Biodiversity & Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture (BEFTA): towards more biofriendly oil palm William A Foster
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1 Biodiversity & Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture (BEFTA): towards more biofriendly oil palm William A Foster Department of Zoology University of Cambridge
2 Biodiversity & Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture towards more biofriendly oil palm William A Foster Department of Zoology University of Cambridge
3
4 Why focus on biodiversity? A stump of a once-mighty dipterocarp in an oil palm plantation
5 High Conservation Value Biodiversity
6 Useful Biodiversity
7 Effects on species richness and abundance of forest conversion to oil palm Forest Oil Palm Foster et al. (2011). Phil Trans R. Soc. Lond.B.326:
8 Even if species richness is conserved in oil palm, the species may be of lower conservation value Dragonflies in Sabah Forests No. of species Forest specialists Other Generalists Increasing forest value Oil palm forest
9 Biodiversity in the oil palm landscape High conservation value species Useful species Big organisms: large range. Large areas of forest needed High-yielding nature of oil-palm makes this possible Small animals (insects etc) Vital to sustain ecosystem functions in the crop
10 A collaborative research project between and A large-scale experimental study of the relationship between: habitat complexity biodiversity ecosystem function ecosystem service (yield) in the oil palm landscape
11 Habitat complexity Biodiversity Ecosystem function Yield Questions 1. What levels of diversity can oil palm plantations support? 2. Can we show that habitat complexity enhances biodiversity and ecosystem function? 3. Can we show that this enhanced ecosystem function increases yield?
12 Location of BEFTA 5 km SMARTRI SMART Research Institute Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia
13 Plot location
14 Experimental setup Reduced Normal Enhanced Road Ditch 50m 150m 50m 150m 50m 150m 1. REDUCED Removal of all ground vegetation 2. NORMAL Business as usual: managed levels of ground cover and of epiphytes 3. ENHANCED Ground cover allowed to grow unchecked (except for retention of pathways for access etc.)
15 BIODIVERSITY: Plants
16 BIODIVERSITY: Insects Combination insect trap Canopy fogging Dragonflies, butterflies, assassin bugs, dung beetles, ants
17 BIODIVERSITY: vertebrates Rats: baited traps Large mammals: camera traps, scats Birds: point counts Frogs: transects
18 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Soil physical and chemical properties Soil Biological activity: bait lamina Herbivory
19 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Leaf litter decomposition
20 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Predation
21 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Dung removal
22 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Frog diets: stomach flushing
23 ECOSYSTEM SERVICE: PALM-OIL YIELD
24 Pre-treatment data collection: from Oct 2012 Treatment applied to plots: Feb 2014
25 Impacts of understory spraying
26 Ecosystem service Yield Fruit damage Herbivory Nutrient cycling and soil structure Ecosystem function Rats Herbivores Decomposition Predation Decomposers Predators and parasitoids Pollinators Biodiversity Understory plants and epiphytes Local microclimate Complexity Understory habitat complexity
27 Impact of beneficial plants Impact of two species of beneficial plants Turnera ulmifolia Antigonon leptopus on: Insect abundance and diversity Parasitoid diversity Herbivory
28 Results: Biodiversity Dragonflies: Odonata 46 species identified from the BEFTA plots alone 86 from the whole SMARTRI area 51 new records for Riau 3 new records for Sumatra
29 Dragonfly bundance Early effects of understory removal on dragonfly abundance? Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After Before After Enhanced Control Reduced Enhanced Control Reduced Box Road
30 Guide to dragonflies of oil palm in preparation
31 Number of assassin bugs Assassin bug numbers lower after treatment Pre-treatment 2- Post-treatment E - enhanced N - normal R - reduced 5 0 E1 E2 N1 N2 R1 R2 E1 E2 N1 N2 R1 R2 Cosmolestes picticeps Sycanus dichotomus
32 A new species of Staphylinid beetle discovered in the oil palm plantation Taxiplagus slademanni de Rougement 2014
33 Frog abundance lower after treatment Data: Dave Kurz 2014
34 Frog species richness lower after treatment Data: Dave Kurz 2014
35 Abundance and biomass of dung beetles low in plantations, but higher where cattle present Data: Eleanor Slade 2014
36 Dung removal low in plantations, but higher in areas with cattle Data: Eleanor Slade 2014
37 Mass Remaining (mg) Faster rates of litter loss where large invertebrates can enter mesh bags Fine 2mm 1cm Number of days
38 Number and weight of bunches (100s of Kg) Yield of palms in plots recorded on a monthly basis since January Number of bunches Weight of bunches
39 Level of herbivory damage Lower levels of herbivory where Antigonon present P<0.02 Al Al control Tu Tu control Treatment Data: Julie Hinsch 2014
40 Conclusions The BEFTA Project demonstrates the potential strength of research collaborations between industry and universities Such collaborations allow access to all aspects of a plantation s management Early results demonstrate: High and variable levels of biodiversity within plantations Potential impacts of understory management on: BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS
41 Dr Edgar Turner
42 Acknowledgements The BEFTA Team Isaac Newton Trust and Sinar Mas for funding
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