De novo assembly in RNA-seq analysis.

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1 De novo assembly in RNA-seq analysis. Joachim Bargsten Wageningen UR/PRI/Plant Breeding October 2012

2 Motivation Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) Gene expression / differential expression Reconstruct transcripts Exon-exon-junction detection (genome annotation) Alternative splicing/isoforms SNP detection...

3 Motivation Two assembly approaches Genome-guided (alignment to reference genome) Genome-independent (de novo assembly)

4 Motivation Two assembly approaches Genome-guided (alignment to reference genome) Genome-independent (de novo assembly) Why de novo assembly? No reference genome available for species Genomic sequence Incomplete (even reference genomes!) Fragmented Altered

5 QC & preprocessing De novo assembly workflow QC & postprocessing Garber et al. (2011). Nat. Methods 8,

6 QC & preprocessing De novo assembly workflow QC & postprocessing Garber et al. (2011). Nat. Methods 8,

7 Input data Coverage requirements highly dependent Transcriptome size Paired-end/single-end Normalized RNA-seq library Used in literature ~52.6 million 76-base read pairs mouse ~100x coverage Pool RNA-seq data from different samples Roche 454 data Integrate directly Sample paired-end data

8 Input data Normalization of cdna libraries might improve assembly

9 Input data Normalization of cdna libraries might improve assembly Gene expression information gets lost

10 Preprocessing Remove clonality & contamination Sequencing errors have higher impact in de novo assembly FastQC BioConductor & R Tools for the analysis and comprehension of highthroughput genomic data FASTX-Toolkit Tools for Short-Reads FASTA/FASTQ files preprocessing TagDust Eliminate artifactual reads from next-generation sequencing data sets ALLPATHS-LG Error correction phase of ALLPATHS-LG assembler Supported by Trinity de novo assembler DecGPU Distributed short read Error Correction on GPUs ConDeTri A Content Dependent Read Trimmer for Illumina Data

11 Preprocessing Remove clonality & contamination Sequencing errors have higher impact in de novo assembly FastQC BioConductor & R Tools for the analysis and comprehension of highthroughput genomic data FASTX-Toolkit Tools for Short-Reads FASTA/FASTQ files preprocessing TagDust Eliminate artifactual reads from next-generation sequencing data sets ALLPATHS-LG Error correction phase of ALLPATHS-LG assembler Supported by Trinity de novo assembler DecGPU Distributed short read Error Correction on GPUs ConDeTri A Content Dependent Read Trimmer for Illumina Data

12 QC & preprocessing De novo assembly workflow QC & postprocessing Garber et al. (2011). Nat. Methods 8,

13 Assembly step Challenges Uneven coverage Different abundance of transcripts Splice isoforms Short contigs Overlapping genes Splice isoforms vs. paralogs Sequencing errors vs. polymorphisms Most solutions are de-bruijn graph-based Construct k-mers Build de-bruijn graph Traverse the graph

14 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Create all substrings of length k from the reads read read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

15 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Create all substrings of length k from the reads read read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

16 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Create all substrings of length k from the reads read read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

17 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Create all substrings of length k from the reads read read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

18 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Create all substrings of length k from the reads read read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

19 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Generate de Bruijn graph read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

20 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Generate de Bruijn graph read Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

21 Assembly strategy de Bruijn-graph Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

22 Assembly strategy de Bruijn-graph Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

23 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

24 Assembly strategy k-mer construction Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

25 Assembly strategy de Bruijn-graph Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

26 Assembly strategy splice isoforms Martin, J. A., and Wang, Z. (2011). Nature Reviews Genetics 12,

27 Software An (incomplete) selection Trinity (single k-mer) Broad Institute and Hebrew University of Jerusalem Trans-ABySS (multiple k-mers) Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency Velvet-Oases (single & multiple k-mers) EMBL-EBI / MPI for Molecular Genomics SOAPdenovo-Trans Beijing Genomics Institute CLC pipeline (not free) CLCbio

28 K-mer settings - Oases Schulz et al. (2012). Bioinformatics 28,

29 Assembly vs. reference Zhao et al. (2011). BMC Bioinformatics 12 Suppl 1, S2.

30 Example assembly Zhao et al. (2011). BMC Bioinformatics 12 Suppl 1, S2.

31 Memory usage Zhao et al. (2011). BMC Bioinformatics 12 Suppl 1, S2.

32 Trinity Inchworm Sequencing error correction Assemble candidate contigs Chrysalis Build de Bruijn transcript graphs from candidate contigs Butterfly Resolve alternatively spliced and paralogous transcripts k-mer length fixed to 25 Can incorporate results from reference-based analysis Grabherr et al. (2011). Nature Biotechnology.

33 Trinity Inchworm Sequencing error correction Assemble candidate contigs Chrysalis Build de Bruijn transcript graphs from candidate contigs Butterfly Resolve alternatively spliced and paralogous transcripts k-mer length fixed to 25 Can incorporate results from reference-based analysis Grabherr et al. (2011). Nature Biotechnology.

34 Trinity Inchworm Sequencing error correction Assemble candidate contigs Chrysalis Build de Bruijn transcript graphs from candidate contigs Butterfly Resolve alternatively spliced and paralogous transcripts k-mer length fixed to 25 Can incorporate results from reference-based analysis Grabherr et al. (2011). Nature Biotechnology.

35 QC & preprocessing De novo assembly workflow QC & postprocessing Garber et al. (2011). Nat. Methods 8,

36 Postprocessing & Post Qualilty Control Postprocessing Remove fragments Construct CDS & protein sequences Quality measures Map back reads to assembly Percentage mapped Accuracy on base level Comparison to existing data (UniProt/GenBank) Comparison to reference (if available) Robertson et al. (2010). Nat. Methods 7, Grabherr et al. (2011). Nat. Biotechnol.

37 Experiences Solanum Dulcamara transcriptome assembly (Ivo Rieu, Radboud University Nijmegen, article to be submitted) RNA-seq samples 17 mixed tissue samples Illumina Hiseq2000 and Roche 454 Preprocessing Basic quality filtering performed in CLCbio (default settings, remove reads <50bp) Error correction with decgpu» 578 million high quality single end reads (34 billion nucleotides, about 1000x coverage)

38 Experiences Assembly Trinity minimal k-mer coverage of 2 default k-mer size of 25 85hrs on 40core/512GB server (the server was not fully utilized during assembly process) 32,157 contigs with more than 500 nucleotides

39 Summary De novo assemblers are prone to miss lowly expressed transcripts Multi k-mer approaches can improve assembly results Pool RNA-seq reads from different samples Assembler overview Assembler Running time Memory requirements Trinity ++ + Velvet-Oases ++ Trans-ABySS - SOAPdenovo -

40 Follow up analyses Gene expression / differential expression Alternative splicing/isoforms SNP detection... Only with reference Exon-exon-junction detection (genome annotation)

41 Questions?

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