Microgravity Alters Host Immune Responses in vitro: Pan-omics Approaches

Transcription

1 Microgravity Alters Host Immune Responses in vitro: Pan-omics Approaches Nabarun Chakraborty Integrative System Biology Program US Army Center for Environmental Health Research Fort Detrick, MD, Disclaimers: The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation. Citations of commercial organizations or trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement or approval of the products or services of these organizations. 1

2 Study Aims A comprehensive understanding of the effect of microgravity on host immunity wound healing tissue regeneration Identification of microgravity specific molecular markers/ putative therapeutic targets enabling enhancement of host immunity improvement of healing and regeneration process Understand the efficacy of some of the available bone growth factors in extraterrestrial environment 2

3 Long Term Benefits Ensure the betterment of astronauts health Ensure improved performance and lifespan of space missions Ensure a safe environment in microgravity for extended duration 3

4 Comprehensive Project Outline In vitro Study Flight Requirements: Cell culture supporting platform In vivo Study PAN-OMICS BIOMARKERS Flight Requirements: Mouse habitat Assay types- target molecule: Genomics Genes/RNA Proteomics- proteins Metabolomics metabolites/chemicals Epigenomics environmental impact on DNA Microbiomics microbes that live in or on the body 4

5 Launch date: July 8, 2011 Landing date: July 21,

6 Motivation to Study Wound Model The presence of bacterial colonies could threaten the performance of astronauts Bacterial colonization (biofilm) on the fire detector in Mir Astronauts are more vulnerable to pathogenic infection! Microgravity inhibits host defense, and promotes virulence of pathogens Aggressive infection may cause sepsis.and death! Host-pathogen relationship in spaceflight might adopt networks different from terrestrial paradigms 6

7 Biological Model Wound model in vitro: Human blood microvascular endothelial cells infected by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a common outer membrane protein of gram-negative bacteria Cell Culture Module (CCM): capable of supporting cell growth in spaceflight Novelty of this model: Minimum terrestrial bias to host-pathogen relationship encountered in spaceflight 7

8 Experimental Strategy Ground Study Human cells exposed to LPS Spaceflight Study Human cells exposed to LPS Molecular markers of terrestrial LPS insult Molecular markers of extraterrestrial LPS assault Microgravity specific markers 8

9 Experimental Design Cells nourished until Day 10 LPS bioreactors 1 & 2 LPS bioreactors 3 & hr Launch Start of 11 th day 4-8 hr Same protocol was followed concurrently on the ground Rest of the flight Fix bioreactors 1-6 Pan-omics Study Collect Samples 9

10 Transcriptomics and microrna Genomics 10

11 Genomics/ Transcriptomics Workflow Cell Culture Module (CCM) Bioreactor Cells RNA extraction microrna genomics (qpcr assay) Transcriptomic assay (high throughput microarray) Detect, identify and measure gene expression 11

12 PC2 17% Principal Component Analysis: Significantly Altered Genes of Interest G = Ground C = Untreated control LPS = LPS treatment 4/8 = Treatment duration (h) PC1 82%

13 Growth factors Growth factors Apoptosis Apoptosis Cytokines/ Chemokines Cytokines/ Chemokines Hierarchical Clustering pace-control B. B. B. Cytokines/ Chemokines C. C. C. Apoptosis D. D. D. Growth factors h 4h 4h8h 8h 8h4h 4h 4h8h 8h Ground Ground Ground Space Space Space 8h 4h 4h 4h8h 8h 8h4h 4h 4h8h 8h Ground Ground Ground Space Space Space 8h 4h 4h 4h8h 8h 8h4h 4h 4h8h 8h Ground Ground Ground Space Space Space 8h

14 Enrichment Profile of the Pathways > 2x < 2x & > -2x < -2x

15 Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Pathway: LPS Signaling in the Cell S-C G-4h S-4h

16 Ground G-LPS mrna targets mirna microrna Signatures at 4h LPS Exposures mir-146b-5p mir-382 S-LPS mirna mrna targets Cytokine signaling; Diminished LPS recognition ability mir-611, 199a-3p, 191 and 431 mir-200a Spaceflight Oxidative stress, a consequence of energy depletion mir-212 Alcoholic stress mir-125b Endotoxic, e.g. LPS assault 2.7 mir-148a, 133b, 635, 875-3p, 554 and23b -2.7

17 Summary from Genomics Results Impact of microgravity on host-pathogen relationship is significant Micro-gravitational stress mediates immune compromise Microgravity impairs the early pathogen recognition process, potentially facilitating opportunistic pathogenic invasion Targeting the molecules responsible for early pathogen detection but affected by microgravity could be viable therapeutic strategy for healing wounds in spaceflight We also identified potential microrna targets for therapeutic intervention specific for spaceflight 17

18 Metabolomics 18

19 Metabolomics Workflow Cell Culture Module (CCM) UPLC/QTOFMS Sample Collection bag Separate and identify metabolites Superior resolution - UPLC High mass accuracy - QTOFMS 19

20 PC2 14% Principal Component Analysis: Significantly Altered Metabolites GC SLPS G = Ground SLPS C = Untreated control LPS = LPS treatment 4 = Treatment duration (h) GLPS GLPS SC SC PC1 74%

21 Gene Metabolite Relationship: Networks of Metabolism 21

22 Gene Metabolite Relationship: Networks of Cell Survival and Cell Death 22

23 Summary from Metabolomics Results Microgravity negatively influenced the cellular metabolism pathways Consequent energy depletion may result in comprehensive deterioration of cellular health, including immune blunting and impaired pathogen recognition Identified metabolomic markers associated with cellular health and cell death that could be putative therapeutic markers Additional confirmatory assays are underway 23

24 Future Projects 24

25 Organ Specific Immunological Markers: in vivo Approach Brain Lungs Heart Liver Stomach Spleen SpX-6: December 5, 2014 A sample sharing program with the CASIS PI Small intestine Kidney Pan-omics study 25

26 Wound Tissue Model in vitro 10 Bioreactors Bioculture system SpX-7: April 2, 2015 in vivo ~40 mice ISS Rodent Habitat SpX-10: Feb. 19,

27 Acknowledgements USACEHR family Rasha Hammamieh, PhD Marti Jett, PhD Aarti Gautam, PhD Seid Muhie, PhD Duncan Donohue, PhD Stacy Ann-Miller Allison Hoke Edward Waddy William Santos DoD Space Test Program Indiana University, School of Medicine Melissa Kacena, PhD Georgetown University Amrita Cheema, PhD Tissue Genesis Inc. Tom Canon Cris Kosnik and team NASA staff at Kennedy Space Center, FL 27

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29 Space Tissue Loss Payload Team 29

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31 Additional Slides 31

32 Flowpath of Cell Culture Module (CCM) Pump Bioreactor Fixing Solution LPS Media Sump Culture of Human Blood Microvascular Endothelial Cells, Dermal-Derived (HMVEC-dBl). LPS assault was carried out for 4 hours and 8 hours. Control underwent no LPS treatment. RLT buffer (Qiagen, Inc.) was used to lyse the cells onboard and to maintain the integrity of the nucleic acids at near room temperature until the shuttle returned. 32