STRUCTURAL LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES INSTALLATION GUIDE YOUR FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE.

Transcription

1 LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES INSTALLATION GUIDE YOUR FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE

2 Welcome to the EOS Structural Load Bearing Structures Installation Guide A successful project requires every trade in the design and construction journey to deliver with the highest standards and precision. As part of our drive to deliver sustainable light gauge steel materials and energy efficient buildings, we have endeavoured to share best practice and provide a complete set of Load bearing structures standard details for use primarily by installers. Good projects start with good designs, and a good design is one that is matched to the client s expectations, both in terms of cost and performance. This Guide presents best practice site checks to deliver optimum build quality for LBS [load bearing structure] schemes. The Guide is aimed to assist: Project Managers LBS Erectors Site Managers Site Inspectors Trade Trainers 2

3 Installation Guide Page System Overview & Scope of Supply 4 to 5 Considerations, Safety & Installation Method 5 to 11 Typical base fixing detail Typical base corner fixing detail Typical wall frame fixing detail Typical wall frame to wall frame connection detail Typical wall frame corner fixing detail Typical wall frame intersection fixing detail (at perpendicular junction) Typical load bearing wall to non-load bearing partition detail Typical twin leaf load bearing wall to non-load bearing partitions detail Typical separating wall frame intersection fixing detail (at perpendicular junction) Typical party wall to floor connection (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) Typical party wall to floor connection (Zed Plate supplied loose) Typical hot rolled beam support grid interface Typical integral K bracing base fixing detail Typical integral K bracing corner base fixing detail Typical flat strap bracing to load bearing walls detail Typical lattice lintel detail External wall to pre-assembled C-section floor cassette (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) 28 External wall to pre-assembled lattice floor cassette (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) 29 Internal load bearing wall to pre-assembled floor cassette (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) 30 Typical boarding detail (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) 31 External wall to pre-assembled C-section floor cassette (Loose Zed Plate) 32 External wall to lattice floor (individually installed lattices) (Loose Zed Plate) 33 Internal load bearing wall to pre-assembled floor cassette (Loose Zed Plate) 34 Typical boarding detail (Loose Zed Plate) 35 Perpendicular wall to C-section cassette restraint 36 Perpendicular wall to Lattice beam restraint 37 Intermediate load bearing wall support to oversailing lattice floor Lattice floor cassette plate connection Typical corner service riser detail External wall to pre-assembled C-section roof cassette (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) External wall to pre-assembled lattice roof cassette (Pre-fixed Zed Plate) 42 External wall to lattice roof (individually installed lattices) (Loose Zed Plate) 43 External wall to roof lattice (overhanging eaves) 44 Typical wall plate fixing at roof 45 Typical flat strap bracing to floors / roofs 46 Diaphragm Action 47 Standard Fixings Table 3

4 SYSTEM OVERVIEW LGSF OR TIMBER ROOF TO SPECIALIST DESIGN EXTERNAL WALLS PANELS INTERNAL WALL PANELS INSULATION BRACING WEATHER DEFENCE SHEATHING BOARD C-SECTION FLOOR CASSETTES WITH (OPTIONAL) 22mm OSB FLOORING OPENINGS PRE-FORMED IN PANEL PACKING WHERE NECESSARY SYSTEM OVERVIEW EOS Facades Load bearing structures [LBS], are a total EOS load bearing structures [LBS], are a total building frame supplied in pre-assembled off-site panels building frame supplied in pre-assembled offsite and cassettes for erection on-site. panelised cassettes for erection on-site. Loading factors including: overall stability; imposed, dead dead & wind loads; and disproportionate collapse are are all all taken taken into consideration during the design & engineering phase, as well as as co-ordination with with MEP MEP services, fenestration and access requirements. The system is commonly used for side and roof-top extensions The system of existing commonly buildings, used but for equally side suited and roof-top full multi-storey extensions of new existing build. buildings, This system but offers equally a truly suited robust to full and multi-storey lightweight new alternative build. This to traditional system offers build a methods. truly robust and lightweight alternative to traditional build methods. All load All load bearing bearing external external / / internal walls walls can be supplied can be as lightweight supplied as panels. lightweight panels. All floors / roofs are either supplied in All floors C-Section / roofs or are lattice either beam supplied cassette in form, C-Section or lattice or as individual beam cassette lattice beams form, for site as individual lattice installation. beams for site installation. All ancillary components, such as bracing, All ancillary packing components, and fixings are such included as bracing, within packing the and scope fixings of are supply. included within the scope of supply. 4

5 SCOPE OF SUPPLY DELIVERY All EOS wall panels and floor elements are sent to site after All EOS pre-assembly wall panels in and the floor EOS elements factory to are highly sent accurate to site tolerances after pre-assembly of +0mm in / the -2mm. EOS factory to highly accurate tolerances of +0mm / -2mm. Delivered Delivered frames frames include: include: Individual labels labels with with section section size size and and part part marking marking Inkjet Inkjet marked with with panel panel number and and phase phase Colour-coded Colour-coded by by floor floor or or to to suit suit agreed agreed phasing phasing Safely laid flat and strapped securely Safely laid flat and strapped securely Options for safety handrails, blue ropes to aid Options slinging, for and safety Moffett handrails, / Hi-Ab blue off-loading. ropes to aid slinging, and Moffett / Hi-Ab off-loading. Frames should be off-loaded via crane, or suitable Frames should be off-loaded via crane, or suitable powered lifting machine with 2m extended forks. powered lifting machine with 2m extended forks. DOCUMENTATION With With every every delivery, delivery, the the frames frames will will include include stillage stillage sheets sheets and and delivery delivery notes notes as as a record record copy copy for for site site and and also also to to assist with logistics and frame allocation. assist with logistics and frame allocation. TECHNICAL EXPERTISE With every project, EOS Facades operatives are available With every to attend project, site EOS to operatives offer technical are available advice, to design assistance attend site and to installation offer technical training. advice, design assistance and installation training. With the first delivery, site will be issued with a full set of With project the drawings, first delivery, including: site will be issued with a full set of project drawings, including: Plan drawings for each floor in order to set out walls Plan drawings for each floor in order to set out walls Plan Plan drawings drawings of of all all floor floor frames frames and and roof roof frames frames Elevations showing showing wall wall orientation orientation and framing and framing requirements. Marking plans showing frame numbers / / positions. Installer Installer teams teams can can benefit from from day day one one Tool box talks, as talks, well as well phased phased site visits site to visits offer to offer independent independent quality checks quality checks on the on installation. the installation. Our Our team team of of dedicated technical managers are available as direct points of contact contact for for site site installation teams, teams, with with project project designers designers also also on on hand to to discuss any any aspect without hesitation. EOS prides itself in having a fully inclusive service from EOS conception Facades to prides completion, itself in having ensuring a fully simple inclusive and rapid service from construction conception of our to load completion, bearing structures. ensuring simple and rapid construction of our load bearing structures. 5

6 CONSIDERATIONS PRE-START REQUIREMENTS The following information may be taken as useful The following information may be taken as useful guidance guidance on pre-start requirements for installers and main on pre-start requirements for installers and main contractors. [Source: SCI technical Information Sheet ED028] contractors. [Source: SCI technical Information Sheet ED028] The The main main contractor contractor must must be aware be aware that the that surface the surface of the of foundation the foundation slab, or slab, support support grid, must grid, be must be constructed to accurate to accurate levels for levels the for EOS the load EOS load bearing bearing structure structure [LBS]. [LBS]. The The foundation foundation slab slab must must be provided be provided with with gridlines gridlines to correct to correct datum, datum, as agreed as between agreed between the site the site manager manager and and the the installer installer of the of the LBS. LBS. There should be no high-spots in the level of the There should be no high-spots in the level of the slab/transfer structure and should be checked by an slab/transfer structure and should be checked by an engineer. Minimal low-spots are overcome by the engineer. Minimal low-spots are overcome by the use of EOS supplied packing and shimming systems. use of EOS supplied packing and shimming systems. The foundation slab or transfer structure and The perimeter foundation must slab or be transfer provided structure clear and of materials, perimeter standing must water be and provided debris. clear of materials, standing water and debris. Arrangements for for site site access, access, unloading unloading and site and site egress egress should should be be agreed agreed in advance in advance between between the the main main contractor, contractor, LBS LBS installer, installer, and EOS. and EOS Any Facades. information Any information regarding regarding these elements these elements must be must be provided provided to EOS to EOS prior Facades to start prior on site. to Typical start on site. Typical information requirements consist of but information requirements consist of but not restricted to: not restricted to: - Are there any delivery systems to book on to? - Are there any delivery systems to book on to? - Are - Are there there any any delivery delivery time time restrictions? restrictions? - Can - Can the the site site handle articulated wagons? - What lifting facilities are on site? - What lifting facilities are on site? - Precise address for wagon ingress. - Precise address for wagon ingress. The delivery schedule and sequence of works The delivery schedule and sequence of works should be agreed in advance by all parties. should be agreed in advance by all parties. 6 The contractor should ensure that that there there is a is a hard- hardstanding area area available for for storage of of EOS Facades materials during erection. Typically two two lifts lifts of scaffolding of scaffolding should should be installed be installed around the the perimeter of of the the foundation slab slab or or trans- transfer structure, structure, to enable to enable safe safe installation installation / levelling / levelling of of initial initial walls. walls. Scaffolding should be set back the correct distance Scaffolding should be set back the correct distance from the edge of the slab, completed to the agreed from the edge of the slab, completed to the agreed level and signed-off as ready for use. level and signed-off as ready for use.

7 SAFETY LIFTING Installation of of EOS load Facades bearing load frames bearing may require frames use may of require a crane. use Responsibility of a crane. for Responsibility provision of for craneage provision should of be craneage agreed should in advance be agreed and form in advance part of the and contract. form part of the contract. Taller multi-storey structures will require more extensive use of a crane. Best practice is to utilise the crane to lift, position, Taller multi-storey and hold the structures wall or will floor require element more whilst extensive it is propped use of a crane. or fixed Best into practice position. is to utilise the crane to lift, position, and hold the wall or floor element whilst it is The propped lifting or plan, fixed including into position. crane set area, should be agreed in advance. The main contractor should ensure the crane set area is free from materials and debris. The lifting plan, including crane set area, should be EOS will work with the installers and main contractor to agreed in advance. The main contractor should ensure accommodate lifting provision where possible. the crane set area is free from materials and debris. EOS Facades will work with the installers and main contractor to accommodate lifting provision where possible. SAFETY & RISK The The Safety Safety Plan Plan should should be be prepared prepared by by the the main main contractor with input from the frame installer. contractor with input from the frame installer. A risk risk assessment assessment and and method method statement statement should should be produced be produced that that satisfies satisfies the requirements the requirements of the of Construction the Health Construction & Safety Health Plan, & as Safety well as Plan, the as Construction well as the (Design & Management) Construction (Design Regulations & Management) [CDM2015]. Regulations These should be site [CDM2015]. and design These specific should and therefore be site and should design be specific developed for and each therefore individual should project. be developed for each individual project. EOS endeavour to to eliminate hazards throughout the design process, design process, and will and highlight will highlight risks where risks appropriate. where appropriate. EDGE PROTECTION In most cases, cases, [external] edge edge protection protection should should be be provided by by scaffolding around around the the perimeter perimeter of theof the building. If scaffolding is not present, or part of the installation scope, If scaffolding then an is alternative not present, form or of edge part protection of the installation or installation scope, then methodology an alternative should form be of used. edge protection or installation methodology should be used. IMPORTANT: No edge protection should be fixed off IMPORTANT: No edge protection should be the EOS Facades wall or floor frames. fixed off the EOS wall or floor frames. 7

8 INSTALLATION METHOD WALL INSTALLATION 1) 1) Ensure that the substrate is is positioned correctly correctly and provides full bearing support to all wall panels. IMPORTANT: EOS wall panels must have 100% bearing, with with no no overhang. 2) Make an assessment of slab tolerance and identify 2) Make an assessment of slab tolerance and identify areas where packing may be required. areas where packing may be required. INITIAL WALL ERECTED AND PROPPED 3) Offer up the first corner wall panel and fix to the 3) Offer substrate up the in accordance first corner with wall the panel standard fix details to the substrate and project in specific accordance drawings. with the standard details and project specific drawings. 4) Align the panel and temporarily prop. Spare EOS sections or timber may be used. Temporary 4) Align props the should panel be and installed temporarily at max. prop. 3m centres Spare EOS sections along the or walls. timber may be used. Temporary props should be installed at max. 3m centres along the walls. 5) Keep any factory installed door / window temporary 5) Keep braces any in factory place until installed structure door / is window fully erected temporary as this braces aids with in place panel until alignment structure at key is fully areas, erected i.e. openings. as this aids with panel alignment at key areas, i.e. openings. 6) 6) The next panel to to be be erected must be be perpendicular in order to to assist with with initial initial stability stability and and alignment. Proceed at at either a corner or to an internal junction. 7) Offer up the next panel and fix to the substrate in 7) accordance Offer up the with next the panel standard and details fix to and the project substrate in specific accordance drawings. with the standard details and project specific drawings. 8) Fix the two panels at the intersecting ladder frame 8) using Fix the the two horizontal panels noggins at the built intersecting into the ladder panel. frame using the horizontal noggins built into the panel. 9) Keep temporary props in place until at least 3 sides of the local room and the floor have been erected. 9) Keep temporary props in place until at least 3 sides of the local room and the floor have been erected. PERPENDICULAR WALL INSTALLED 10) Continue to to erect erect the the wall wall frames frames ensuring ensuring that that adequate props are are used as as progression is is made. TFLS PACKING SYSTEM AT STUD (Internal view) 11) Floors may be begin to be installed once a room 11) has Floors had a may minimum be begin of 2 to end be walls installed and once 1 side a wall room installed, has had giving a minimum flexibility of to 2 end sequencing walls and of 1 works, side wall installed, giving flexibility to sequencing of works, i.e. multiple storeys may be erected before an i.e. multiple storeys may be erected before an entire floor is completed. entire floor is completed. 8

9 INSTALLATION METHOD ADDITIONAL WALL FRAMES ERECTED AND PROPPED DESIGN TOLERANCES DESIGN TOLERANCES A +2mm tolerance gap between all EOS wall panels A +2mm is included tolerance in the design. gap between all EOS wall panels is included in the design. A A +10mm tolerance tolerance gap gap (both (both ends) ends) between between EOS EOS floors floors and and walls walls is included is included the in design the design to to allow allow for for zed zed plate plate thickness, thickness, fixing heads fixing and heads and general alignment. Refer to the standard details for guidance. Refer to the standard details for guidance. INSTALLATION TOLERANCES Straightness of of walls walls +/- +/- 5mm 5mm (over (over any any given given 3m 3m length) length) Verticality (plumbness) of wall +/- 5mm up to 3m Verticality height. H/600 (plumbness) for walls of wall >3m. +/- 5mm up to 3m height. H/600 for walls >3m. 3 SIDE WALLS INSTALLED READY FOR FLOORS INITIAL FLOOR INSTALLED SAFETY SAFETY: 5 Point PPE is recommend (Hi-Vis, Safety Boots, 5 Point PPE is recommend (Hi-Vis, Safety Boots, Hard Hat, Gloves and Glasses). Hard Hat, Gloves and Glasses). As As panels panels are pre-assembled, are pre-assembled, cutting will cutting be will be restricted to to an an absolute absolute minimum minimum (cross (cross bracing, bracing, temporary temporary props), props), however however cutting cutting should should be be conducted conducted in in a a cordoned cordoned off off area area with with appropriate appropriate cutting cutting station. station. 9

10 INSTALLATION METHOD FLOOR INSTALLATION 1) Ensure that that at at least 33 sides of of local walls have been installed before before lifting lifting and and offering offering up any up floor any floor elements. 2) Ensure that walls are aligned within tolerance and 2) Ensure that walls are aligned within tolerance and that sufficient propping is in place. Offer up the first that sufficient propping is in place. Offer up the first floor element according to the agreed lifting floor element according to the agreed lifting procedure. procedure. INITIAL FLOORS INSTALLED 3) Ensure that the floor is fixed to a minimum of 3) three Ensure 3 sides that (at the both floor ends is fixed and along to a the minimum side wall, of in three order 3 to sides ensure (at both local ends stability). and along the side wall, in order to ensure local stability). 4) Propping may be removed locally, although it is recommended to keep in place until a few 4) cassettes Propping are may in place. be removed locally, although it is recommended to keep in place until a few cassettes are in place. 5) Continue to erect walls and install floor elements 5) Continue to erect walls and install floor elements according to the sequence of works. according to the sequence of works. 6) IMPORTANT: Safe Safe working-at-height working-at-height practices practices should should be be employed employed such such as: fall as: arrest fall arrest man-safe man-safe systems; crash crash decking decking / air bags; / air working bags; working from from below; working off off scaffold / podiums. / 7) Optional pre-boarded EOS Floor cassettes offer a 7) safe Optional working pre-boarded platform (in conjunction EOS Floor with cassettes suitable offer a edge safe protection) working platform eliminating (in need conjunction to install with flooring suitable after edge the protection) frame is erected. eliminating need to install flooring after the frame is erected. 8) Once a suitable amount of ground floor progress 8) has been made, the first floor walls may begin to be Once a suitable amount of ground floor progress has erected. been made, the first floor walls may begin to be erected. SECOND STOREY WALLS BEING INSTALLED 10 COMPLETED FRAMING PRIOR TO SHEATHING RECOMMENDED SITE PRACTICE: Erect Erect scaffold scaffold around around perimeter of building of building to act to act as as edge edge protection. Use crane to lift EOS wall panels and floor Use crane to lift EOS wall panels and floor cassettes - working from below in all conditions. cassettes - working from below in all conditions. Use pre-boarded floors and fall arrest systems to Use avoid pre-boarded unsafe operations floors and whilst fall arrest floors systems are installed. to avoid unsafe operations whilst floors are installed.

11 INSTALLATION METHOD ANCILLARY INSTALLATION 1) BRACING: Prior to boarding ensure that all cross 1) BRACING: Prior to boarding ensure that all cross bracing elements are installed as indicated on the bracing elements are installed as indicated on the design design specific specific drawings. drawings. Bracing Bracing may may be be formed formed by by integral integral K K bracing bracing panels, panels, therefore therefore will will be be installed installed during during wall wall frame frame construction. FLAT STRAP CROSS BRACING (External view) 2) HEAVY DUTY ANCHORS: Along with the 2) concrete HEAVY DUTY base fixings ANCHORS: at stud positions, Along with areas the of concrete cross or base K bracing fixings at should stud be positions, fixed down areas to of the cross substrate or K using bracing EOS should supplied be fixed heavy down duty anchor to the brackets. substrate using These EOS supplied must be placed heavy at duty the studs anchor which brackets. intersect These with must the be ends placed of the at the bracing. studs Refer which to intersect standard with the details ends of for the more bracing. information. Refer to standard details for more information. NOTE: IN ALL CONDITIONS REFER TO THE PROJECT SPECIFIC DRAWINGS AND STANDARD NOTE: IN ALL CONDITIONS REFER TO THE PROJECT DETAILS FOR DETAILS ON FULL FRAMING SPECIFIC DRAWINGS AND FOR REQUIREMENTS. DETAILS ON FULL FRAMING REQUIREMENTS. FOLLOW ON TRADES When the EOS frame has been sufficiently erected and the When required the EOS bracing, frame anchors has been and sufficiently any additional erected requirements the required have been bracing, installed, anchors then and the any external additional sheathing and board, requirements insulation have and been cladding installed, systems then can the be external installed. sheathing board, insulation and cladding systems can be installed. EOS Facades are part of ETEX Building Performance, a EOS division are part of the of ETEX Group. Building We Performance, combine the a division solutions of of the three ETEX prominent Group. We manufacturers combine the and solutions are of uniquely three placed prominent to manufacturers develop opportunities and are uniquely for placed innovative to specifications develop opportunities to meet today s for innovative challenging specifications projects. to meet today s challenging projects. Drywall products to created systems SINIAT for partitions, Drywall ceilings, products wall to created linings systems and external for partitions, sheathing ceilings, purposes. wall Including linings and the external award-winning sheathing Weather purposes. Defence Including board. the award-winning Weather Defence board. PROMAT Passive Passive fire protection fire protection specialists specialists with a complete portfolio of boards, sprays, with a complete portfolio of boards, sprays, sealants and adhesives to protect structural steel, sealants and adhesives to protect structural steel, concrete structures, partitions, wall linings, floors, concrete structures, partitions, wall linings, floors, ceilings and roofs. ceilings and roofs. HEAVY DUTY ANCHOR AT BRACING POINT (Internal view) Leading innovators in light EOS Leading innovators in light gauge steel gauge steel construction, EOS specialise in the construction, EOS specialise in the design, manufacture design, manufacture and supply of a wide range of and bespoke supply of steel a wide solutions range of for bespoke the SFS, steel Load-bearing, solutions for the modular SFS, Load-bearing, and offsite industry. modular and offsite industry. 11

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43 1. All EOS floor lattices are manufactured with 10mm tolerance each end between the floor / wall frames to allow for zed plate thickness, fixing heads and general alignment tolerances. Plasterboard finishes, insulation & external cladding omitted for clarity. 2. Z Plate size fixed to wall. Individual lattices installed, not contained in a cassette. 3. If difficulties are experienced drilling fixings through multiple layers of material use Hilti S-MD05GZ 5.5x40mm hex head (EOS-1020) in lieu of EOS-1002/1004 and Hilti S-MD05WZ 5.5x40mm wafer head in lieu of EOS

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48 FIXINGS EOS-1001 FACTORY FIXING FRAME-TO-FRAME 5.5x19mm PAN HEAD #2 LOX DRIVE GRABBER CFP101875LYZ 1000 EOS-1002 SITE FIXING FRAME-TO-FRAME 5.5x25mm HEX HEAD SELF DRILL S-MD03Z HILTI EOS-1003 SITE FIXING FRAME-TO-SLOTTED CONNECTION 5.5x25mm HEX HEAD (LARGE WASHER) SELF DRILL S-MD23Z HILTI EOS-1004 SITE FIXING FRAME THROUGH FLOOR 5.5x50mm HEX HEAD SELF DRILL S-MD03Z HILTI EOS-1005 SITE FIXING FRAME-TO-FRAME (LOW PROFILE) 5.5x25mm PAN HEAD SELF DRILL S-MD03ZW HILTI EOS-1006 SITE FIXING WIND POST-TO- CONCRETE 10x100mm HEX HEAD SCREW ANCHOR HUS3-H (10mm Ø) HILTI EOS-1007 SITE FIXING SIMPSON BRACKETS- TO-CONCRETE 6.4x45mm HEX HEAD SIMPSON TITEN CONCRETE SCREW SIMPSON TTN25134H 100 EOS-1008 SITE FIXING FRAME-TO- BLOCKWORK 7.5x72mm CYLINDER HEAD R-WHO RAWL R-WHO EOS-1020 SITE FIXING FRAME-TO-HOT ROLLED 5.5x40mm HEX HEAD SELF DRILL S-MD05GZ HILTI EOS-1021 SITE FIXING FRAME-TO-CONCRETE 6.0x60mm HEX HEAD SCREW ANCHOR HUS3-H (6mm Ø) HILTI EOS-1022 APPLICATOR DRIVE BIT FOR EOS mm SOCKET S-NS 13 C 50/2 NUT SETTER HILTI EOS-1023 DRILL BIT FOR EOS mm Ø 6mm DRILL BIT HILTI EOS-1025 APPLICATOR DRIVE BIT FOR EOS mm SOCKET S-NS 15 C 95/3 3/4 NUT SETTER HILTI EOS-1026 DRILL BIT FOR EOS mm Ø 10mm DRILL BIT HILTI NOTES 1) USE 8mm HEX SOCKET FOR EOS-1002, 1003, 1004, 1007 & ) USE TX35 BIT FOR EOS ) USE 4.8mm DRILL BIT DIA. FOR EOS ) REFER TO PROJECT SPECIFIC DRAWINGS FOR DETAILS OF NON-STANDARD FIXINGS. ALWAYS FOLLOW THE MANUFACTURER S TECHNICAL GUIDANCE. 48

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52 IF IN DOUBT STOP AND CONSULT! For detailed up to date information, to book a CPD session or to arrange a meeting please contact: EOS Ltd Heighington Lane Aycliffe Industrial Park Newton Aycliffe County Durham DL5 6QG T: E: enquiries@eosuk.org W: eos-structural.co.uk EOS_Facades EOS DISCLAIMER Whilst EOS Structural has prepared this document in good faith, it is designed to provide guidance on LBS construction. EOS Structural accepts no liability and offers no warranties in relation to its contents. Users are therefore required to satisfy themselves as to the suitability of the contents of this guidance for their specific intended purpose. EOS 2019