Chapter 5. Terrestrial Biodiversity. Climate and Altitude. Community Structure. Climate and altitude create different weather/climate conditions.
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1 Chapter 5 Terrestrial Biodiversity Climate and Altitude Climate and altitude create different weather/climate conditions. Different ranges of tolerance. Different species survive. Community Structure What is community structure? Physical appearance Species diversity Species abundance Niche structure
2 Physical Appearance Ecotones are caused by differences in the physical structure and properties at the boundaries of different biomes/communities This is also called the edge effect BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND Different climates lead to different communities of organisms, especially vegetation. Biomes large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals. Each biome contains many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors. BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
3 Tropic of Cancer High mountains Polar ice Polar grassland (arctic tundra) Temperate grassland Tropical grassland (savanna) Chaparral Coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest Tropical forest Desert Equator Tropic of Capricorn Animation: Biomes Map PLAY ANIMATION BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND Biome type is determined by precipitation, temperature and soil type
4 Cold Polar Tundra Subpolar Coniferous forest Temperate Desert Deciduous Forest Chaparral Grassland Tropical Hot Wet Rain forest Tropical seasonal forest Scrubland Savanna Desert Dry BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops. Elevation Mountain ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Coniferous Tundra Forest (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow
5 DESERT BIOMES Deserts are areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation. Deserts have little precipitation and little vegetation. Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions. Desert plants have adaptations that help them stay cool and get enough water. DESERT BIOMES Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate and cold deserts. Tropical Desert Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm)
6 Temperate Desert Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Polar Desert Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm) #1 DESERT BIOMES The flora and fauna in desert ecosystems adapt to their environment through their behavior and physiology.
7 Red-tailed hawk Gambel's Quail Yucca Jack rabbit Collared lizard Prickly pear cactus Agave Roadrunner Darkling Beetle Bacteria Diamondback rattlesnake Fungi Producer to primary Kangaroo rat Primary to secondary Secondary to higher-level All producers and s to decomposers GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue). Tropical grassland (savanna) Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm)
8 Temperate grassland Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Polar grassland (arctic tundra) Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Video: Caribou PLAY VIDEO
9 Video: Tundra Flyover PLAY VIDEO GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too moist for desert and too dry for forests. Savannas are tropical grasslands with scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals. Temperate Grasslands The cold winters and hot dry summers have deep and fertile soil that make them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle.
10 Temperate Grasslands Temperate tall- grass prairie ecosystem in North America. #2 & 3 Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Producer to primary Primary to secondary Fungi Secondary to higher-level Prairie Coneflower All producers and s to decomposers Animation: Prairie Food Web PLAY ANIMATION
11 Polar Grasslands Polar grasslands are covered with ice and snow except during a brief summer. Caribou Long-tailed jaeger Grizzly bear Horned lark Willow ptarmigan Mosquito Snowy owl Arctic fox Lemming Dwarf Willow Mountain Cranberry Moss campion Producer Primary to primary to secondary Secondary to higher-level All producers and s to decomposers Chaparral Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.
12 FOREST BIOMES Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and polar forests. Tropical rain forest Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm) Temperate deciduous forest Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm)
13 Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga) Mean monthly temperature ( C) Freezing point Month Mean monthly precipitation (mm) FOREST BIOMES Forests have enough precipitation to support stands of trees and are found in tropical, temperate, and polar regions. #4 Tropical Rain Forest Tropical rain forests have heavy rainfall and a rich diversity of species. Found near the equator. Have year-round round uniformity warm temperatures and high humidity.
14 Blue and gold macaw Harpy eagle Ocelot Climbing monstera palm Slaty-tailed trogon Squirrel monkeys Katydid Tree frog Green tree snake Ants Bacteria Fungi Bromeliad Producer to primary Primary to secondary Secondary to higher-level All producers and s to decomposers Animation: Rainforest Food Web PLAY ANIMATION Tropical Rain Forest Filling such niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition and coexist
15 Height (meters) Harpy eagle Woolly opossum Toco toucan Emergent layer Canopy Understory Black-crowned antipitta Brazilian tapir Shrub layer Ground layer #5 Temperate Deciduous Forest Most of the trees survive winter by dropping their leaves, which decay and produce a nutrient- rich soil. Broad-winged hawk Hairy Woodpecker White oak White-tailed deer Shagbark hickory Gray Squirrel White-footed mouse Metallic wood-boring beetle and Larvae Mountain Winterberry Bacteria Fungi May beetle Long-tailed weasel Racer Wood frog Producer to primary Primary to secondary Secondary to higher-level All producers and s to decomposers #6
16 Evergreen Coniferous Forests Consist mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees that keep their needles year-round round to help the trees survive long and cold winters. Blue jay Great horned owl Balsam fir Marten Moose White Spruce Bebb willow Wolf Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Starflower Fungi Producer to primary Primary to secondary Bacteria Secondary to higher-level Bunchberry All producers and s to decomposers Video: Sequoias PLAY VIDEO
17 Temperate Rain Forests Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing evergreen trees such as redwoods and Douglas fir in a cool moist environment. MOUNTAIN BIOMES High-elevation islands of biodiversity Often have snow- covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water to lower- elevation streams and ecosystems. HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world s s terrestrial ecosystems. Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world s s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
18 Natural Capital Degradation Desert Large desert cities Soil destruction by off-road vehicles Soil salinization from irrigation Depletion of groundwater Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion to cropland Release of CO 2 to atmosphere from grassland burning Overgrazing by livestock Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra Natural Capital Degradation Forests Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations Damage from off-road vehicles Pollution of forest streams
19 Natural Capital Degradation Mountains Agriculture Timber extraction Mineral extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism Urban air pollution Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Soil damage from off-road vehicles Video: Eagle Fishing PLAY VIDEO Video: Gopher PLAY VIDEO
20 Video: Grizzly Bears PLAY VIDEO Video: Owl Hunting PLAY VIDEO
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