The use of treated waste water in the Nile Delta forest plantations. Ahmed A. Amer El-Settawy

Transcription

1 The use of treated waste water in the Nile Delta forest plantations By Ahmed A. Amer El-Settawy

2 The use of treated waste water in the Nile Delta forest plantations

3 The use of treated waste water in the deserts surrounded Nile Delta for plantation irrigation Why?

4 Delta is called in the Bible the land of Goshen Nile Delta of Egypt is located between Cairo (South) and Mediterranean sea (North). Nile Delta is a fan like shape of rivers and canals originated in the Nile river. The total area of the delta is ca km2. The population of delta are about 34 million (ca 50% of the Egyptian inhabitants).

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11 It is among the most densely populated agriculture areas in the globe, i.e., 1, 360 inhabitants/km2. The total coast line is about 400km form Alexandria to port said (North) and outlet of Suez canal in the East. Delta comprises also several brackish lagoons or lakes, amongst which: Manzala. Burullus. Id ku.

12 About 50% of Delta vegion is regarded as an arable land. Most people working in farming and fishing (since 5000 to 6000 years). However, the formation of delta is back to 10s thousands of years. The soil is basically sandy or shallow sea bed, but it has been covered by Nile river deposits with loan and clay, hence it is regarded the most fertile soil. In the past, there were 7 equal tributaries original from the base of delta, yet now there are only 2, Rosetta, and Damietta (240 km) (235 km).

13 Climate: the North of delta is characterized by temperate weather in Summer (28 32 C) and increased gradually to the farest part in South (32 36 C). The rain fall is ranged between 150mm (North) at the north to 10 mm (South) at Cairo.

14 Agricultural Activities Palm plantation (Date palms) at North. Fruit trees. Vegetables. Field crops (Wheat, Rice, cotton, Beans clovers and others).

15 Forestry in Nile Delta

16 Orchards Windbreaks at Newly Reclaimed Lands

17 .Protection Plantations This group consists of tree plantations established mainly for field protection (windbreaks and shelterbelts)

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19 Rural Passage Plantations

20 Plantation for Wood and Other Products

21 Plantation for Wood and Other Products

22 The most common tree species, notably willow, acacias, casuarinas and eucalypts, are planted for shading, as windbreaks and for soil conservation at river and canal banks as well as around roads. Most woods produced are used as a feul, particle board, MDF production (Not convenient for lumber).

23 Why there is no typical plantation irrigated with waste water? Economic reasons Environmental reasons

24 Sewage-Water Irrigated Plantation

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26 Boundaries of Alexandria

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29 Table (1): Sludge properties applied to plantation of ''9N'' Station for Sludge Treatment, Soil Disposal Facilities, West Alexandria. Properties Reading values Available range E.C.dsm ph CaCo O.M% N, ppm P% P. ppm K% Mn Zn Cu Ni Cd Source: Fayed (2009). Pb

30 Rhizosphere macro-elements and heavy metals of sludgeamended A. Saligna (AS), C. glauca (CS) and E.camaldulensis (ES) trees and unamended ones; AO, CO and EO, respectively. Na g/ kg K g/ kg N g/ kg P g/ kg Cd Mg/ Kg Zn Mg/ Kg Pb Mg/ Kg AO AS CO CS EO ES

31 Growth and yield parameters of sludge amended A. Saligna (AS), C. glauca (CS) and E.camaldulensis (ES) trees and unamended ones; AO, CO and EO, respectively. AO AS LCD CO CS LSD EO ES LSD Height (m) Diameter (cm) Volume of tree wood (m 3 ) Yield/ ton feddan Av. annual yield (Ton/fed / year) Basal area

32 Table (4): Foliar macro-elements and heavy metals of sludge amended A. Saligna (AS), C. glauca (CS) and E.camaldulensis (ES) trees and unamended ones; AO, CO and EO, respectively. N g/ kg P g/ kg K g/ kg Na g/ kg Cd Mg/ Kg Zn Mg/ Kg Pb Mg/ Kg AO AS LSD CO CS LSD EO ES LSD

33 Wood specific gravity (WG) and concentrations of heavy metals of sludge amended A. Saligna (AS), C. glauca (CS) and E.camaldulensis (ES) trees and unamended ones, AO, CO and EO, respectively. WG Cd Mg/ Kg Zn Mg/ Kg Pb Mg/ Kg Sap heart LS D bark sap heart bark sap heart bark sap heart AO AS LSD CO CS LSD EO ES LSD

34 Infection levels (%) of feeder roots and number of clamdospores/ 10 gm in rhizosphere of sludge amended A. Saligna (AS), C. glauca (CS) and E.camaldulensis (ES) trees and unamended ones, AO, CO and EO, respectively. AO AS LCD Infection level (%) No of spores/ 10 g of dry soil Notes G. mossae more abundant. Viability of spore high (Light colored spores) CO G. mossae less abundant, G. fasciculatum more abundant. CS Viability of spore is low (dark colored spores) LCD EO G. mossae and G. fasciculatum intermediate. ES Viability of spores intermediate. LCD

35 Fig.1A, 1B and 1C: Feeder root of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Casuarina glauca and A. salign infected with AM fungus. V: vesicule, H: internal hyphae of the fungus, CC: cortex cells, St: stele and Ar: arbuscule.

36 RIL RSN A.sligna C.glauca E. camaldulensis Fig. 2: Relative infection level (RIL) of feeder roots with AM fungi and relative spore number (RSN) of AM fungi in rhizosphere.

37 Fig. 3: Clamydospore of Glomus aggregatum. L1 and L2 is the outer and inner spore wall, respectively and SH is the subtending hyphae.

38 Fig. 4: Stereo shape of the clamydospore of Glomus mossae (GM) and G. fasciculatum.

39 Clamydospore of Glomus fasciculatum. L1, L2and and L3 is the outer, middle and inner spore wall, respectively.

40 Clamydospore of Glomus mossae. L1 and L2 is the outer and inner spore wall, respectively and SH is the subtending hyphae.

41 Conclusions Amendment of sewage sludge to trees studied has positive effects on fertility of soil, growth parameters (tree height and dobh and commercial volume of wood), and yield of solid wood. Tree species studied revealed its phytoremediation potential, particularly C. glauca and E. camaldulensis. Acacia saligna stand fixed about 0.006, 0.06 and 1.3 kg/feddan/ year of Cd, Zn and Pb in its wood, respectively; whereas C. glauca fixed 0.8, 3.1 and 17.9 and E.camaldulensis about 0.08, 1.7 and 17.5 kg/ feddan/ year, at the same order. Heavy metal concentrations in bark and heartwood were more than those of sapwood.

42 Wood specific gravity was relegated owing to the positive impact of sludge on growth rate of tree, i.e., as similar as application traditional fertilizers. Three AM fungal species were detected and identified in rhizosphere of sewage sludge ameneded stands; namely, Glomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum and G. mossae and they prove their infection potential under such condition. G. fasciculatum was more abundant in rhizosphere of C. glauca, whilst G. mossae in the rhizosphere of A. saligna and both of them were mutually throve under E. camaldulensis' rhizosphere. Clamydospore populations of AM fungi and infection levels (%) roots of their partners, to certain extent, were dropped when sewage sludge amended, yet the fungi displayed considerable tolerance towards sludge pollutants and may to allelopathic effect of the trees (C. glauca and E.camaldulensis).

43 Dendrochemical aspects merit more advanced research to pinpoint historical deposition of trace element with more advanced technology. It is recommended to capitalize on sewage sludge in fertilization of timber trees and use the later to remediate polluted soil as well. It is recommended also to select and utilize AM fungi adaptable with harsh or polluted sites in afforestation program concomitant with sludge and/ or sewage water management.

44 Borg El Arab (Alexandria)

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49 100 km north- West Cairo Sadat City

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