2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Transcription

1 30 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 OVER VIEW Remote Sensing, Global Positioning System, and Geographical Information System technologies have becoming very useful tools in number of applications by providing gigantic selection in terms of spectral, temporal and spatial resolution. Using these three systems, can develop an information system effectively for forest resource and management to use in the comparison and evaluation of various species to realize the scientific management of forest resources. Information systems for forest management have becoming a very important tool for quick and easy decision making. As the activities of forestry sector are expanding, the need to develop a suitable management information system is being essential task. In this present research work developed an Protected Forest Information System (PFMIS) for Giddaluru division of Guntur circle, state of Andhra Pradesh using high spatial resolution of satellite imageries and hyper spectral radiometer database for the identification of various species supported with extensive field survey using GPS. The existing literature on the Forest Management Information System using geospatial technologies reviewed in this literature chapter and the applicability of the recommended methods in the previous works for the development of PFMIS is examined.

2 STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES Remote Sensing Application for Mapping and Monitoring of India s Forest and Tree Cover (Source:Proceedings of Mapindia 2004) Dr. J. K. Rawat Director of Forest Survey of India was explained about the importance and applications of Remote Sensing technology for Indian forests monitoring and mapping with special importance on ecological as well as socio-economic resource. These resources have to judiciously managed not only for protection of environmental balance and also for various industrial products and raw materials. Considering the important role of forests in country s economic development and ecological stability, the present National Forest Policy of 1988 objective is, maintaining a minimum of 33% of India s geographical area under tree cover and forest. So it required to monitor of the forest cover periodically for effective planning for sustainable development. Forest Survey of India has been carrying out evaluation of forest and tree cover in the country using satellite imageries (remote sensing data) and also it has been publishing its results in the State of Forest Report for every 2 years. With the advent of technologies in remote sensing, it has been easy to evaluate the small forest cover patches as below 1hectare. These includes, plantations, woodlands, farms, scattered trees, urban areas and homesteads, or trees along the roads, bunds, canals, etc. In the year 2001

3 32 evaluation, FSI was evaluated tree cover (<1ha in extent) in the India, using a stratified sampling with field inventory, and estimated it to be 2.48% of India s geographical area. After that, Forest Survey of India has designed a detailed methodology (given below) based on high resolution satellite imagery for mapping leading to an improved sampling design for field inventory. Remote Sensing satellite imagery based forest and tree cover mapping adopted by Forest Survey of India, has proved to be time and cost effective over conventional forest resource mapping. The methodology used for GIS and digital image processing as given above would efficiently employed using high resolution satellite imageries to stratify the forest resources and along with other features also provide detailed information for planning, execution and utilization of these resources for sustainable development.

4 Development of Information System for Forest Protection with Platform Display System ( Source: Proceedings of Asian conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS) 2000) Gwo-Jern Hwang et al from Graduate Institute of Forestry, Feng Chia University, developed an Information system for Taiwan Forestry Bureau (TFB), It is the main agency, which is certified to manage the national forest. TFB has been a research for forest fire preventative measure and rescue from one decade. In that research, the forest patrolman is equipped with GPS, radio interphone and Laser gun. The forest patrolman traces way can be recorded by GPS receiver and key in different code when he comes across various forest disasters. In case of fire emergence, interphone can be used to report to rescue center directly and transmitted the coordinates of fire location and it's limits, which are recognized by Laser gun. The control system in the rescue center will work out the area and overlay the fire position on digital map. When fire-fighting team arrive the scene, digital video is used to catch the image of the fire development and ISM BAND Microwave Radio System is used to transmit to the rescue center Geospatial Applications in Forest Survey A case study from Nepal (Source: papers/ Forestmanagement) Gyani Babu Juwa, from Chief Remote section, Forest survey division, Forest Research and Survey Centre, Kathmandu has been studied the woody vegetation in forest covers of Nepal and he analyzed the data base to get the

5 34 fast and reliable information by using GIS and remote sensing technology. The forest inventory of the southern belt of the Nepal country was assessed with the Landsat satellite imagery. Some of the districts of that were assessed by concerned district forest inventory and the remaining hilly areas were assessed by aerial photo interpretation technology. All the result were united from the various types of forest inventories in order to estimate the woody vegetation cover of the country. The present study on the woody vegetation cover of the study area in 1991/1995 was 37.6% of the total area. The result given by the land Resources Mapping Project in 1977/78 was 41.6%. The woody vegetation cover is decreased by 4% within the period of 1977/78 to 1991/1995. The woody vegetation cover of the Terai belt of Nepal was obtained 42% as per the Landsat satellite image analysis of 1990/91 images. District survey in 1994 was 52.1% and the remaining hilly areas done in 1996 were 34%. The analysis of the present study showed that, woody vegetation cover in the hilly areas declined from 57% in 19977/78 to 36.1% in 1991/1995. The final results showed that, the woody vegetation was decreased by 14% per year during the period 12 year from 1977/78 to 1990/91. The followed methodology of present work can not be used for the hilly areas of the country because of shades, slopes, and highly inaccuracy of the available data so far. However, geospatial tools are being used for the development of woody vegetation cover maps of the hilly areas.

6 GIS and Remote Sensing in forestry sector of India (Source: Proceedings of Map Asia 2006) R.K.Bajpai et al from forest survey of India, developed an highly accurate Remote Sensing based forest cover assessment maps for forest resource management. The vastness of forest resources and high forest type of diversity facing challenging gaps in forestry database management. However, with the advent of geospatial technologies like Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) proved very useful for forest management, with importance on developments made during the last decade. Forest resources information needs to be set run and also update at both divisional and national level in India. At the divisional level it requires periodic updates with all the related information of that division and at the national level an evaluation of tree and forest cover is needed for ascertaining the economic, ecological, and even social value of the green cover carries. In 1980s, after NRSA displayed the potential of forest evaluation and forest cover mapping, Forest Survey of India built capacity for highly accurate Remote Sensing based forest cover assessment with perfection in scale of interpretation and resolution of the imagery. In addition to this, FSI developed Tree outside Forest (TOF) maps with depicting block, Scattered and linear patches of tree groups up to 0.1 ha. FSI used Geospatial Technologies in various projects, particularly in the development of working plans, national forest type mapping, forest fire mapping, etc. Such spatial database developed/ generated on maps is of enormous value

7 36 to the planners, decision makers and policy makers at the national, state, district level. GPS in combination with RS and GIS also has been used by FSI for execution of suitable sampling design for forest inventory in remote areas Web GIS applications for development of Community Forest (source: ma06_256abs.htm) Erna W.I. et al, faculty members of forest, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, were developed an web GIS application for development of Community forest of Kedungkeris Gunungkidul at Indonesia. Community forest provides source material to wood industry and renovate damage of local ecology. Therefore there is an attempt to develop an information system for estimating community forest strength with web GIS based map, to make things simple and easy for user. Estimation of this forest potency through dimension and measurements of stem diameter will able to deputize by crown wide using Quick Bird imagery. This satellite image presents data with the high resolution upto 61 cm, this data enables forester to estimate the land use for wood potency and determining wood transportation, assessment of deforestation and to make site plan. Calculation of the community forest potency is mainly done on the basis of percil. The final result is a webgis application. Map server and PostgreSQL are used for this application. Map Server is Open Source development environment for

8 37 developing spatially enabled Web applications, and PostgreSQL Object- Relational Database Management System. This application gives simple and easy step to access database about the community forest any where and any time. It is a tool for forest community and stakeholder Forest Conservation, afforestation & reforestation in India: for forest carbon stocks (source: current science, vol. 95, no. 2, 25 july 2008) N. H. Ravindranath et al, Centre for Sustainable Technologies, IIT Bangalore, India, presented an article on evaluation of the implications of past and present forest conservation, regeneration policies and programmes for forest carbon sink in India. Area under forests, with the afforested is increasing and presently m.ha of area is under the forest cover. Assuming that, the present trend continues, the area under forest cover, projected to reach 73 m.ha by Approximate carbon stock in Indian forests in vegetation and soil ranges from 8.57 to 9.56 GtC. The carbon stock in current forests is projected to be almost constant for next 25 year period at 8.78 GtC. However, if the present rate of reforestation and afforestation is assumed to continue, the carbon stock can increase from 8.78 GtC in 2006 to 9.76 GtC by 2030 with the increase of 11%. The estimates of this present study imagine that, the present trend will maintain and do not include forest degradation and loss of carbon stocks due to the fire, extraction of biomass, grazing and other disturbances.

9 Forest Cover Change Detection and Analysis using Remote Sensing - A model for the spatially resolved Area (Source: Reference 33) Yousif Ali Hussin et al from Institute of aerospace survey and earth sciences, Netherlands developed an Area Production Model (APM) planned for simulation of long-term land use changes and forecast of primary & secondary yields from forest and agricultural lands. This model insists and supply, scenarios generated primarily by the increasing rates of GDP and by changes in productivity of land. If the demand is exceeds supply, this model transfers land from one class to another class. Recently, by utilizing GIS a spatial component was successfully linked to the model. That results showed that the spatial component of the Area Production Model extensively improves the model behaviour. In this study area, the forest and land position is strictly controlled and no conversion of forest lands into agricultural lands takes place. However, the local people satisfy their requirements by intensive use of the forest, leads to severe degradation and to scrub Dry Shrub forest mapping for biodiversity conservation and planning using Remote Sensing and GIS tools ( Source: Proceedings of Asian conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS) 2008) Ghayyas Ahmad in 2001 developed maps for a biodiversity hotspot of salt range area in Pakistan. It is a Shrub forest facing with a problem of forest degradation and fragmentation which is eroding original biodiversity. The main aim of this work was to know priority trace forest patches for

10 39 biodiversity conservation and planning. Wide use was made using geomatics (remote sensing & GIS techniques) to achieve the present work objective. Forest vegetation cover was selected as a division of total biodiversity. Rapid biodiversity and Gap analysis appraisal methods are mainly used in this study. Forest mosaics of the study area were recognized from satellite imagery and then checked through field visit to collect environmental, locational, biological and disturbance data. Satellite Image Classification was done using the supervised classification technique. The degree of forest divisions was analysed by deriving some fragmentation or divisional statistics. Patch size of the left over semi natural forests was selected as the main important standard for the recognition of priority areas. However, patch shape and its location with reference to disturbance gradients also taken into consideration.final results, A total number of seventeen main concern forest fragments for conservation of biodiversity have been identified which can form the core areas in any proposed reserve design. Remote sensing & GIS are excellent and useful tools for biodiversity mapping, assessment & conservation for planning ecosystem GIS In community based forest Management (source: Applications of GIS in Community Forestry: Linking Geographic Information Technology to Community Participation, Author: Himlal Baral, 2008, Publisher: VDM Verlag) Himlal Baral, master degree student from Nepal, explained about new approach for community based forest management in various minor ways. The main aim of this present research work was to investigate the possible

11 40 and constraints for the application of Geographic Information System technology in community based forest management. The specific objectives are, evaluate the applications of GIS technology in community forestry globally, find out stakeholders views on needs for the use of GIS in community forest management, prepare and exhibit different practical applications of GIS, requested from the community groups and identify the strengths and limitations of GIS in community forestry. This present study involved in three main approaches one is GIS, second one is use of GIS and its related technologies, and the third is action participatory research. A vast variety of spatial database was identified through community based groups as important for community forest management and planning. Geomatics applications showed high potential in community forestry management. The output of some of those Geomatics applications are presently being utilized by researchers, developers, stakeholders and other applicants being used in forest planning and management include mapping of wetland, rainfall isohyets mapping. Some of the results of the present study appear to be applicable to developing countries with some modifications. The final results of this present research work clearly indicate that, geomatics and related technologies have high potential for use in community-based forest management. The integration of GIS with participatory action research can help to identify community s requirements for information, collect and incorporate local knowledge into community-based GIS databases, and for local forest resource planning and management activities.

12 Reorienting Forestry Education for Sustainable Forest Management (Source: Proceedings of XII world forestry congress, 2003, Quebec city, Canada.) Lucrecio L et al presented a review article on forestry education in support of Sustainable Forest Management. It focuses on the change strategies adopted by the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Forestry and Natural Resources to re-orient its educational programs to the requirements and challenges of forest management. Sustainable forest management implies a new way of thinking, seeing and doing in relates to forests, environment and natural resources As such, new programs, policies and approaches and also new capabilities like, knowledge, attitudes, values and skills in forestry, that are required. To maintain its significance, the college of UPLB, as a leading forestry (tropical) institution of higher learning, and has started changes in its basic academic schedule so that it will be more approachable to sustainable forest management and challenges. To attain the preferred changes, the College has been adopted 5 institutional growth and change strategies Information system for Indian forest sector (Source: XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, October 2009) Shiv Pal Singh, Atul Jindal and Aranya Sadan developed an information system for forestry setups of Indian government sector. Recent days, Management Information Systems becoming very important tool for any organization like business, commercial, and industrial or government

13 42 organization. For major organizations, it is more important to take appropriate decision making, easily and quickly. The major industrial organizations had taken far reaching steps to establish suitable management information systems. But the forestry sector setup in Indian government sector hardly taken actual steps towards such type of systems. As the activity of this organization is growing, in terms of type of work, the requirement for establishing a suitable management information system is being increasingly felt. A forest department should have a suitable geomatics tool to classify, store and analyze spatial database like forests cover and type of forest, poverty, etc. The forestry sector in India facing typical challenges by having various forest types. Ethnically and economically diverse and dense of population variously dependent on forests for their livelihood. Due to limited availability of resources and it also has to manage different type of data collated and generated at different levels. The authors developed various issues involved in establishing a forest management information system and it also attempts to provide a workable structure to discuss the issues involved in management in a typical government structure for quick and appropriate decision making. It attempts to suggest its suitable integration with geographical information system with updated database and indicates the linkages between the spatial and attribute data.