DNA and Chromosomes. 2. What molecules make up the rungs of the ladder? 3. What keeps the two sides of the ladder paired?
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1 DNA and Chromosomes Objectives: At the end of this lab you should be able to: 1. Describe the structure and function of DNA. 2. Know which bases in DNA pair with each other. 3. Define the terms chromatid, chromosome, diploid, and haploid. 4. Explain the composition and location of genes. 5. Be able to examine a cell and identify which stage of mitosis it is in. DNA The unique nature of your DNA and your life experiences define who you are. Indeed this molecule defines the structure and function of every living cell. The structure of this molecule reveals how it is duplicated. Soon after this structure was defined, scientists were able to describe how this molecule is used in the production of proteins. Now we can actually design genes to make specific proteins. Before you can understand how we make designer genes, you first need to understand the nature and function of genes; and that means understanding the nature and function of DNA. DNA structure Locate the display (model and pictures) of the DNA molecule. You may also want to refer to your textbook. DNA forms a double helix that resembles a twisted ladder. 1. What molecules make up the sides of the ladder? 2. What molecules make up the rungs of the ladder? 3. What keeps the two sides of the ladder paired? 4. DNA replication involves splitting the molecule in half. New base pairing with each half of the original DNA, produces two new double helix molecules. With normal base pairing, what sequence of DNA would pair with the following sequence of DNA? A T T C G C G A A T 5. Where is DNA located within organisms?
2 Naked DNA - What does this molecule look like? Instructions for extracting DNA (adapted from Scientific American, Sept. 1998) Use a garlic press to mash fruit. Please thoroughly rinse the garlic press when you are done. Place 5 ml of mashed fruit into a small beaker. Add 10 ml of the chilled buffer. Stir gently for 2-3 minutes Strain the fruit/buffer mixture through a coffee filter into a beaker. Pour the strained fruit into a clean test tube. Add 10 ml of chilled ethanol by slowly trickling the alcohol down the side of the test tube with a Pasteur pipet. The alcohol should sit on the top of the fruit. Chill your test tube in ice for 3 minutes. You should see two distinct layers in the test tube. Twirl a DNA hook in the bottom section and then pull the hook up into the alcohol. Repeat this process until you no longer obtain additional DNA. Adding one drop of methylene blue to the test tube should help you see some strands of DNA you might have missed. 6. Why do we mash our raw materials? 7. The buffer contains 120 ml distilled water, 1/4 tsp salt, 1 tsp baking soda, and 1 tsp Dawn detergent. What does adding the detergent accomplish? 8. What happens if you shake or vigorously stir the contents of your test tube? 9. DNA isolated from different organisms has the same appearance to our unaided eye. So what makes all these different DNA molecules different? Additional Questions 10. The total DNA in one cell is called the genome. Approximately how many base pairs in the human genome? 11. Comparisons of the DNA of different human beings reveals that about 99.9% of our DNA is identical. So about 0.1% of our DNA is unique. How many base pairs in 0.1% of human DNA?
3 Chromosome structure Chromosomes have a very specific structure. The diagram below is of a duplicated chromosome. Label the following terms on the diagram. centromere chromatid gene Chromosome number In organisms that reproduce by sexual reproduction, cells may have either one complete set of chromosomes (haploid) or two complete sets of chromosomes (diploid). Complete the following table. Organism Haploid Number of Chromosomes (1N) Organism Diploid Number of Chromosomes (2N) Yeast (Saccharomyces 16 cerevisiae) Corn (Zea mays) 20 Horsetail (Equisetum) 108 Fruit fly (Drosophila 4 melanogaster) Frog (Rana pipiens) 26 Chimpanzee (Pan 24 troglodytes) Human (Homo sapiens)
4 Genes Genes are the basic units of inheritance and consist of a sequence of DNA. The structural region of a gene is a sequence of DNA that specifies a sequence of amino acids (i.e., a sequence of DNA base pairs that code for a protein. The control regions of a gene are sequences of DNA that determine whether or not a gene is turned on or off. 12. Where are the genes located? 13. The entire set of genes for one organism is called its genome. Approximately how many genes in the human genome? 14. Which human chromosome is the biggest? the smallest? Chromosome Base pairs Genes Chromosome Base pairs Genes 1 245,203, ,151, ,315, ,311, ,411, ,114, ,610, ,995, ,967, ,691, ,740, ,753, ,431, ,790, ,908, ,644, ,505, ,976, , ,476, ,978, X 152,634, ,464, Y 50,961,
5 You will be given a practice sheet with cells in various stages of mitosis. One side of the sheet is of plant cells (onion root tip), and the other is of animal cells (a whitefish embryo). Please examine them, and label each cell with its stage. After we review; you will obtain a prepared slide of both onion root tip and whitefish embryo. Focus all the way up to high power, and find at least two cells in each stage. Draw sketches below. Interphase Major Events Onion Root Tip Whitefish Embryo Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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