Overcoming RES - Storage barriers on the Spanish Islands: the Case of the Canary Islands

Transcription

1 STORIES project Addressing barriers to STORage technologies for increasing the penetration of Intermittent Energy Sources Overcoming RES - Storage barriers on the Spanish Islands: the Case of the Canary Islands Salvador Suárez Canary Islands Institute of Technology Workshop Dubrovnik, Oct 2, 2009

2 CANARY ISLANDS: Integration of RES and Energy Storage Current Energy Situation Strategies for Maximizing RES Penetration RES - Energy Storage Projects Hydrogen Technologies Water Technologies Wind-Pumped-Hydro system: El Hierro Island Battery Storage: La Graciosa Island PV- Wind microgrid Other ITC Technological activities contributing to RES penetration

3 Current Energy Situation of The Canary Islands

4 Energy framework of European Islands Total energy dependence from outside resources Generation of electric energy from fossil fuels (oil) Independent electric systems High rise of the electric demand Importance of the energy-water relation

5 Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Canary Islands LA PALMA Internal M. 106 Navigation 16 TOTAL CANARIAS Internal M. 3,648 Navigation* 3,477 Total 7,126 *Air and sea navigation Total 122 In thousands of metric tons TENERIFE EL HIERRO Internal M. 16 Navigation 0.1 Total 16 OIL 95 % M. Interior Navigation Total LA GOMERA Internal M. 27 Navigation 0.5 Total 28 GRAN CANARIA Internal M. 1,359 Navigation 2,028 Total 3,388 FUERTEVENTURA Internal M. 258 Navigation 104 Total 362 LANZAROTE Internal M. 304 Navigation 140 Total 444

6 Structure of internal fossil fuel market Road Transport 29.9% Electricity generation 55.6% Combined waterelectricity production 2.4% Other (Industrial, Residential...) 12.1%

7 Installed Electric Power and Energy Produced TOTAL Power (MW) 2,497.8 Energy (GWh) 9,097 LANZAROTE Power (MW) Energy (GWh) LA PALMA Power (MW) 89.3 Energy (GWh) LA GOMERA Power (MW) 23.1 Energy (GWh) 66.7 EL HIERRO Power (MW) 13.3 Energy (GWh) 35.7 TENERIFE Power (MW) Energy (GWh) 3,625 GRAN CANARIA Power (MW) 981 Energy (GWh) FUERTEVENTURA Power (MW) Energy (GWh) 638.3

8 Strategies for Maximizing RES Penetration in the Canary Islands

9 RES Potential of the Canary Islands Wind potential Average wind speeds from 6 to 8 m/s Solar potential Sunshine > 3000 h/year Radiation 6 kwh/m 2 day

10 Installed Electric Power and Energy Produced

11 Current Wind Power Installed 137,33 MW LA PALMA Power (kw) 5,880 Energy (MWh) 11,190 % penetration* 4.4 TENERIFE Power (kw) 36,680 Energy (MWh) 77,530 % penetration 2.2 CANARIAS % Wind Penetration * 3.65 GRAN CANARIA Power (kw) 76,295 Energy (MWh) 213,317 % penetration 5.8 LANZAROTE Power (kw) 6,405 Energy (MWh) 4,404 % penetration 0.5 EL HIERRO Power (kw) 100 LA GOMERA Power (kw) 360 Energy (MWh) 411 % penetration 0.6 * % Wind penetration = energy produced / total energy demand FUERTEVENTURA Power (kw) 11,610 Energy (MWh) 22,509 % penetration 3.5 Energy (MWh) 251 % penetration 0,7

12 PECAN (Energy Plan for Canary Islands): RES objectives 2015 Type 2006 PECAN (2015) Wind 137 MW MW Hydro 1,3 MW 13,6 MW* Solar Photovoltaic 0,6 MW 160 MW Solar Thermal m m 2 Solar Thermoelectric 30 MW Biofuels 30 MW Waves 50 MW

13 MAXIMIZING PENETRATION OF RES Barriers to wind energy penetration in the Canary Islands Electric System Land Planning Economic-Administrative issues Estrategy for maximizing RES penetration in the Canary Islands in the power grids Network stability studies Energy storage Prediction of wind and solar resources

14 STABILITY STUDIES: finding the maximum admissible levels for RES penetration, and proposing actions to reinforce insular electrical grids ENERGY STORAGE: solutions allowing storage of RES excess produced during valley intervals, and injecting it back to the grid during demand peaks. Finding energy vectors for RES applications in Transport. Characterization of renewable energetic RESOURCES. World most dense network of radiometric stations (22) allowing development of prediction models for RES. Providing wind potential evaluation services for particular locations, as well as feasibility studies for wind farms RES MAXIMIZATION: based on work on El Hierro experience, the experience will be extrapolated to 100 % RES models for other islands. 100 % RES El Hierro 100 % RES Fuerteventura 100 % RES La Graciosa

15 Strategies for maximizing RES penetration Reduction in energy demand Energy efficiency Energy savings Installation of wind farms for self energy consumption (water desalination) Advance in effective tariff schemes for RES-energy storage power systems and regulatory / legislative frameworks

16 Repowering of wind farms The generation capacity of a line of wind turbines is proportional to the size of its rotor. Reduce visual impact: one big wind turbine is able to substitute several small ones, and their rotor speed is slower. The Cañada del Rio wind farm, in operation since 1994 in Fuerteventura, has 180 kw wind turbine. One 5 MW wind turbine can substitute 27 machines of 180 kw.

17 Off-shore wind farms

18 RES Energy Storage Hydrogen Technologies

19 HYDROGEN RES - HYDROGEN Systems: ITC vision: islands could be first RE hydrogen economies Energy storage for stationary applications GRID STABILITY H 2 H 2 electrolysis compression transport filling station power generation

20 RE Hydrogen projects at ITC RenewIslands HYDROBUS HYDROHYBRID RES2H2 Porto Santo Storage Storage state state [kgh2] [kgh2] Wind Wind power power supply supply [kwe] Power [kwe] Power demand demand [kwe] [kwe] Fuel Fuel cell cell power power supply supply [kwe] [kwe] 1st 1st of of July July to to of of June June Fuerteventura Covered Demand Installed Wind power Installed Fuel Cells Installed Gas Turbines Installed Electrolysers Capacity of storage system Surplus Hydrogen at the end of the year (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MWh) (MWh) Electricity ,000 60,900 Electricity and Transport , ,600

21 HYDROBUS Hydrogen buses for Macaronesian Islands With 1,025 MW installed power (PECAN objective 2015), and using excess energy during valleys of demand curve, enough H2 to fuel 600 buses could be produced.

22 HYDROGEN: Most relevant RES H2 projects RES2H2 H 2 as an energy carrier Practical experiences which are allowing ITC to advance in the learning curve of H 2 technologies HYDROHYBRID

23 HYDROHYBRID System components Wind turbine 10 kw Photovoltaic de 3 kwp Power electronics Water purification equipment ºººº PEM electrolyzer: 1.16 Nm 3 H 2 /h nominal production Low pressure H2 storage (15 bar) High pressure H2 storage (200 bar) Booster compressor for hydrogen

24 RES2H2 System components Wind turbine: 225 kw High pressure alkaline electrolizer (25 bar): 55 kw Nominal production: 11 Nm 3 H 2 /h H 2 storage: 500 Nm 3 H2 at 25 bar H 2 purification unit Fuel: 30 kw RO desalination plant: 40 kw

25 Hydrogen production with concentrated solar power. Integration of a PCC + ORC + Electrolyzer Design Model building and simulation Mounting Model validation Parabolic Concentration Cylinder Organic Rankine Cycle Alcaline Electrolyzer Objectives: To introduce solar-concentration technologies in the Canary Islands, coupled to energy storage systems To study technical and economic feasibility of these systems

26 RES Energy Storage Water Technologies

27 Energy and water 20% of energy production goes to water desalination and water distribution. Use of desalinated water Residential & touristic 430,000 m³/day 153 plants Agriculture 170,000 m³/day 100 plants Energy consumption for water desalination: 1Kgr fuel/ m³ m of desalinated water. - For 600,000 m³/daym - Import 172,000 Ton fuel /year.

28 Wind farm RO desalination plant: La Florida 5,000 m 3 /day 2.64 MW = (4 X 660 kw) 2003 Wind farm production: 10,210,109 kwh Self consumption of RO plant: 1,547,244 kwh RO consumption from grid: 681,101 kwh Total energy consumption: 2,228,345 kwh Specific Consumption 2.8 kwh/m 3 Selling price of desalinated water: 60 cent /m 3 (0.84 $/m 3 ) Average selling price of electricity: 7 cent /kwh (0.1 $/kwh)

29 SDAWES 8 x 25 m 3 /d RO plants ENERCON E30 (2 X 230 kw) WT WT UPS SM Flywheel and synchronous machine (100 kva) F 8 x RO VC EDR SW PUMPS T 1:1 50 m 3 /d VVC unit (50 100%) 192 m 3 /d EDR unit (3.5 8 m 3 /h) T GENERAL GRID WT - Wind Turbine UPS - Uninterrupted Power System SM- Synchronous Machine F - Flywheel T - Transformer RO- Reverse Osmosis VC Vapour Compression EDRElectrodyalisis Reversible

30 Small desalination units SODESA Solar MEH m 3 /d Low Temperature (< 80 ºC) solar thermal DESSOL 4 m 3 /d Stand alone photovoltaic RO AEROGEDESA 15 m 3 /d Stand alone small wind powered RO CONTEDES 50 m 3 /d Easy to transport off-grid RO plant

31 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER to developing countries MOROCCO Rural electrification Ouassen Renawable Code Energy TUNISIA RO plant Ksar Ghilène RO Plant ALHUCEMAS MAURITANIA Islas Canarias park RO Banc D Argin Wind map

32 El Hierro Island Wind-Pumped-Hydro system

33 Energy Storage INSULAR 100% RES MODELS Wind-hydro power stations (example: El Hierro) Upper Reservoir Hydro Power Station Lower Reservoir Wind Farm Control Pumping Station Desalination Plant

34 EL HIERRO WIND-PUMPED-HYDRO POWER STATION Tendencia de emisiones System Configuration de CO 2 del actual modelo energético Wind Farm 10/12 MW Hydro Plant Pumping Station 10 MW 10 MW Upper Reservoir m 3 Lower Reservoir m 3 New Diesel GenSets 0 Renewable Energy Penetration 80 % Peak load (2010) Off-Peak load (2010) 7,56 MW 2,59 MW

35 Impact of the Wind-Hydro System EL HIERRO WIND-PUMPED-HYDRO POWER STATION Tendencia de emisiones de CO 2 del actual modelo energético SO Tm The systems avoids: VOC 47 Tm CO Tm Fuel-Oil Tm NOx Tm The system avoids the equivalent of 20 oil tankers of Tm each (26 are currently necessary to meet the demand)

36 La Graciosa Island PV-Wind microgrid with Battery Storage STORIES project

37 Minigrid for La Graciosa Objectives 658 permanent residents 342 houses Minimizing the needs for fossil fuels to satisfy the electricity demands from households, productive activities and public services, by maximizing the penetration of RES. Electrric Loads Currently there is a submarine cable connection with power capacity of 1,030 kw, and a yearly electric consumption of kwh. Minimum power Maximum power 204,08 kw 668,00 kw Hr Potencia kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw kw

38 La Graciosa Simulation Latitud: Longitud: North West Average wind speed m/s Jan 6.4 Feb 4.4 Mar 6.7 Apr 6.0 May 5.8 Jun 5.9 Jul 6.3 Ago 5.5 Sep 5.1 Oct 5.0 Nov 5.3 Dic 5.5 Annual av. 5.7 Wind resources Solar resources Average radiation kwh/m2/day Jan 3.2 Feb 3.7 Mar 4.6 Apr 5.3 May 5.9 Jun 6.1 Jul 6.6 Ago 6.2 Sep 5.8 Oct 4.3 Nov 3.4 Dic

39 SIMULATION WITH HOMER HOMER Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables developed by NREL (National Renewable Energies Laboratory, USA). Determine whether the renewable energy resources are adequate The optimal size of the system components of a hybrid system: number of photovoltaic modules, power of wind generators, size of backup diesel genset, number and capacity of battery storage, power of rectifiers and inverters connecting the DC and AC bus. Wind turbine Investment cost of the hybrid system and annual O&M costs Economic sensitivity analysis to changes in cost, RES availability and consumption loads. Diesel genset) CA bus Loads La Graciosa 9.5 MWh/day 668 kw (Max.) Converter Inverter Rectifier Losses DC bus Photovoltaic Losses Losses Batteries

40 La Graciosa Simulation The microgrid will combine photovoltaic, wind and diesel systems to supply, in a stand alone mode, the electrical needs of the island of La Graciosa. Energy storage: only batteries Control and power conditioning unit Batteries Loads Photovolt. 300 kwp 503,146 kwh/year 10 % Wind 1,500 kw 3,426,194 kwh/year 68 % Diesel 400 kw 1,116,102 kwh/year 22 % Yearly prod. 5,045,442 kwh/year 100 % Electric demand Excess 3,485,007 kwh/year 1,395,872 kwh/año Total Net Present Cost: Levelized cost of energy: 13,507,992 0,338 /kwh

41 Energy storage system : Batteries Battery: 2,000 Trojan L16P Investment 600,000 Variable Value Units Battery throughput 448,448 kwh/yr Battery life 4.79 yr Battery autonomy 7.60 hours TOTAL INVESTMENY COST Components Initial Capital( ) PV Array 1,500,000 Fuhrländer 250 1,500,000 Diesel Genset 600,000 Batteries 600,000 Converter 40,000 Other 0 Totals 4,240,000 EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS Initial Capital( ) Emissions (kg/yr) Carbon dioxide 995,318 Fuel saved/yr 377,969

42 EXCESS ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Electricity Production Electric Demand Excess Electricity 5,045,442 kwh/year 3,485,007 kwh/year 1,395,872 kwh/year RO Desalinated Water Production Variable Value Excess electricity: 1,395,872 kwh/yr Specific 2.4 kwh/m 3 consumption: Water production 582,613 m 3 /year Electrolitical Hydrogen Production Variable Excess electricity Specific consumption Hydrogen production Value 1,395,872 kwh/yr 4,5 kwh/ Nm 3 H 2 310,194 Nm 3 H 2 /year

43 Other ITC Technological activities contributing to RES penetration

44 Assessment of Wind and Solar Energy Potential Wind speed at 60 m Turbulence at 60 m Measurement of wind resources at 148 sites. Measurement of solar radiation at 25 sites

45 Wind and Solar Forecast Modeling 48 hours Wind and solar forecasting and energy prediction Combination of global climatic forecasting models (MM5) with micro-sitting software tools Advance in the methodology for model adjustment Quantitative aspects of results Annual mean velocities Spatial resolution: 100 m Reliability: 85%-90%

46 DERLAB: Distributed Generation Laboratory R+D+i lines Assessment of new approaches for electric network control Load and storage Management Communication protocol interfaces aimed at improving management and control strategies (ITC s) Microgrid testing Distributed Generation interconnection elements testing Strategies for the integration of distributed generation sources (solar, wind ) in the insular electric networks

47 SOLAR HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) 9 Wagner Solar LB-HT m² (68.4 m²) equipments Hot water storage: 3,000 l Yazaki WFC SC 10 (35 kw cooling) Inertial tank: 1,000 l Area to be air-conditioned: 400 m² SOLCO: EIE/06/116/SI Supression of non-technological barriers for solar cooling technology within Southern Europe Islands Total number of training courses participants TA PU

48 Summary Given the need to reduce dependency on costly and polluting fossil fuels, the energy regulatory framework of European Islands will move towards ever more ambitious goals regarding RES share of the global energy mix. Solar Thermal Energy will considerably reduce electrical demand Wind energy is the most promising RES in most European Island Technological development of energy storage solutions will condition future development of RES in island regions. It is necessary an R&D effort to overcome existing technical restrictions imposed by weak and small island grids Water desalination with RES offers interesting possibilities for transferring technology to neighboring developing countries Energy savings together with RES are key issues for the clean and sustainable energy model of European islands

49 Hvala