or practiced skills, cannot be inherited.
25 Gregor Mendel ( ) Austrian monk Called the Father of Genetics" for his study of the inheritance of 7 traits in pea plants.
26 Gregor Mendel ( ) The traits that Mendel chose to study were easily observable in 2 distinct forms. EX.: Stem Height - tall vs. short Pod Shape - round vs. wrinkled Flower Color white vs. purple Seed Color green vs. yellow
27 Gregor Mendel ( ) The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20 th century Its rediscovery prompted the foundation of genetics.
28 Genotype Symbol TT Tt tt Genotype Vocabulary homozygous DOMINANT or purebred tall heterozygous or hybrid homozygous RECESSIVE or purebred short Phenotype tall tall short
29 Geneticists apply mathematical principles of probability to Mendel s laws of heredity in order to predict the results of simple genetic crosses
30 Mendel s laws of heredity are based on his mathematical analysis of observations of patterns of the inheritance of traits. The laws of probability govern simple genetic recombinations. To see this we use a Punnett Square
31 Punnett Squares To complete a Punnett square, we use a letter to represent each allele. We represent the dominant allele with a capital letter, and the recessive allele is given the same letter but in lowercase. If there is only ONE TRAIT to look at the probability of occuring this is a MONOHYBRID CROSS
32 Punnett Squares For the pea plant flowers: dominant: purple color = P recessive: white color = p. If both parents( P generation) are purebred, then the purple colored parent must be PP and the white colored parent must be pp.
33 How can we predict these results? Homozygousrecessive Homozygousdominant We complete the possible combinations. P P p p P p P p P p P p
34 These results show that all the F 1 (1 st filial generation) offspring are all purple colored hybrids. P P p Pp Pp p Pp Pp 100% purple offspring
35 We can use another Punnett square to predict the F 2 (2 nd filial generation) offspring. Heterozygous - hybrid Heterozygous - hybrid P p P P P P p p P p p p
36 The results are always mathematically the same, a 3:1 ratio with 75% purple & 25% white offspring Heterozygous - hybrid P Heterozygous - hybrid p P P P P p p P p p p Phenotypic ratio 3:1 Genotypic ratio 1:2:1
37 A genotype ratio is possible gene combination results you expect from a cross Heterozygous - hybrid P Heterozygous - hybrid Phenotypic ratio 3:1 Genotypic ratio 1:2:1 p P P P P p p P p p p A phenotype ratio is possible appearance results you expect from a cross.
38 Dihybrid cross You now are determining the probability for TWO TRAITS. The Punnnett square NOW has 16 possible combinations so all the ratios are out of 16. To determine the possible gamete combinations you have to FOIL, but I have a short cut, too.
39 Dihybrid cross
40 Dihybrid cross
41 Dihybrid cross
42 Dihybrid cross
43 dihybrid cross practice Dihybrid cross
44 Dihybrid cross
45 Incomplete dominance When both alleles are present, they are both expressed in the phenotype. The hybrid is a blend of both alleles. When expressing incomplete dominant alleles, both alleles are may represented by different capitalized letters. YOU NOW HAVE 3 possible phenotypes!!!!
46 Incomplete dominance : F 1 generation Homozygous R R W R W R W W R W R W Homozygous
47 Incomplete dominance : F 1 generation 100% pink offspring R R W R W R W W R W R W
48 Incomplete dominance : F 2 generation Heterozygous R W R R R R W Heterozygous W R W W W
49 Incomplete dominance : F 2 generation A 1:2:1 ratio with Heterozygous 25% red, 50% pink & 25% white offspring R W R R R R W Heterozygous W R W W W
50 codominance When both different alleles are present, they are both expressed in the phenotype. The hybrid EXPRESSES both alleles so both are clearly seen. When expressing codominant alleles, alleles are may represented by different capitalized letters.
51 Codominance: in humans Blood Type: phenotypic ratio 1:1:1:1 1 type A I A I O 1 type B 1 type AB I B 1 type O I O I A I B I B I O I O I A I O I O
52 Codominance: in humans Blood Type: A & B are equally strong. O is recessive I A I O or I A I A is Type A I B I O or I B I B is Type B I A I B is Type AB I O I O is type O
53 Codominance: in humans
54 Codominance: in humans
55 EX. codominance
56 EX. codominance
57 Sex-Linked Traits Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome Decides X chromosome Y chromosome
58
59 What are Sex Linked Traits? In 1910, Thomas Morgan discovered traits linked to sex chromosomes in fruit flies. Some genes are attached to the X and Y chromosomes EXAMPLE: In humans, colorblindness and hemophilia are found on the X chromosomes
60 What are Sex Linked Traits? Since it is usually on the X chromosomes, in Men, traits expressed anytime present In Women, must have two genes to show trait Sons can ONLY inherit sex-linked traits from their mothers since dads can only give the Y chromosome to their sons
61 Punnett Square: What sex will the offspring be? X Y X X X X Y X X X X Y 50% chance of a male or a female child.
62 Colorblindness
63 Colorblindness can be carried by the mother so both parents can have normal color vision but they can still have a colorblind child Phenotype: 25% colorblind males 25% carrier females 25% normal males 25% noncarrier females
64 Genetic Diversity The sorting and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction results in a great variety of gene combinations in the offspring of any 2 parents. Do you look EXACTLY like your brothers & sisters?
65 Genetic Diversity Genetically diverse populations are more likely to survive changing environments. Greater variation within the species makes a population better suited to adaptation to changes in the environment.
66 Genetic Diversity Leopard populations around the world are in danger because of inbreeding.
67 Genetic Diversity There is very little genetic variation between any 2 individuals.
68 This makes them VERY susceptible to disease & will likely lead to their extinction. Genetic Diversity
69 Genetic Diversity Recombination and mutation provide for genetic diversity. Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA bases can alter genes. An altered gene in a sex cell may be passed on to every cell that develops from it, and MAY cause an altered phenotype.
70 Crossing-over recombination the physical exchange of chromosomal material between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during MEIOSIS. Result: Generation of new combinations of genes (alleles).
71 recombination Occurs in prophase I of meiosis I A B C C B A a b c c a b Generates diversity E F D D E F f e d d e f Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F.
72 recombination Letters denote genes Case denotes alleles A B C C c c a b E D D E e d d e F F f f
73 recombination Alleles have crossed over to produce new gene combinations A B C C b a A B c c a b E D D E e d d e F F f f
74
75 Chromosomal Errors Sometimes entire chromosomes can be added or deleted by mistakes during anaphase, resulting in a genetic disorder such as Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or Monosomy X (Turner s syndrome).
76 Chromosomal Errors NONDISJUNCTION: the failure of chromosomes to separate properly in meiosis. Gametes with extra or too few chromosomes result. Can cause diseases such as Down s Syndrome, Turner s and Klinfelter s.
77 Chromosomal Errors POLYPLOIDY: organisms with entire extra sets of chromosomes Results in the death of the fetus in animals Often occurs in plants and causes the fruits and flowers to be larger. EX.: bananas, lilies
78 A Karyotype is an Arranged Picture of Chromosomes At Their Most Condensed State Note that almost all chromosomes come in homologous pairs. Boy or girl?
79 Karyotype Boy or Girl?
80 Normal or abnormal Karyotype? male or female?
81 Pedigrees Pedigree charts show a record of the family of an individual. It can be used to study the transmission of a hereditary condition. It is particularly useful when there are large families and a good family record over several generations.
82 Autosomal Dominant
83
84
85 Genetics Quiz 5 all responses in complete sentences 1. Using the proper vocabulary, describe a single gene cross between a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive organism for one trait. 2. Describe the survival benefits of an organism doing meiosis. 3. What are the reasons to study genetics? 4. What is a karyotype and what does it show? 5. What exactly is a Punnett square used for?
86 Ethical & Moral Concerns The potential for identifying and altering genomes raises practical and ethical questions.
87 Ethical & Moral Concerns Cloning is another morally charged issue facing us today. Cloning is the production of genetically identical cells and/or organisms.
88 Ethical & Moral Concerns Dolly was famous all over the world because of the way she was born, in She was the world's first cloned mammal. Dolly the sheep
89 Ethical & Moral Concerns Other cloned animals
90 Ethical & Moral Concerns Transgenic organisms also known as Genetically modified organisms These are organisms that have DNA from a different source or RECOMBINANT DNA Much of our food is transgenic or GMOs genetically modified organisms, like corn, soybeans, mangos and strawberries
91 Ethical & Moral Concerns
92 Genetics in the News Human Genome Project: a 1986 DOE and NIH project to identify and map the approximately 20,000 25,000 genes of the human genome completed in 2003
93 Genetics in the News Medical or Criminal Forensicsbecause every organism has its own unique DNA DNA fingerprinting or profiling is done where the test sample is matched with actual DNA of humans and other organisms This has been used as evidence in criminal cases and to determine relatedness between individuals
94
95 DNA Fingerprinting Restriction enzymes cut unknown DNA into small pieces at certain points The pieces are placed in wells at the top of a gel and electricity is run through it A standard with known DNA sizes is placed in at least one well to compare The different sized fragments (measured in number of base pairs) stop at certain points and the unknown is compared with the known samples
96
97 Genetics in the News PCR- polymerase chain reaction A process that allows biotechnologists to make many copies of a small sample DNA in research or for identification in criminal cases when they use DNA fingerprinting. an/pcr_anime.html
98 Did you read all sections and understand all parts? if not come and talk to ME ASAP
Genetics. Biology. vocabulary terms
Genetics Biology vocabulary terms INHERITANCE or HEREDITY- The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring, such as hair, eye, and skin color. 1 vocabulary terms HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME-
More informationGenetics Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Genetics Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 41. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele
More informationWhy Pea Plants? Mendel chose to study garden peas, because: 1. They reproduce & have a short life cycle 1
Name: Date: Per: Genetic Notes Genetics Genetics Vocab Identify the definitions and/or vocabulary words below. You will need to know these terms moving forward! 1. P Generation 2. Hybrid (F1) Generation
More informationGENETICS AND MENDEL 2/20/2013. Mendel s Experiment. Genetic Terms. How is each group the same? How is each group different?
GENETICS AND MENDEL How is each group the same? How is each group different? Heredity transmission of traits from parents to offspring Genetics study of heredity HISTORY OF DISCOVERERY OF HEREDITY Up to
More informationB.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance
B.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance Gregor Mendel Austrian monk * Studied science and mathematics
More informationGENETICS AND MENDEL 2/4/2018. Mendel s Experiment. Genetic Terms. Genetic Terms. Mendel: Experiment 1 HISTORY OF DISCOVERERY OF HEREDITY
HISTORY OF DISCOVERERY OF HEREDITY 1851: Gregor Mendel, father of heredity studied pea plants GENETICS AND MENDEL prevented self pollination used cross pollination brought experimental and quantitative
More informationMendel and The Gene Idea
Mendel and The Gene Idea Gregor Mendel was a monk who experimented with pea plants and was also a scientist He is known as the Father of Genetics. Mendel s two fundamental principles of heredity are now
More informationClassical (Mendelian) Genetics. Gregor Mendel
Classical (Mendelian) Genetics Gregor Mendel Vocabulary Genetics: The scientific study of heredity Allele: Alternate forms of a gene/factor. Genotype: combination of alleles an organism has. Phenotype:
More informationGenetics. Chapter 10/12-ish
Genetics Chapter 10/12-ish Learning Goals For Biweekly Quiz #7 You will be able to explain how offspring receive genes from their parents You will be able to calculate probabilities of simple Mendelian
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel TEKS 6 Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected
More informationNon Mendelian Genetics
Non Mendelian Genetics TEKS 6 Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected to: 6F
More informationMendel & Inheritance. SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.
Mendel & Inheritance SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment Mendel s Law of Segregation: gene pairs separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed; each gamete as only
More informationGregor Mendel. Austrian Monk Worked with pea plants
Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Worked with pea plants A. True Breeding Pea Plants Self pollinate and produce new plants genetically identical to themselves Mendel decides to cross pollinate the plants Offspring
More informationExploring Mendelian Genetics. Dihybrid crosses. Dihybrid crosses
Objective 8: Predict the results of dihybrid genetic crosses by using Punnett squares Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11.3 Dihybrid cross--a cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits. A cross between
More informationUnit 10: Genetics. Chapter 9: Read P
Unit 10: Genetics Chapter 9: Read P. 145-167 10.0 Genetics The Definition of Genetics The study of heredity and how traits are passed on through generations. Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics Gregor
More informationThe information in this document is meant to cover topic 4 and topic 10 of the IB syllabus. Details of meiosis are found in Notes for Cells.
The information in this document is meant to cover topic 4 and topic 10 of the IB syllabus. Details of meiosis are found in Notes for Cells. Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk, who,
More informationChapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 4: Mendel and the Gene Idea. The Experiments of Gregor Mendel 2. Beyond Mendelian Genetics 3. Human Genetics . The Experiments of Gregor Mendel Chapter Reading pp. 268-276 TECHNIQUE Parental generation
More informationWould expect variation to disappear Variation in traits persists (Example: freckles show up in unfreckled parents offspring!)
Genetics Early Ideas about Heredity People knew that sperm and eggs transmitted information about traits Blending theory mother and father s traits blended together Problem: Would expect variation to disappear
More informationScrambling information
Scrambling information Introduction to Genetics GENETICS branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms. Chromosomes carry the hereditary information (genes) Arrangement of nucleotides
More informationObserving Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition
More informationCh. 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea
Ch. 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea 2006-2007 Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas used experimental method
More informationObserving Patterns In Inherited Traits
Observing Patterns In Inherited Traits Ø Where Modern Genetics Started/ Gregor Mendel Ø Law of Segregation Ø Law of Independent Assortment Ø Non-Mendelian Inheritance Ø Complex Variations in Traits Genetics:
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lectures
More informationMENDELIAN GENETICS This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law.
MENDELIAN GENETICS This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law. Gregor Mendel! 19 th century Austrian monk! Interested in heredity!
More informationGen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce
Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency
More informationDNA segment: T A C T G T G G C A A A
DNA Structure, Replication, Protein Synthesis & Name Period Genetics Study Guide Chapter 12 and 13 Structure of DNA and Protein Synthesis 1. What macromolecule is coded for by genes located on DNA? Provide
More informationGenetics Sperm Meiotic cell division Egg Chromosome Segments of DNA Code DNA for traits Code for a trait Gene
Genetics The Study of Inherited Characteristics Meiosis in the Gonads makes gametes: Sperm Meiotic cell division Egg Chromosome DNA Code for Gene Segments of DNA Code Code for a trait Hair Color Eye Color
More informationIntroduction to Genetics. DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences
Introduction to Genetics DANILO V. ROGAYAN JR. Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences GENETICS Introduction to Genetics and heredity Gregor Mendel a brief bio Genetic terminology (glossary) Monohybrid
More informationGenetics and Human Inheritance
BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 20 Genetics and Human Inheritance Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and University
More informationGenetics & The Work of Mendel
Genetics & The Work of Mendel He studied at the University of Vienna from 1851 to 1853 where he was influenced by a physicist who encouraged experimentation and the application of mathematics to science
More informationComplex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Before You Read Use the What I Know column to list the things you know about human heredity and genetics. Then list the questions you have about these topics in the
More informationActive Learning Exercise 8 Mendelian Genetics & the Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Name Biol 211 - Group Number Active Learning Exercise 8 Mendelian Genetics & the Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Reference: Chapter 14-15 (Biology by Campbell/Reece, 8 th ed.) Note: In addition to the
More informationGENETICS. I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide chains wrap around each other to form a
GENETICS I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide 1. 2. 3. chains wrap around each other to form a Chains run in opposite direction known as Type of bond between the
More information1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology.
Biology 1 of 31 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Exploring Genetics Mendelian Genetics 2 of 31 What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 1 The principle of independent assortment states that genes
More informationBiology Mrs. Howe Tues, 2/7 Agenda New Seats Bioethical Decision Making Model (pg. 1-2)-> due Block 1
Biology Mrs. Howe Tues, 2/7 New Seats Bioethical Decision Making Model (pg. 1-2)-> due Block 1 Start fresh with semester 2 and our next unit. Due Today: None Announcements: Have you checked your Semester
More informationChp 10 Patterns of Inheritance
Chp 10 Patterns of Inheritance Dogs, one of human s longest genetic experiments Over 1,000 s of years, humans have chosen and mated dogs with specific traits. A process called -artificial selection The
More informationEOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics
EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics The student will demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of genetics. Langham Creek High School 2012-2013 By PresenterMedia.com TEK 6A Identify
More informationChapter 11 Reading Guide: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 11 Reading Guide: Mendel and the Gene Idea Since you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics.
More informationRead each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight?
Name Date Class CHAPTER 8 DIRECTED READING Mendel and Heredity Section 8-1: The Origins of Genetics Mendel and Others Studied Garden-Pea Traits 1. What did T. A. Knight discover? 2. How did Mendel s scientific
More informationFundamentals of Genetics. 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel s experiments.
Fundamentals of Genetics 1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity? 2. Define heredity. 3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments? 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving
More informationGenetics is the study of heredity
What is Genetics? Genetics is the study of heredity Heredity is the transmission of traits from parent to offspring. These factors determine individual characteristics: responsible for the resemblances
More informationTable of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology
Table of Contents Chapter: Heredity Section 1: Genetics Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel Section 3: Biotechnology 1 Genetics Inheriting Traits Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are
More informationInheritance (IGCSE Biology Syllabus )
Inheritance (IGCSE Biology Syllabus 2016-2018) Key definitions Chromosome Allele Gene Haploid nucleus Diploid nucleus Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive A thread of DNA, made
More informationDNA and DNA Replication
Name Period PreAP Biology QCA 2 Review Your EOS exam is approximately 70 MC questions. This review, coupled with your QCA 1 review you received in October should lead you back through the important concepts
More informationTopic 11. Genetics. I. Patterns of Inheritance: One Trait Considered
Topic 11. Genetics Introduction. Genetics is the study of how the biological information that determines the structure and function of organisms is passed from one generation to the next. It is also concerned
More informationReview. 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance. 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above?
Review 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance 0 Rr 0 RR 0 rr 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above? 2 Vocab to Remember! 0 Allele 0 Gene 0 Trait
More informationChapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Name Period If you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics.
More informationGregor Mendel solved the puzzle of heredity
11.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea Heredity: the tendency for traits to be passed from parent to offspring heritable features: characters traits are alternative forms of a character Genes Alleles loci Gregor
More informationExam 1 Answers Biology 210 Sept. 20, 2006
Exam Answers Biology 20 Sept. 20, 2006 Name: Section:. (5 points) Circle the answer that gives the maximum number of different alleles that might exist for any one locus in a normal mammalian cell. A.
More informationBiology Genetics Practice Quiz
Biology Genetics Practice Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The table above shows information related to blood types. What genotype(s)
More informationExploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3
Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11- GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have MORE than 2 allele choices = MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif EX: blood
More informationLecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses
THE MONOHYBRID CROSS Lecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses FOLLOWING THE INHERITANCE OF ONE TRAIT Monohybrid cross Parents differ by a single trait. Crossing two pea plants that differ in stem size,
More informationMendelian Genetics. What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work?
Mendelian Genetics What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work? What Mendel called particles are actually Define the following: Trait- Heredity-
More informationIt s the Small Things That Make the Big Differences Mendelian Genetics
It s the Small Things That Make the Big Differences Mendelian Genetics Mendel and the Garden Pea Heredity is the tendency for traits to be passed from parent to offspring heritable features are called
More informationLab Mendelian Genetics-Exploring Genetic Probability -Revisiting Mendel s Observations
NAMES: (one packet per partner pair to be turned in) DATE: Lab Mendelian Genetics-Exploring Genetic -Revisiting Mendel s Observations Purpose: Students will 1. Learn that probability is strongly related
More informationGenetics. Genetics- is the study of all manifestation of inheritance from the distributions of traits to the molecules of the gene itself
What is Genetics? Genetics Mapping of genes Basis of life Inheritable traits Abnormalities Disease Development DNA RNA Proteins Central dogma - Watson & Crick Genes- segments of DNA that code for proteins
More informationName: Bio AP Mendelian Genetics & Chromosomal Inheritance
Name: Bio AP Mendelian Genetics & Chromosomal Inheritance 1 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from
More informationDr. Mallery Biology Workshop Fall Semester CELL REPRODUCTION and MENDELIAN GENETICS
Dr. Mallery Biology 150 - Workshop Fall Semester CELL REPRODUCTION and MENDELIAN GENETICS CELL REPRODUCTION The goal of today's exercise is for you to look at mitosis and meiosis and to develop the ability
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 4 Mendel and the Gene Idea PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan
More information12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Locating Genes
More informationGenetics Essentials 9/10/13. Concepts and Connections. Mendel and His Study of Heredity. The Case of the Red Hair. Before we Continue
Benjamin A. Pierce Genetics Essentials Concepts and Connections SECOND EDITION CHAPTER 3 Basic Principles of Heredity CHAPTER 3 OUTLINE 3.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity, 44
More informationGenetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon
Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids Key Concepts: What factors control the inheritance of traits in organisms?
More information& Practice
IB BIOLOGY 4.1-4.3 & 10.1-10.3 Practice 1. Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked condition. Which of the following always shows normal vision? (HL p1 May09 TZ1 q11) A. A homozygous male B. A homozygous
More information#3: Random Fertilization. If DNA replication and cell division are both so precise, and so accurate, why are we all so unique??
Today: Microbial Genetics Wrap-up Mendelian Genetics Adding Chromosomes to the Mix?? Tomorrow: UW Fieldtrip! Back to Eukaryotes: Bringing in Mendel If DNA replication and cell division are both so precise,
More informationThe Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationName Date Class. In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or answers each question.
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or answers each
More informationIntroduction. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Introduction It was not until 1900 that biology finally caught up with Gregor Mendel. 3 guys made him famous. Factors = genes located on chromosomes, which are made of the chemical DNA, whose function
More informationBeyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance
Chapter 14. Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance Modified from Kim Foglia Extending Mendelian genetics Mendel worked with a simple system peas are genetically simple most traits are controlled by a single
More informationHeredity & Genetic Engineering. Human Chromosomes Review. Human body cells, called somatic cells, have 46 chromosomes (diploid number)
Heredity & Genetic Engineering Human Chromosomes Review Human body cells, called somatic cells, have 46 chromosomes (diploid number) Gametes have 23 chromosomes (haploid number) Zygote = fertilized egg
More informationBeyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance
Chapter 14. Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance 1 Extending Mendelian genetics Mendel worked with a simple system peas are genetically simple most traits are controlled by a single gene each gene has only
More informationGenetics Patterns of Inheritance. Biology 20
Genetics Patterns of Inheritance Biology 20 Genetics Study of heredity Aristotle Pangenes Von Leewenhoek Homounculus de Graff ovarian follicle is a miniature person Blended Theory Genetic material mixes
More informationInheritance Biology. Unit Map. Unit
Unit 8 Unit Map 8.A Mendelian principles 482 8.B Concept of gene 483 8.C Extension of Mendelian principles 485 8.D Gene mapping methods 495 8.E Extra chromosomal inheritance 501 8.F Microbial genetics
More informationExploring Mendelian Genetics
Exploring Mendelian Genetics GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the. expression of genes = Nature vs Nurture Genes provide the plan for development, but how plan unfolds
More informationBiol 1408 : Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
Biol 08 : Chapter Patterns of Inheritance We previously discussed mono - hybrid crosses The Experiment P generation (true-breeding parents) Purple flowers White flowers F generation All plants have purple
More informationGENETICS: BIOLOGY HSA REVIEW
GENETICS: BIOLOGY HSA REVIEW HSA Review A. Matching: On the lines provided, write the letter of the definition of each term. a. genetics f. gamete b. trait g. probability c. hybrid h. Punnett square d.
More informationIntroduction. Thomas Hunt Morgan. Chromosomes and Inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster
Chromosomes and Inheritance 1 4 Fig. 12-10, p. 244 Introduction It was not until 1900 that biology finally caught up with Gregor Mendel. Independently, Karl Correns, Erich von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries
More informationHeredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in
Genetics Grade 7 1 Heredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in common with either parent 2 Tracking
More informationQ.2: Write whether the statement is true or false. Correct the statement if it is false.
Solved Exercise Biology (II) Q.1: Fill In the blanks. i. is the basic unit of biological information. ii. A sudden change in the structure of a gene is called. iii. is the chance of an event to occur.
More informationchromosome locus of gene
Genetic Terminology chromosome locus of gene gene alleles a B A B Each chromosome consists of; A linear sequence of genes c d c D A centromere Regions of repetitive DNA NOT organised into genes Term Phenotype
More informationDNA/Genetics Test 2016
N/Genetics Test 2016 Name: ate: 1. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?. N Protein RN. Protein RN N. RN Protein N. N RN Protein
More informationChapter 14. Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel documented a particular mechanism for inheritance. Mendel developed his theory of inheritance several decades before chromosomes were observed
More informationMendelian problems done.notebook
Mendelian Genetics Problems hen a genetic cross occurs beteen the gametes of to individuals, there are a number of possible combinations for the arrangement of alleles in the offspring. e can easily organize
More informationDr. Ramesh. GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance
Dr. Ramesh GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance Do Now! Directions: Answer the following questions. The trait for brown eyes is dominant to the trait for blue eyes. A man who is heterozygous
More informationLINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES
LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES Objectives: Upon completion of this lab, the students should be able to: Understand the different stages of meiosis. Describe the events during each phase of
More informationWe can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation.
AP Lab 7: The Mendelian Genetics of Corn Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: Use corn to study genetic crosses, recognize contrasting phenotypes, collect data from F 2 ears of corn,
More informationReproduction, Heredity, & Molecular Genetics. A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides
Name: Date: 1. A strand of DNA consists of thousands of smaller, repeating units known as A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides 2. Which two bases are present in equal amounts in a
More informationAnswers to additional linkage problems.
Spring 2013 Biology 321 Answers to Assignment Set 8 Chapter 4 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/iga_10e_sm_chapter_04.pdf Answers to additional linkage problems. Problem -1 In this cell, there two copies
More information17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST
Topic 17 INHERITANCE 17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SUFEATIN SURHAN BIOLOGY MSPSBS 2010 SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Candidates should
More informationBiology Semester Exam Study Guide--January 2016
Objective Response Reflection 3 = I totally know this! :) 2 = I remember this somewhat 1 = I don't remember this at all Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables. Explain what
More informationMendel & Nonmendelian Problems
Mendel & Nonmendelian Problems Name: 7. If two heterozygous yellow seeded plants are crossed: 8. If two white flowered plants are crossed, then Like any language, the language of genetics consists of symbols
More informationSolve Mendelian Genetics Problems
Solve Problems Free PDF ebook Download: Solve Problems Download or Read Online ebook solve mendelian genetics problems in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database AP Biology I ' Cate. PRACTICE 1: BASIC.
More information2 Chapter 4: Heredity and Reproduction
Genetic Processes UNIT 2 Chapter 4: Heredity and Reproduction Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next by the process of reproduction. This genetic information is stored in DNA molecules,
More informationch03 Student: If a phenotype is controlled by the genotypes at two different loci the interaction of these genes is called
ch03 Student: 1. Which of the following is not a phenotypic description of allele interactions affecting the expression of traits? incomplete dominance codominance polymorphic multifactorial E. pleiotrophic
More informationUnit 6: DNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes
Unit 6: DNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes 1 DNA Nucleic Acid review: Nucleic Acids are made of nucleotides. There are two types of nucleotides have 2 rings. They are and They look like: have 1 ring.
More informationBiology 40S: Course Outline Monday-Friday Slot 1, 8:45 AM 9:45 AM Room 311 Teacher: John Howden Phone:
The course is designed to help students develop and demonstrate an understanding of the biological concepts of genetics and biodiversity through scientific inquiry, problem solving, personal reflection
More informationCentral Dogma of genetics: DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation > Protein
Genetics Midterm 1 Chapter 1: Purines: Adenine (double bond), Guanine (Triple Bond) Pyrimidines: Thymine (double bond), Cytosine (Triple Bond), Uracil Central Dogma of genetics: DNA -> Transcription ->
More informationhttp://www.simonmawer.com/mendel's_garden.jpg 1 http://khzs.fme.vutbr.cz/iahrwg2009/img/map_cz.gif 2 http://www.haverford.edu/biology/meneely/brno.htm 3 http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/travel/berlin/for_web/
More informationMendel and the Gene Idea
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lectures
More information