Exotic Pests of Oregon s Forests:

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1 Promoting and Practicing Sustainable Forestry Exotic Pests of Oregon s Forests: Causes, Consequences and Control Wyatt Williams Invasive Species Specialist CONNECT Conference The Welches April 23, 2015 Oregon Department of Forestry

2 Invasive Species Specialist, ODF Focus: All invasive species of Oregon s non-federal forestlands. Emphasis put on preventing new invasions. Also concentrate on controlling priority existing populations. ODF s Forest Health Team Jim Cathcart, Manager Danny Norlander, Survey Specialist Alan Kanaskie, Forest Pathologist Christine Buhl, Forest Entomologist Jon Laine, Forest Health Technician

3 What is an invasive species? - Non-native origin - A pest - Tremendous negative consequences Native Pests Non-native Hypothetical community

4 What is an invasive species? - Non-native origin - A pest - Tremendous negative consequences Pests Native Invaders Non-native Hypothetical community

5 What is a pest? -Pest Non-native noun \ pest\ origin - A pest - Tremendous negative consequences : any [organism] that causes problems for people (Merriam-Webster dict.) : any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to their interests. Native Pests Hypothetical community Non-native (Encyclopedia Britannica)

6 Why are the major negative consequences? 1. $120 billion/year in U.S. 2. Vectors of disease 3. Alter ecosystem functioning 4. Widespread species extinctions Second only to habitat degradation Avian malaria & island birds Scotch broom invasion Cheatgrass & fire Nile perch has caused hundreds of extinctions

7 How do forest invasive species get to U.S.? 1. Live plant trade (~70% of species) 2. Wood packing material (~25% of species)

8 Oregon situation for two international pathways Oregon Dept. Ag. Port of Portland Nursery is #1 Ag. commodity Oregon ranks 3 rd in Nation $700+ million in sales 40 million tons of cargo ($20 billion) annually on Columbia River PDX imports in 2012: 2.8 million tons ($200 million)

9 Pathways Solution Approach: WPM Pathway: Live Plant Pathway: Founded 1951 ISPM 15 implemented 2005 Requirement to treat wood materials: pallets, crates, dunnage, etc. must be debarked then treated

10 Domestic pathways Live plant trade (interstate movement) Example: Sudden Oak Death and Oregon Nurseries Firewood, untreated wood products 50% of untreated firewood bundles have live insects Huge public outreach program: Don t Move Firewood

11 General rule of thumb: Don t move firewood more than 50 miles from its source location

12 Oregon Firewood import rules 2012 law: firewood sold commercially in Oregon must either be: 1) Locally harvested (ID, OR, WA), or 2) heat-treated (140 F for one hour) & certified Use local firewood whenever possible

13 Forest invaders are still arriving in the U.S. Forest invaders in the U.S.: 2.5 exotic insect spp. arrive per year 1 new invasive species every 2 years Blue = All non-native forest insects Red = Invasive forest insects and disease Aukema et al

14 Distribution of U.S. forest invasive species - Over 450 non-native forest insect species are established in U.S. Liebhold et al Diversity & Distributions

15 What can we do about invasive species? 3. IPM 2. EDRR 1. Prevention

16 HISTORICAL EXAMPLE AND FUTURE THREATS

17 Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) 1869 in Boston, $800 million in annual costs 200+ host trees, including DF Serious threat to PNW forests Large successful eradication efforts in 1980s Effective EDRR tools = successful prevention!

18 Why is the Gypsy Moth EDRR successful? The right tool for the job Effective management techniques Well-oiled machine ODA, ODF, USFS, BLM, APHIS, others

19 Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) First detected in million trees killed All 16 native ash species at risk of extinction

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21 EAB in North America First identified, Detroit, MI and Windsor, ON in 2002 Infestation had been established since ~ Now in 25 states, 2 provinces Likely introduced via infested wood packing material Feb 2015

22 EAB 1 st detections in 2013 Ex. The last few EAB detections in 2013: Date State Means Fall 2013 WI Infested tree, Contract arborist Fall 2013 IN Infested tree, Forester Fall 2013 IL Infested tree, Ag staff Fall 2013 CO Infested tree, Forester Summer 2013 VA EAB trap Summer 2013 WI Infested tree, City workers Summer 2013 NC Infested tree, Forester In 2013, 86 new countylevel detections across entire U.S. 50/86 or 58% were reported by professionals =People on the ground are better at detection than the official EAB traps

23 ODF conducts statewide survey for EAB

24 Oregon Ash A widespread and common tree in western Oregon

25 Risk of EAB to Oregon and Washington EAB risk modeling conducted by: USDA Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, 2014

26 Costs of Emerald Ash Borer Invasions Emerald ash borers have become the most destructive and costly forest insect to ever invade North America. Deborah McCullough, Michigan State University Federal government Expenditures Local government Expenditures Household Expenditures Residential Property Value Loss Timber Loss Total Total $92M $1.7B $760M $830M $130M $3.5B Aukema et al PLoS one.

27 Projected costs of EAB in Western States Removal: $435 M ($290/tree) Replacement: $580 M ($387/tree) New EAB invasion in Boulder, CO could cost Denver metro area ~$1 billion! City of Portland Street Tree Inventory 4.8% or 72,000 public ash $21M removal $28M replacement $49M total cost to PDX

28 The effects of EAB in natural areas Dead and dying native ash in the Midwest. Note dead crowns.

29 Oregon ash important riparian plant? A common scene in western Oregon. Stand of 100% Oregon ash surrounded by grass seed fields and vineyards. What kind of wildlife rely upon these islands of habitat? How important is Oregon ash in hydromorphology? What would be the fuel loading for wildfires? What will replace Oregon ash if it disappears? No one knows because it hasn t been studied!!!

30 Treatments Eradication/Suppression Visual surveys by tree care professionals. If you see signs, please report! Delimitation surveys include harvesting and peeling branches. Hard work! Eradication includes removing host trees in urban and natural areas. Expensive, ineffective.

31 Treatments - Chemical Tree injections Systemic insecticides Imidacloprid Emamectin benzoate Costly ($100-$500 per tree) Repeat applications every 1-2 years. Not feasible on large scale

32 Treatments - Biological Control Three parasitoids introduced starting in 2007 Tetrastichus planipennisi shows most promise Released in , follow up surveys in 2012, Michigan 21% parasitism rate Rates still rising Duan et al T. Murray

33 The crux of the problem EDRR has not worked in the past for EAB 22 eradication attempts in U.S. Most, if not all, were detected 4+ years after initial establishment We need. a better EDRR tool, and statewide preparedness plan

34 Oregon Forest Pest Detector Project Goal: Train tree care professionals to recognize and report exotic wood borers Components: Training modules Reporting infrastructure Develop Invasive Wood Borer Preparedness Plan Amy Grotta OSU Extension forester Columbia, Wash., Yamhill Counties Asian longhorned beetle Emerald ash borer

35 Asian Longhorned Beetle a major threat to urban and natural PNW forests ALB (Anoplophora glabripennis) Broad host range Currently in NY, MA, OH Eradicated in IL, NJ Preferred hosts: Genus Common name Acer Maple Aesculus Buckeye, horsechestnut Betula Birch Salix Willow Ulmus Elm Portland Parks Street Tree Inventory! Lesion inside bark

36 OFPD summary OSU Extension program Five online Modules Powerpoint/short videos Invasive Species background EAB ALB Reporting Communicating with public Face to face training Field courses with simulated damage (Cathedral Park, PDX; Clean Water Services - Hillsboro) CEUs, pesticide credits Kickoff: April 9, 2015 Three training sessions, 50 professionals trained to date

37 Module 2 Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Forest Pest Detector Course

38 Features of Ash- Leaves, Branches Compound leaf with 5-11 leaflets Opposite branching pattern YES! Leaflet No! Leaf Forest Pest Detector Course

39 Life Cycle ADULT PUPA EGGS LARVA Forest Pest Detector Course

40 Life Cycle- Larva Flat with segmented body Bore through bark to feed on phloem and cambium S-shaped tunnels Spend winter under bark Forest Pest Detector Course

41 Adult Emergence Adults emerge when development is complete D-shaped exit holes Forest Pest Detector Course

42 Signs of EAB S-shaped galleries D-shaped exit holes Increased woodpecker activity or damage Adult insect or larvae Forest Pest Detector Course

43 Module 3 Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Forest Pest Detector Course

44 Forest Pest Detector Course Introduction Video

45 ALB Damage Larva consume phloem and xylem Trees decline slowly over time Over 80,000 trees lost Millions of dollars spent vascular tissue (xylem) Forest Pest Detector Course

46 Adult Look-Alikes ALB Oregon fir sawyer (Monochamus scutellatus oregonensis) Female Male banded alder borer (Rosalia funebris) Forest Pest Detector Course

47 Where to Report? Forest Pest Detector Course

48 OFPD next steps Next training, September ISA meeting in Bend Continuing to recruit key professionals: Arborists, city foresters, natural area managers, etc Partners are developing Invasive Woodborer Preparedness Plan for public, communities Oregon Forest Pest Detector Program is funded by USDA-APHIS and by USDA-Forest Service. Thank you to our partners and stakeholders.

49 Oregon Invasive Species Council Mission Statement: INVADER To protect Oregon s economy and natural resources by conducting a coordinated and thorough effort to keep invasive species out of Oregon and to eliminate, reduce or mitigate the impacts of invasive species already established in Oregon. Next meeting: June 30 July 1, U.S. Forest Service JH Stone Nursery, Medford. All are welcome to join this public meeting.

50 Summary Several invasive species taxa threaten forests of PNW Besides outright prevention, Early Detection & Rapid Response is most economical way to limit environmental and economic costs Oregon Forest Pest Detectors aims to train professionals on signs and symptoms of EAB and ALB. We encourage interested parties to enroll in an upcoming OFPD course and help detect invasions early.

51 Check out the OFPD online, take the course, and become an Oregon Forest Pest Detector!

52 Questions? Wyatt Williams Invasive Species Specialist Oregon Dept. of Forestry