How membrane bioreactor technology can help to solve both, German and Russian wastewater problems

Transcription

1 How membrane bioreactor technology can help to solve both, German and Russian wastewater problems F. RÖGENER, - TH KÖLN S. THEUS, DAR - DEUTSCHE ABWASSER-REINIGUNGS-GMBH A. CHUSOV, J. LEDNOVA - PETER THE GREAT ST. PETERSBURG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Seite: 1 / 33

2 Today, you will learn about the application of membrane bioreactors (MBR) Climate change in Germany and Russia have a strong impact on existing water problems [00] MBR can be an approach to solve current water related problems in many countries You ought to know some basics of MBR technology before we proceed [01] Results and conclusions Seite: 2 / 33

3 It is expected that all economic sectors in Germany will be affected by climate change [2] Between , the temperature increase was about 1.3 C Basically, Germany is a country rich in water resources. Per capita, approximately 2,300 m3/a of water are available; regional, but significant differences exist. Water saving. is widely practiced In 2016, the average per-capita consumption of water was 123 l Changes of rainfall patterns can be observed In total, the average annual precipitation decreased Especially, the runoff during summer decreased [2] In many regions, heavy winter precipitation has increased; however, precipitation is the form of rain rather than snow A high runoff is observed earlier in the year and the lowest runoff later in the year There is an increased potential for extreme weather events with high importance for agricultural and urban hydrological issues. Between 1970 and 2014, economic losses caused by climate-related natural hazards amount to 90 billion Euros G. P. Brasseur, D. Jacob, S. Schuck-Zöller (Hrsg.): Klimawandel in Deutschland: Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven. Springer/Spektrum 2017 Seite: 3 / 33

4 These are some of the resulting questions for the German water sector [2] Changes of rainfall during the year/ heavy winter precipitation Adopting sewage disposal systems to the varying input flows Decreasing. runoff during summer Securing the industrial water supply Increased number of visitors in seaside resorts Retrofit of existing plants in densely populated areas New wastewater treatment plants will not be constructed Retrofitting and enlargement Seite: 4 / 33

5 Climate change is expected to have a significant influence on the environment and socio-economic activity of different Russian regions Seite: 5 / 33 Between , the temperature increase was about 1.3 C Climate change manifests strong regional non-uniformity Water saving is not commonly practiced In 2013, the average per-capita consumption of water was about 270 l Water sources and drinking water are highly contaminated by chemical and biological agents In total, an increase of water resources is observed Alterations in the river flow due to expected climate change Changes in the water inflow to reservoirs Modification of the thermal regime of permafrost regions (=permanent ground freezing; permafrost regions comprise 60 % of the Russian area) Increase of methane emissions to the atmosphere Negative effects of frosting and thawing on buildings

6 These are some of the resulting questions for the Russian water sector Water sources and drinking water are highly contaminated by chemical and biological agents Optimization of regional water use is essential Change of the mindset required to save the environment Currently in Russia, about one-third of the water-supply and sewerage networks have deterioration levels of more than 60 % New construction required Changes in the water inflow to reservoirs expected Influence on hydro-power industry Revision of their operating mode required In regions with decreasing water resources Alternative and additional sources of water especially for economic needs have to be found (in particular, irrigation and hydropower production) Seite: 6 / 33

7 Municipal wastewater contains a multitude of organic and inorganic components; % of them are dissolved [01] Coarse particles Sand Fat and oil C P N [05] [06] [07] Dissolved organic substances Salt? [08] [09] Temperature ph value Radioactivity Discolorations Viruses (multi Microplastics Micro resistant) pollutants Bacteria Seite: 7 / 33 [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

8 All over the world, 34 MBR plants for the treatment of > m³/d municipal wastewater are operated or are in construction (2015) GE Power WTP [4] The world s largest MBR plant is situated in Stockholm/ Sweden. It has a capacity of about 864,000 m³/d Seite: 8 / 33

9 The world s largest MBR plant is situated in Stockholm/ Sweden. It has a capacity of 864,000 m³/d (2015) 11 GE Power WTP [3] Krzeminskia, P., Leverette, L., Malamis, S., Katsou, E.: Membrane bioreactors a review on recent developments in energy, reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA and market prospects. Journal of Membrane Science, Seite: 9 / 33

10 About 400 MBR plants are installed all over Europe Number of installations Number of installations Seite: 10 / industrial units 105 municipal plants. B. Lesjean, E.H. Huisjes / Desalination 231 (2008) 71 81

11 21 municipal effluent treatment plants (ETP) based on membrane bioreactor technology (MBR) have been constructed or retrofitted in Germany since 1999 [2] [based on Statistisches Bundesamt] Seite: 11 / 33

12 These are the market drivers for increased MBR application in wastewater treatment Stricter legislative demands for discharge / reuse of the secondary effluent Discharge of secondary effluent to increasingly sensitive water bodies Removal of specific pollutants, such as resistant bacteria, microplastics, and micropollutants Space limitations of new or retrofitted wastewater treatment plants Krzeminskia, P., Leverette, L., Malamis, S., Katsou, E.: Membrane bioreactors a review on recent developments in energy, reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA and market prospects. Journal of Membrane Science, Seite: 12 / 33

13 Membrane bioreactors combine activated sludge treatment and membrane separation [13] [16] Aerobic biological cleaning of organically polluted wastewater by activated sludge Rejection of particles Filtered effluent Improved rejection of microrganisms, some micro pollutants, and microplastics Low space reqirement Seite: 13 / 33

14 The different steps of conventional wastewater treatment plants can be integrated within one membrane bioreactor Feed Activated sludge Final clarification Filtration Disinfection Discharge Feed MBR Permeate source: DWA-M Membran-Bioreaktor-Verfahren Seite: 14 / 33

15 This is the prototype of a bioreactor Bio gas Fermentation (discontinuous bio reactor) Digestate Bio gas Bio filter (liver, kidney) Substrate Design of the biological treatment accoding to e.g. ATV-DVWK A131 (German), EPA 625/ a (US) Seite: 15 / 33

16 Only membrane filtration technologies allow the rejection of particles and microorganisms Ions pesticides viruses colloids bacteria cryptosporidium particles ( 0,45 µm); German standard Reverse osmosis Microfiltration Granular filter media Sieves Membrane filtration Particle size, cut-off [µm] Molecular weight (kda) DWA-M Membran-Bioreaktor-Verfahren Seite: 16 / 33

17 Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) combine high filtrate flux and high rejection of particles / microorganisms Membrane pore structure works like a sieve: Particles > pore diameter are rejected Typical pore size (cut-off): 0.02 (UF) 0.4 µm (MF) Hydrophilic membranes Crossflow required E. coli bacterium ca µm Better effluent quality in terms of Particle load COD Microbial quality (bathing water quality according to EU directive 76/160/EWG) Small particles ca µm Pore diameter about 0.2 µm Seite: 17 / 33

18 Crossflow filtration can minimize membrane fouling Feed side Surface layer formation =transport resistance Permeate side Accordingg to: Feed flow concentration polarisation Membrane resistance Pore blocking Adsorption Water molecules salt Macro molecules/ biomass Fouling = Interaction between feed components and the membranes Seite: 18 / 33

19 The design of MBRs is a complex task Process conditions influencing the growth and productivity of the used microorganisms at simultaneous minimized formation of byproducts Temperature: Cooling or heating (external/internal) Substrates: Continuous feeding or feeding at the beginning of the reaction ph: Control according to the reaction progress Reaction gases: aerobic reactions: continuous supply of oxygen required, which promotes an effective agitation of the reactor solution and the stripping of reaction products, such as CO 2, at the same time. To promote the solubility of gases in the liquid solution, often overpressure is applied. Gas transfer can be the rate-determining step. Agitation Fouling (undesired biological growth in certain parts of the plant, such as membranes or heat exchangers) Seite: 19 / 33

20 Different designs of membrane bioreactors are available External membrane filtration Crossflow provided by pumps Submerged membrane filtration Semicrossflow, external or submerged Crossflow provided by air injection (required for microbial pollutant decomposition) Crossflow provided by both, air injection and pumps Source: DWA-M 277, 2014 Seite: 20 / 33

21 These are important membrane suppliers in municipal MBR application Capillary membrane Plate and frame membranes Rotating Membranes Seite: 21 / 33

22 Largest available module type ZeeWeed 500D ZeeWeed 500D 1,651 m² / module 1,651 m² / module BIO-CEL XL 1,920 m² / module VRM 50 9,200 m² / module U m² / module LMF Puron PSH m² / module 1,800 m² / module Seite: 22 / 33

23 The MBR is a key technology for wastewater treatment and water reclamation Feed Biological treatment Solids mg/l COD mg/l Secondary clarification Filtration Run-off solids 3-8 mg/l COD mg/l Feed MBR Biological treatment Run-off Membrane tank solids 0 mg/l COD < 30 mg/l Microbiology: bathing water quality* Source: DWA-M 277, 2014 Feed Run-off solids 0 mg/l COD < 30 mg/l Microbiology: bathing water quality* Seite: 23 / 33 * (according to EU directive 76/160/EWG)

24 The addition of a 4th treatment step is feasible Mechanical Activated tank Membrananlage MBR Secondary Nachklärbecken clarifier 4 Mechanische Abwasserbehandlung Treatment Belebungsbecken sludge Reaktionsbecken Ozonation (Ozonierung) GAK GAC (Nachbehandlung) Mechanical Activated tank Membrananlage MBR Secondary Nachklärbecken clarifier 4 Mechanische Abwasserbehandlung Treatment Belebungsbecken sludge GAK (Filtrationsbecken) GAC PAC PAK Mechanical Activated tank Membrananlage MBR Secondary Nachklärbecken clarifier 4 Mechanische Abwasserbehandlung Treatment Belebungsbecken sludge GAC granulated activated carbon PAC powdered activated carbon Seite: 24 / 33

25 MBR technology in wastewater technology is a big step forward to safe and clean secondary effluents [16] C P N Dissolved organic substances Salt [07] [14] Microplastics Bacteria [13] Micro pollutants [15] MBR MBR + quaternary treatment Seite: 25 / 33 Discolorations [11] [12] Viruses Micro pollutants [15]

26 It can be concluded that MBR technology can contribute to overcome both, German and Russian water related problems [2] Retrofitting of existing plants Removal of microplastics and micropollutants In connection with quaternary treatment high quality water can be processed New construction of wastewater treatment plants according to the state-of the-art Water reclamation in arid regions of the country Seite: 26 / 33

27 I would like to thank my friends and colleagues in Wiesbaden and St. Petersburg for their contribution Sven Theus Julia Lednova Alexander Chusov Contact Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Rögener office: Seite: 27 / 33

28 Literature (1) [1] Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.v. (DWA): Arbeitsblatt DWA-A 131. Bemessung von einstufigen Belebungsanlagen, Hennef, 2016 [2] Bundesstadt Bonn, Tiefbauamt: Abwasserbeseitigungskonzept , Bonn, 2011 [3] Bundesstadt Bonn, Tiefbauamt: Kläranlagen der Stadt Bonn Energie 2012, Bonn, 2013 [4] Erftverband: Persönliche Kommunikation mit K. Drensla & A. Janot, Neuss, [5] GE Power: Datenblatt ZeeWeed 500D Modul, 2016, URL: Fact%20Sheets_Cust/Americas/English/FSpw500D- MOD_EN.pdf (accessed ) Seite: 28 / 33

29 Literature (2) [6] GE Power: Datenblatt ZeeWeed 500D Kassette, 2016, URL: d+kassette+factsheet&region=&lang=&f=false (accessed ) [7] S.J. Judd: The status of industrial and municipal effluent treatment with membrane bioreactor technology, Chemical Engineering Journal (305) 37-45, 2016 [8] K. N. Krebber: Optimierung der Energiebilanz von Membranbioreaktoren, Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, 2013 [9] P. Krzeminski; L. Leverette; S. Malamis; E. Katsou: Membrane bioreactors a review on recent development in energy reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA and market prospects, Journal of Membrane Science, 2016 Seite: 29 / 33

30 Literature (3) [10] Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.v. (DWA): Merkblatt DWA-M 227 Membran-Bioreaktor-Verfahren (MBR- Verfahren), Hennef, 2014 [11] SWECO GmbH: Machbarkeitsstudie zur Mikroschadstoffelimination auf der Kläranlage Bonn Salierweg, Abschlussbericht (unveröffentlicht), Köln, 2016 [12] S. Theus: Studie Ertüchtigungsmöglichkeiten in der kommunalen Kläranlage Bonn-Salierweg mit getauchten Membranmodulen, Masterprojekt, Bonn, 2016 [13] Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET): Assessment report on climate change and its consequences in Russian Federation General summary. Moscow (accessed ) Seite: 30 / 33

31 Literature (4) [14] G. P. Brasseur, D. Jacob, S. Schuck-Zöller (Hrsg.): Klimawandel in Deutschland: Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven. Springer/Spektrum 2017 [15] Dudarev, A.A., Dushkina, E.V., Sladkova, Y.N., Alloyarov, P.R., Chupakhin, V.S., Dorofeyev, V.N., Kolesnikova, T.A., Fridman, K.B., Evengard, B., Nilsson, L.M.: Food and water security issues in Russia II: Water security in general population of Russian Arctic, Siberia and Far East, Int. J. Circumpolar Health 72 (1) (2013) Seite: 31 / 33

32 Figures (1) [00] B. Lesjean, E.H. Huisjes / Desalination 231 (2008) [01] G. Khailu: In the underground. Museum Erarta, St. Petersburg [02] URL: Deutschlandkarte_grau.jpg, zuletzt abgerufen am [03] URL: Europakarte_grau.jpg, zuletzt abgerufen am [04] URL: Weltkarte_grau.jpg, zuletzt abgerufen am [05] [06] [07] [08] Seite: 32 / 33

33 Figures (2) [09] [10] [11] [12] [13] SEM.jpg [14] [15] [16] 549&cHash=740dbe c3519f53cf894ef2d67 Seite: 33 / 33