Disturbance history influences downed woody debris respiration
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1 Disturbance history influences downed woody debris respiration Ulrike Hagemann, Martin Moroni, and Johanna Gleißner 1
2 Motivation I Downed woody debris (DWD) Integral component of boreal forest ecosystems Relevant to carbon and nutrient cycles, habitat availability, and biodiversity Created by small and large scale disturbances Gap creating: wind throw, senescence Stand replacing: fire, harvest, insects Characteristics: Fire Peak amounts of DWD years after fire (collapse of snags) Longer, larger pieces Charred surface ( case hardened ) Clearcut harvest Large DWD amounts directly after harvest (logging debris) Smaller, shorter pieces Mostly with bark 2
3 Motivation II State of knowledge Amounts Harvesting (Pedlar et al. 2002, Moroni 2006) Wildfire (Moroni 2006, Hagemann et al. 2009) Characteristics Harvesting (Lloyd & Todd 2003, Densmore et al. 2004) Wildfire (Marra and Edmonds 1996, Manies et al. 2005) Decomposition a) Mass loss Harvesting (SOURCE) Wildfire (Bond Lamberty et al. 2003) Comparison (Wei et al. 1997) b) Respiration rates Harvesting (Marra and Edmonds 1996, Liu et al. 2006) Wildfire (Wang et al. 2002, Bond Lamberty et al. 2003)? Comparison? 3
4 Study Objectives Determine the impact of disturbance type on disturbance generated DWD respiration rates Comparison of disturbance types: Clearcut harvesting Wildfire Quantification of in situ DWD respiration Site specific DWD Comparison to soil respiration 4
5 Study Region and Sites Moisture Temp. Study region: Labrador High boreal forest Cold (MAT < 1.0 C) Perhumid (MAP ~1000 mm) Fire driven (interval yrs) Black spruce (Picea mariana) Study sites Old growth (n = 3) Recently harvested (3 years) (n = 3) Middle aged burned (23 years) (n = 3) OG Harvested Burned 5 5
6 Methodology DWD respiration 45 standardized logs Closed dynamic chamber IRGA Weekly measurements (12/07 01/09, 2008) Soil respiration 45 sampling locations Closed dynamic chamber IRGA Weekly measurements (12/07 01/09, 2008) J. Gleißner, modified EGM 4; PP Systems, UK Environmental variables Temperatures Air Soil (2 and 10 cm depth) DWD (surface, top sap, heartwood, bottom sap) Relative humidity DWD and soil moisture content surface top sapwood heartwood 11 bottom sapwood 6
7 Results I Temperature DWD: surface top sap > heartwood > bottom sap Influence shifting influence from air to soil temperature Disturbance types: Burned > Harvested > OG Hagemann et al. (2010) For.Ecol.Manage. 7 12
8 Results II DWD and soil moisture Trend: OG Harvested > Burned High variability (wood density) Hagemann et al. (2010) For.Ecol.Manage. 8 12
9 Results III DWD and soil respiration High variability DWD: Harvested > Burned OG Soil: OG > Harvested > Burned Hagemann et al. (2010) For.Ecol.Manage. 9 12
10 Synthesis I Moisture Temperature DWD respiration Old growth Harvested Burned Temperature Low High (exposure) High (exposure) Moisture High (moss, shade, no wind) Moderate (moss, some shade & wind) Low (no moss, shade & wind) DWD respiration Low Limited by moisture and/or temperature Moderate Decomposition not/little limited Low Limited by moisture and/or temperature Soil respiration High High root respiration Low decomposition Moderate Low root respiration High decomposition Low No root respiration Low decomposition Bryophytes likely influence aboveground DWD decomposition 10 13
11 Synthesis II DWD vs. soil respiration Old growth: stand level DWD respiration ~9% of soil respiration (6 13%) Harvested: stand level DWD respiration similar to soil respiration (73 127%) Burned: stand level DWD respiration ~83% of soil respiration (44 115%; low!) Based on DWD volume data from Hagemann et al CJFR and DWD estimated surface area (cylindrical shape assumed) Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals Hagemann et al. (2010) For.Ecol.Manage. 11
12 Conclusions DWD and soil respiration rates reflect disturbance specific changes in the temperature and moisture regime DWD respiration Burned: limited by low DWD moisture levels (desiccation) Harvested: no limitation (optimal decomposition environment?) Soil respiration Burned: limited by low soil moisture levels and lack of roots Harvested: limited by lack of roots DWD respiration particularly relevant in disturbed boreal forest ecosystems Burned: per hectare DWD respiration similar to soil respiration Harvested: per hectare DWD respiration equal to soil respiration For forest C modeling, DWD decomposition rates should be differentiated by disturbance specific decomposition environment 12
13 Acknowledgements This study was funded by Canadian Forest Service Atlantic Forestry Centre Newfoundland and Labrador Forest Management District 19a Model Forest of Newfoundland and Labrador Institute of Biodiversity, Ecosystem Science and Sustainability (IBES) Christiane Nüsslein Volhard Foundation German National Academic Foundation and conducted in cooperation with Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources Innu Nation Environment Office College of the North Atlantic (CONA) 13
14 Thank you for your attention 14
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