CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA

Transcription

1 CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\My Documents\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\Segmental Approach December 15\GANGA - Segment Approach with Fwd.docx

2 A CONCEPT AND PLAN CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY OF GANGA A SEGMENTAL APPROACH NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\My Documents\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\Segmental Approach December 15\GANGA - Segment Approach with Fwd.docx

3 [A CONCEPT AND PLAN] CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY OF GANGA A SEGMENTAL APPROACH NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\My Documents\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\Segmental Approach December 15\GANGA - Segment Approach with Fwd.docx

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5 FOREWORD Restoration of Water Quality of river Ganga is high on the National Agenda. The Government is committed to put its best effort to bring back the sanctity of the river. The major cause of concern of river Ganga relates to disposal of untreated/partially treated sewage into the river and using the river-front for disposal of garbage including plastic as well as open defecation. Sewage disposal resulting in rather high presence of fecal coliform bacteria makes the river un-fit for bathing and potable purpose. The CPCB has made an attempt to evolve a segmented Action Plan which is based on identifying sources of pollution and assessment of pollution load of each segment of the river. With regard to industrial pollution Control, CPCB intends to strengthen on-line monitoring and vigilance for ensuring compliance by the industries. Besides, directions have also been issued towards promotion of conservation of water and adoption of Zero Liquid Discharge system. We hope that the suggestive/indicative action plan of CPCB would contribute towards cleaning of Ganga. (Arun Kumar Mehta) Chairman NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\My Documents\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\Segmental Approach December 15\GANGA - Segment Approach with Fwd.docx

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7 [PART A] Contents 1.0 PREAMBLE Governments Commitment Implemented Concept and Works Undertaken Results Achieved and Constraints THE ISSUES The Problem of Conserving River Ganga GANGA MOVEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT Initiative at Government level CONCEPT AND GANGA ACTION PLAN (2015)-CPCB A Concept and Action Plan for Ganga Conservation Approach to Conserve River Ganga SEGMENTAL APPROACH (S-I): Ganga from Origin to Haridwar (Downstream) (S-II): Haridwar down to Narora Barrage (S-III-A): Down Narora to Down Kanpur (S- III-B): Kanpur down to Allahabad down (S- III-C): Down Allahabad to Down Varanasi/ Ghazipur (S-IV A): Down Varanasi to Rajmahal (S-IV B): D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbour SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD Uttarakhand (river Ganga from origin to Narora covering Segment I & II) Uttar Pradesh (Disposal of Sewage and Industrial Effluents to cover Segment III- A, B and C) (down Narora to down Varanasi) Down Varanasi/Ghazipur to confluence of river Ganga to Sea (to cover Segment IV) SUMMARY OF SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD SEGMENTAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA Assessment of water quality of River Ganga The detailed Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year ) Primary Water Quality criteria BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA FLOW IN GANGA Flow in Ganga An Important Issue Water Discharge and Its Utilization from Different Dams/ Barrages Findings IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Proposed Concept and Features of Plan NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\My Documents\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\Segmental Approach December 15\GANGA - Segment Approach with Fwd.docx

8 12.0 PROPOSED PRIMARY WATER CRITERIA FOR BATHING WATER PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT PLANTS (STPS) CONCLUSION- KEY ACTIONS Plate 1: Withdrawal of water from River Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur Plate 2: Segment wise status of River Ganga Plate 3: Bio-mapping of River Ganga Plate 4: The Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year ) Plate 5: Summary of Segmental Pollution Load and Proposed Action Plan [PART B] Ganga Action Plan Segmental Approach Tables Table I Drains from origin to Hridwar (Segment I)... 9 Table II Drains from Sukratal to Norora (Segment II)... 9 Table III Drains from Narora downstream to Varanasi Table IV GPI of Uttar Pradesh Table V Contribution by Ramganga and Kali-east Table VI Drains from Bihar Table VII Drains of West Bengal meets in the left bank Table VIII Drains of West Bengal meets in the Right bank Table IX Segment wise Pollution load Table X Segmental Water Quality of River Ganga Table XI Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water (Existing) Table XII Biological Water Quality in Ecological Segments of River Ganga Table XIII Water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages.. 27 Table XIV Proposed Primary Water Criteria for bathing water NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\My Documents\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\Segmental Approach December 15\GANGA - Segment Approach with Fwd.docx

9 1.0 PREAMBLE 1.1 Governments Commitment Cleaning of river Ganga has been the mission of the Government and number of steps have been taken to prevent and control pollution of river Ganga for restoring its sanctity. 1.2 Implemented Concept and Works Undertaken The steps taken to restore water quality of Ganga included laying of sewers, interception and diversion of sewage drains and setting up of sewage treatment plants (STPs). The action plan for conserving Ganga has also covered riverfront development programs, setting up of electric crematoria, sanitation facilities for pilgrimage and construction of proper Ghats/bathing facilities. 1.3 Results Achieved and Constraints Despite many actions taken, the level of success achieved is being debated and it has been a common understanding that, lot more is required to be done. Installed sewage treatment facilities are not operated well and are inadequate. There is a significant quantity of sewage still being disposed into river Ganga. The following achievements are listed out in-terms of Infra-structure and improvement in water quality of river Ganga: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Many Ghats (public worship places) have been constructed and improved. Public amenities have been setup to prevent direct contamination of river. Sewage treatment plants have been set-up on the concept of interception, diversion and treatment of sewage. In terms of water quality, there are no significant changes in last five years in-terms of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and with respect to Dissolved Oxygen contents in the river Ganga. Fecal coliform bacteria has however been a concern all along the river. 1

10 2.0 THE ISSUES 2.1 The Problem of Conserving River Ganga (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) The main focus of conserving water quality of river Ganga has been on setting up of sewage treatment facilities for the towns located on the banks of river Ganga. This involves, providing sewage conveyance system (Sewers) into city / town and followed by treatment. After treatment, sewage is disposed into river. Setting up of sewage treatment facilities and its operation and maintenance is the concern which has raised many questions due to their poor performance. The industries are only responding to the regulatory requirements. Due to lack of proper infrastructure for catering basic needs and particularly for waste management, the industries are finding an easy option to dispose effluents into domestic storm water / sewage carrying drains which ultimately meeting river directly or to the tributaries of river Ganga. Excessive abstraction of river water for human consumption and irrigation, is resulting diminishing flow in river Ganga which is of great concern. Though, water can be utilized but, how to augment and replenish the river flow, has not been worked out. Mass participation of public for their contribution with Government and Non-Government agencies has not been on consistent or regular basis. The programmes have been sporadic, event-basis or with special drives. 3.0 GANGA MOVEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT 3.1 Initiative at Government level Among the initiatives and to re-look Ganga conservation as a fresh, National Mission for Cleaning Ganga has been launched. A National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has been set up under the Chairmanship of Hon ble Prime Minister with Chief Ministers of concerned states (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal). The new Government (NDA) has set a prime agenda for conserving water quality of river Ganga. A nationwide consultation Ganga Manthan was convened on wherein significant input were received which has given new movement for conservation of river Ganga. 2

11 4.0 CONCEPT AND GANGA ACTION PLAN (2015)-CPCB 4.1 A Concept and Action Plan for Ganga Conservation Under the new concept, a holistic approach and entire Ganga is covered which now will be considered for implementation of new concept. 4.2 Approach to Conserve River Ganga However, it might be emerging out that there may not be any new technology or a concept to be implemented for conservation of Ganga. It will be necessary to introspect and integrate efforts made so far and replace the modified action plan. It would not only to be financial resources which will be important in river conservation but, other factors like empowering of appropriate institutions to monitor and implement the need-based programs, public participation and other actions depending on use of Ganga water to link with national economy will be the important issue Based on understanding and assessing the hydrogeological status of river Ganga and knowing the problem in-terms of pollution, there is need to evolve segmented implementation plan under direct control of State Governments. The benefit in-terms of revenue / economic gains, both Central and State Governments to share and utilize them for public use and taking more innovative approach. It is well known that the river Ganga receives untreated sewage along with industrial effluents at various locations throughout its length. The water quality of river is governed by the water flowing in the river and quantity of sewage and trade effluents being disposed. With this background, river Ganga has been divided into following segments and suggested with action plan: 5.0 SEGMENTAL APPROACH Segmental Characteristics and Approach 5.1 (S-I): Ganga from Origin to Haridwar (Downstream) (i) Status a) River in this stretch is clean, fast-flowing and having adequate quantity of flow. b) No significant industrial or sewage discharge except smaller towns letting-out sewage and sullage. 3

12 (ii) Approach to be followed- Proposal a) Setting up of in-situ sewage treatment on sewage carrying streams. b) Emphasis on elimination of fecal coliform bacteria. c) Put-up bio-gas plant for small town for recovery of gas from municipal solid waste. d) Promoting Forestry programme to prevent erosion problems. e) Look for acceptable hydro energy project without having any impact on ecology and flow. f) Any other programmes, as evolved based on local community participation. 5.2 (S-II): Haridwar down to Narora Barrage (i) Status a) River is still fast flowing with good quantity and quality of water. b) Two canals are drawn to divert water for public and agricultural consumption from Haridwar and Narora. There is also provision made for drawing canal from barrage at Bijnore. c) No significant discharge in this segment by industries or sewage except two drains that is Chhoiya Nala and Phuldera. d) Barraging of river at Bijnore and Narora, needs review because of diminishing flow in downstream effecting river water quality and flow. 4

13 Good quality of water available at Narora before canal is taken out (Narora - Summer 2014) (ii) Approach to be followed-proposal a) This segment would need attention for water apportioning and utilization plan. b) A strict vigilance of disposal of industrial waste water through Chhoiya and Phuldera and other drain is to be kept under vigilance and regulated by adopting cost effective sewage treatment plans. 5.3 (S-III-A): Down Narora to Down Kanpur (i) Status This stretch requires maximum attention because: a) The stretch receives sewage from number of small, medium and large towns and industrial effluent through drains and tributaries. b) The stretch, down Narora to Kanpur is sluggish and water flow is reduced. 5

14 90% of water diverted at Narora into Canal (Summer 2014) After Narora, Low and sluggish flow at Kachchla Ghat (Summer 2014) (ii) Approach to be followed-proposal a) Strict enforcement of law on industries with adopting approaches like enforcing Zero liquid discharge, utilization of treated effluents for irrigation and no disposal in drains. b) Evolving time-bound plan for sewage treatment flowing in drains joining river Ganga and its tributaries. c) Regulating withdrawal of water from river Ganga at Haridwar, Bijnore, Narora and Kanpur. d) River front development activities with garbage management on Ghats, removing floatables and maintaining cleanliness and hygienic status. 6

15 e) Attention on priority for ensuring no tannery effluent flows into Ganga. 5.4 (S- III-B): Kanpur down to Allahabad down (i) Status i) This stretch gains water flow due to joining of 4 tributaries namely East Kali, Ram Ganga and Garra at Kannauj and river Yamuna at Allahabad. The river receives sewage with industrial effluents from Allahabad and other towns. (ii) Approach to be followed-proposal i) Setting up of comprehensive sewage treatment facilities for towns. ii) Enforcement of law on industries for compliance and monitoring for prohibiting coloured effluents to protect water quality at Allahabad and Varanasi. iii) High priority for up-keep of sanitary condition on Ghats. 5.5 (S- III-C): Down Allahabad to Down Varanasi/ Ghazipur i. Status i) This stretch receives sewage and industrial effluents from Varanasi town as well as other small and medium towns. ii) The river flow increased due to joining of river Gomati. ii. Approach to be followed-proposal i) There is need to up-grade sewage treatment facilities already installed and improve the performance efficiency for bacterial treatment. ii) Install advance wastewater purification system and emphasizing on use of treated water and discharging into the river for maintaining flow of the river. 5.6 (S-IV A): Down Varanasi to Rajmahal (i) Status i) The river receives flow from the rivers originating from Nepal and others, thereby increasing flow of the river. ii) Though, sewage and industrial effluents are entering into river but due to dilution, organic load is reduced on the river. However, fecal coliform bacteria remains high. 7

16 (ii) Approach to be followed-proposal i) The stretch receives domestic sewage and industrial effluents but, not as significant when compared with Segment III-A, B and C. ii) Numbers of sewage treatment facilities have been installed in Bihar and these sewage treatment facilities are to be improved for their efficient performance. iii) Efforts are required to maximize the use of the river water before it joins the sea. 5.7 (S-IV B): D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbour i) Status i) At Farakka barrage, in West Bengal significant amount of water is diverted to Bangladesh through Padma River. ii) Due to high population density, this stretch receives maximum fecal contaminated sewage. iii) Tidal effect of Bay of Bengal is also visible upto Kolkata. ii) Approach to be followed-proposal i) Numbers of sewage treatment facilities have been installed in West Bengal and these sewage treatment facilities are to be improved for their efficient performance. ii) Maximizing of water utilization before joining of River to Bay of Bengal. 6.0 SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD Segment-specific plans will have to be prepared and implemented by the State Agencies and to be monitored and technically coordinated by the Central Government. Source based action plan is as under: 6.1 Uttarakhand (river Ganga from origin to Narora covering Segment I & II) (i) The estimated sewage entering into the river Ganga is 715 MLD through 26 drains with BOD load of 66 TPD. (In Uttarakhand, 14 drains discharging MLD and sewage with small rivers/steams with BOD load of tonnes per day. In UP from D/S of Haridwar to Narora, there are 12 drains discharging MLD of sewage with tonnes per day of BOD). (ii) The towns discharging sewage into river Ganga directly or through the drains are as under: 8

17 Table I Drains from origin to Hridwar (Segment I) S. No. Catchment Region Drain in S-I Stretch (Origin of River to Haridwar) Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) 1. Uttarkashi & Devprayag Storm Water Drain Uttarkashi Kodia nala Devprayag 1.73 Sub total Triveni Drain/ Saraswati Rishikesh Nala 4. Rambha River Lakkar Ghat STP Drain IDPL- STP Drain Swarg Ashram STP Drain Gadhi Shyampur Drain - Sub total Haridwar Jagjeetpur STP Drain Kassavan Drain Pandey wala Drain Matra Sadan Drain Rawlirao Drain Sub-total Laksar Laksar Drain Total in Uttarakhand (Segment I) S. No. Table II Drains from Sukratal to Norora (Segment II) Catchment area Drain in S-II Stretch (Haridwar to Narora) 1. Sukratal Banganga River (at confluence with river Ganga) Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) Hemraj Drain Bijnor Sewage Drian Bijnor Malan River (at confluence with river Ganga) 5. Chhoiya Drain (at conf. with river Ganga) Sub-Total

18 S. No. Catchment area Drain in S-II Stretch (Haridwar to Narora) Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) 6. Gajrola Bagad River and Babrala 7. Garh Drain Fuldehra Drain (at Garh confluence with river Ganga) Sub-Total Badaun Sewage Drain Badaun 10. Sot River Sub-Total Anupsahar STP Drain Anupshar 12. Anupsahar STP Drain Sub-Total Upper Reach in UP (Segment -II) Total for the Segment (I + II) Action Plan (Proposed) i. For treatment of sewage flowing in the drains and depending on site specific conditions, simple and cost- effective options like in-situ treatment should be attempted and the technologies which helps in reducing fecal coliform bacteria need to be experimented based on physico-chemical or biological methods. ii. Towns generating MSW along with NIRMALYA and other worship materials of bio-degradable in nature, should be subjected to the bio-gas generation on the same lines of gobar gas plant. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has developed NISARGUNA technology which can be implemented in these towns or other similar type. iii. Through Panchayats and other Voluntary Organizations, Community participation can be sought involving local citizens represented by Schools/Colleges, Women Groups, Senior Citizens and other NGOs. Their role can be confined to support the government launched programmes and also creating environment protection awareness to the tourists for maintaining sanctity of the river. iv. Emphasis to be laid on prohibiting open defecation along the river banks. Communities, villages should be provided with adequate sanitation facilities which should be hygienically maintained. 10

19 6.2 Uttar Pradesh (Disposal of Sewage and Industrial Effluents to cover Segment III-A, B and C) (down Narora to down Varanasi) SL. No (i) There are 39 drains joining the river main stem of Ganga directly. These drains are discharging 3541 MLD of sewage along with industrial effluents into the river. A total BOD load of 165 Tones per day is exerted on this stretch. The details of towns and the number of drains discharging sewage and industrial effluents with their flow and BOD level are as under: Table III Drains from Narora downstream to Varanasi Catchment Drain in S-III (Narora Flow Organic region to Varanasi) (MLD) Load Based on BOD (TPD) Nakatiya Nala Chawari Nala Bareilly Aligarh to Deveranaiya Nala Patta Nala, Kannauij Kannauj Kasganj drain at (III-A) Amarpur Village, 6. Cherat Drain near KrisNigyan, Kentra, Aligarh 7. Sub-Total Dabka Nalla-1 (Kachha nala) 8. Dabka Nalla-2 (Pakka nala) 9. Dabka Nalla-3 (Pakka nala) Kanpur (III-A) Shetla Bazar(Kachha nala) Wazidpur Nalla Satti Chaura Golaghat Nala Bhagwatdas Nala Sisamau Nala Permiya Nala Sub-Total Unnao Loni Drain (III-A) City Jail Drain Sub-Total Total (Segment III-A)

20 SL. No Catchment region Drain in S-III (Narora to Varanasi) Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) 19. Pandu River 1, Fatehpur to 20. Seepage * Raibareilly 21. Arihari Drain (III-B) 22. NTPC drain Sub-Total Rasulabad-1(Pakka nala) Rasulabad-2(Pakka nala) Rasulabad-3(kachha nala) 26. Rasulabad-4(Kachha Allahabad (III-B) nala) Nehru Drain Kodar Drain Pongaghat Drain Solari Drain Maviya Drain Mugalaha Drain Sub-Total Total (Segment III-B) Mirzapur Ghore Saheed drain (III-C) Khandwa drain Sub-Total Rajghat drain Varanasi Nagwa drain (III-C) Ramnagar drain Varuna drain Shivala Drain * Sub-Total Total (Segment III-C) Grand Total (Segment III)

21 Chhoiya drain joining Ganga at Punjabi Dera (Jalilpur) (Summer 2014) Status of drains carrying industrial effluents joining to tributary of River Ganga (ii) The drains along with domestic sewage also carries industrial effluents. In the stretch of UP, 687 Industries are discharging 269 MLD effluents through drains into river Ganga. It has been a fact that majority of industries ae discharging wastewater into drains and tributaries which ultimately meets river Ram Ganga and East Kali. The, entire industrial 13

22 pollution load in this region is carried by both these rivers and are polluted. The details are as under: Category of Industry Table IV GPI of Uttar Pradesh Number of Water Industry Consumption (MLD) Chemical Distillery Food, Dairy & Beverage Others Pulp & Paper Sugar Textile, Bleaching & Dyeing Tannery Total Waste-water Generation (MLD) (iii) There are two tributaries of Ganga namely Kali-east and Ramganga joining river Ganga on the East and West banks at Kannauj. Both the tributaries are acting as a carrier for disposal of domestic sewage and industrial effluents. It is to mention that industries like Pulp and Paper, Distilleries, Sugar and others are discharging wastewater into these tributaries. The details of disposal of industrial and domestic sewage for both the tributaries are given below; Table V Contribution by Ramganga and Kali-east Ramganga Kali-east (11 tributaries + 4 drains) (9 drains) Industrial (80 units) Domestic Industrial (67 units) Domestic 235 MLD 227 MLD MLD 544 MLD 462 MLD MLD ACTION PLAN (Proposed) (i) There is a need to evolve a comprehensive sewage treatment plan for 78 drains (main stem 65, 26 in Uttarakhand and 39 in UP + tributaries receiving sewage from13 drains) covering 8 Class-I and 9 Class-II towns for sewage treatment facilities. 14

23 (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) After sewage treatment, the treated sewage effluents will have to be polished to free them from pathogenic bacteria and color and then discharging into the river for maintaining flow of the river. This will be the cost intensive action but, would be necessary and essential for maintaining water quality of the river. It would also be necessary to review the quantity of water being discharged from the Narora barrage and the released flow may be increased say by 5 % for illustration to facilitate further flow of the river which may enhance oxygenation and rejuvenation capacity of the river. With regard to control of pollution from industries, strict enforcement of law will be the only option. Industries in this region are highly water consuming, generate significant organic load bearing effluents and importantly color, which many times has been reported by downstream villages and at religious centers like Varanasi and Allahabad. After setting up of effluent treatment facilities by the industries, further attempts, would be required to polish the treated effluents and either be re-cycled or re-use back into the industrial system. For strict regulatory enforcement and at the same time, preventing frequent inspection of industries, a self-regulatory mechanism will have to be enforced which should include: (a) (b) Installation of Continuous Effluent Monitoring Devices; Direct the industry to provide effluent tapping point to be notified for Pollution Control Boards and to the public at appropriate location so that, samples can be collected for compliance verification. This system would prevent un-necessary and unwanted visits to the industry and will create accountability within the industry that, where sample can be drawn by any person for compliance verification. It shall be the responsibility of an industry and SPCB to ensure the disposal points if consented, should be approachable. (vii) Enforcing Action Plan for Textile, sugar, Pulp & Paper, Distillery and Tanneries to implement Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system or treat the effluent for irrigation standard and prohibiting them not to dispose effluent into drains. 15

24 6.3 Down Varanasi/Ghazipur to confluence of river Ganga to Sea (to cover Segment IV) It has been estimated that 580 MLD of sewage is discharged into river Ganga directly by 25 drains in the State of Bihar which carries organic load of 100TPD in terms of BOD. In the State of West Bengal 1779 MLD of sewage is being discharged through 54 drains carrying BOD load of 95.5 TPD. The details of drains are as under: (a) Bihar Table VI Drains from Bihar S.No. City Drain Flow (MLD) 1. Sidhharth Drain Sati Ghat Drain Buxer Nath Baba Drain Tadka Drain Sariupur Drain Sub-Total Danapur Cantt Drain Digha Ghat Drain Kurzi Drain Rajapur Drain Bansh Ghat Drain Patna 11. Collectriate Ghat 14.3 Drain Mittan Ghat Drain Mahavir Drain Badshahi Drain Sub-Total ITC Drain Munger 16. Lal Darwala Drain Sub-total Jamunia Drain Adampur Drain Sarkikal Drain Bhagalpur Saklichand Drain Hathiya Drain Chama Drain Barari Ghat Drain Sub-total Kowa Drain Kahalgaon 25. KagziDrain Sub-total Total In Bihar (Segment IV-A) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) 16

25 b) West Bengal (LEFT BANK) Table VII Drains of West Bengal meets in the left bank Sl. No. Catchment region Drain 1 Babughat Circular Canal adjacent to River Hooghly 2 Kalighat Tolly Nala adjacent to Dahighata 3 Khidderpore Dhankheti Khal Near CESE Intake Point 4 Budge Budge Akhra Food Ghar Adjacent to Hooghly River 5 Khardah Khardah Municipal Drain Connected to Hooghly River 6 Ichapur Debitala Pancha Khal, Ichapore (Adjacent to R.N.S Brick Field) 7 Kalighat Khal Near Nimtala Burning Ghat 8 Shobhabazar MuniKhali Khal Adjacent to Arun Mistri Ghat 9 Kamarhati Kashipur Khal Adjacent to Khamarhati Jute Mill 10 Barrackpore In front of S.P Bunglow, S.N Banerjee Road, Mistry Ghat, Barrackpore 11 Cossipore Adjacent to Cossipore ferryghat & gunshell factory 12 Chitpur Chitpur Ghat, Dilarjung Road 13 Kalyani Majher Char Khal & Kalyani combined waste sewage near brick field with foam near sluice gate 14 Fortwilliam (Drain Opposite to Fort William, Judges Court Ghat ) 15 Garifa Adjacent to Garifa Rly.Stn., Patterson road, adjacent to Ram Ghat 16 Garifa Adjacent to Garifa Rly. Stn.(North side) on Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) 17

26 Sl. No. Catchment region Drain Patterson road (domestic) 17 Baranagar Baranagar Khal Adjacent to Ratan Babu Ghat 18 Halisahar Mohan Misra lane & crossing of Ghosh para road, Halisahar, adjacent to Prabhat Sangha playground 19 Garden Reach Bagher Khal, adjacent to Hotel Dreamland, near sluice gate, open pucca drain 20 Howarh Drain between Pratapnagar and Rajbari 21 Chandannagar By the side of Alliance jute mill, Jagatdal Jetty, opposite side of bank Chandannagar Jetty 22 Barrackpore Adjacent to boundary wall of Gandhighat & near Upashak Social Welfare Organization, Gandhighat, South gate- 1,Barrackpore 23 Khardah Balughat, Manirampur pucca drain 24 Titagarh Bishalakshmi Ghat, adjacent to CESC Power House, Titagarh 25 Naihati Thanar Khal, adjacent to Thana & over tank by Naihati Municipality Flow (MLD) Naihati Sasan ghat Ramaghat Open pucca drain carrying waste for ward nos. 9 & Saidabad kunja Bhata(opposite to auto center)ward no Shovabazar Shovabazar Canal Near Shovabazar Launch Ghat 30 Open pucca drain flowing adjacent to Diamond club, Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) 18

27 Sl. No. Catchment region Drain 31 Open Kuccha drain carrying domestic waste for Ward Jangipur Adjacent to boundary wall of Jangipur College and B D Office 33 Bhairabpur Shasan (burning) Ghat,Bhairabpur, Purbaparaword9 no16 34 Bhairabpur Radhar Ghat(Old Ichagra shasan Ghat) Bhairabpur, Purbapara Flow (MLD) Sub Total (WB left bank) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) C) West Bengal (RIGHT BANK) Table VIII Drains of West Bengal meets in the Right bank Sl. No. Catchment Region Drain 1 Serampore Bhagirathi lane, Mahesh, Serampore 2 Rishra Hastings Ghat road, adjacent to Hastings jute mill, Rishra, Hooghly 3 Sankrail Najerganj Khal, north side of Shalimar paint, near Hans Khali Poll, Sankrail 4 Sankrail Singhi More Khal (Singhi mara Khal), Manikpur, Sankrail, near brick field 5 Serampore Chatra Khal, Beniapara, Serampore, Behind Ganga Darsan, Raja K. L Goswami street, Serampore 6 Rishra & Bagh Khal, border of Rishra Konnagar & Konnagar Municipality on G.T Road Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) Howarh Telkal Ghat Howarh Ramkrishna Mullickghat Road 9 Garden 130 Foreshore Road Martin Reach Burn 10 Shibpur Shibpur Burning Ghat

28 Sl. No. Catchment Region Drain 11 Sankrail Jagannath Ghat Road, opposite to China pharmacy, by the side of Bijoy lakshmi rolling mill 12 Howarh Combined of Swarasati Khal and Rajganj Khal, near Sankrail Police station, near Pareshnath Hazra Ghat 13 Khardah Champdany Ferry Ghat, opposite nabal garrage, Champdany, Poura bhavan road, Pin Bally South side of Dawnagazi Ghat, Bally Municipality, Bally 15 Belur Jagatnath Ghat, Ward No.- 14, Lalababu Saha Rd., South side of Kathgola Ghat Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) Howarh 101,Foreshore Road Belur Kuthighat South Side of Belur Math 18 Sankrail N.C.Pal Khal, Sankrail Adjacent to bazarpara and Garighat (ward no. 18) Kuccha drain 20 Shibpur Shalimar Coal Deposit No 1Naresh Kumar Ward Sub-Total (WB right bank) Total (West Bengal) (Segment IV-B) Grand Total (Segment IV) Action Plan (Proposed) i. The Action Plan for down Varanasi to the end in West Bengal would focus on sewage treatment and emphasizing on water utilization to a maximum extent and only excess un-utilized water going to the sea. ii. Special attention is required to maintain aesthetic water quality as this segment is contaminated with high number of fecal coliform bacteria. 20

29 7.0 SUMMARY OF SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD A segment-wise breakup of drains carrying sewage/sullage with industrial effluents is river in Table IX.; Table IX Segment wise Pollution load Segment Segment-I Gangotri to Haridwar D/S Segment-II Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S Segment III-A Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S No. of Drains Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) No. of GPI Waste Water Genera tion (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) Segment III-B Kanpur D/S (Fatehpur) to Allahabad D/S Segment-III-C Allahabad D/S (Mirzapur) to Ghazipur (Varanasi) Segment-IV-A Varanasi D/S /Ghazipur to Rajmahal Segment-IV-B Rajmahal D/S to Diamond Harbour TOTAL 144 6, According to the figures given in the Table, it is clear that the river Ganga receives maximum quantity of sewage and industrial effluents between Narora downstream to Varanasi Downstream in the State of U.P. It is also important to note that flow in river is significantly reducing from down of Narora. Hence, segmental approach and action plan is becoming essential. (Plate -2, showing pollution load and water quality on each segment may be seen). 21

30 8.0 SEGMENTAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (Plate 2 may be seen) 8.1 Assessment of water quality of River Ganga The segmented water quality of river Ganga correspondingly matches with the activities being observed in each segment. The finding of water quality of river Ganga ( ) indicates that; (i) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) has never been critical at locations where water quality is monitored. Water Quality of Ganga is being monitored at 57 locations. DO has always been more than 6.0 mg/l. However, monitoring at the outfall of sewage drain and within dilution zone, levels of DO could be critical. (ii) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) which is an indicator of organic pollution has been above 3.0 mg/l from Kanpur to downstream of Varanasi. As water flow increases in the river from Kanpur to Varanasi because of tributaries, the BOD is getting diluted and down Varanasi to Diamond Harbour (WB) the BOD values recover. (iii) Fecal Coliform bacteria are present throughout the river length and this is only due to disposal of sewage. The number of bacteria keep on varying but, their presence is the only raising question on sanctity ( Pavitrata ) of the river. The water quality of river Ganga is summarized in Table X. Table X Segmental Water Quality of River Ganga Sl. No. Segment Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) Fecal Coliform Bactria(MPN/ 100ML) I Gangotri to Haridwar Down Stream (D/S) Ranging between 5.0 to 10.0 Less than 2.0 except location D/S of Raiwala and D/S of Haridwar < 1,60,000 II. Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S More than 6.0 Ranging between 1.0 to 5.0 < III.A Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S More than 6.0 Ranging between 2.0 to 9.0 High Numbers III.B Kanpur D/S to D/S of Allahabad More than 6.0 Ranging between 3.0 to 6.0 High Numbers III.C Down Stream of Allahabad to D/S of Varanasi More than 6.0 Ranging between 3.0 to 9.0 High Numbers 22

31 IV-A Varanasi D/S /Ghazipur to Rajmahal More than 6.0 Ranging between 2.0 to 4.0 High Numbers IV-B Rajmahal D/S to Diamond Harbour Ranging between 5.0 to 9.0 Ranging 3.0 to 6.0 Entire stretch is having high no. of FC and particularly in the stretch from Behrampore to Diamond Harbour 8.2 The detailed Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year ) (May be seen at Plate 4.) 8.3 Primary Water Quality criteria CPCB and SPCBs /PCCs have been comparing water quality monitoring results with primary water quality criteria evolved by CPCB. The water quality criterion for bathing water is given in Table XI. Accordingly, water quality will have to be maintained with respect to coliform and fecal coliform criteria. 23

32 Table XI Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water (Existing) (Water used for outdoor organized bathing) CRITERIA RATIONALE 1. Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml): 500 (desirable) 2500 (Maximum Permissible) 2. Faecal Streptococci(MPN/100ml): 100 (desirable) 500 (Maximum Permissible) 3. ph : Between Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) : 5 or more 5. Biochemical Oxygen (mg/l) Demand 3 day, 27 o C : 3 or less To ensure low sewage contamination. Faecal coliform and faecal streptococci are considered as they reflect the bacterial pathogenicity. The desirable and permissible limits are suggested to allow for fluctuation in environmental conditions such as seasonal changes, changes in flow conditions etc. The range provides protection of the skin and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears etc. which are directly exposed during outdoor bathing. The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 mg/l ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen consuming organic pollution immediately U/s which is necessary for preventing production of anaerobic gases (obnoxious gases) from sediments The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3 mg/l or less of the water ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen demanding pollutants and prevent production of obnoxious gases. 9.0 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA i) The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) based on the Saprobic and Diversity Scores, has evolved a water quality classification. This classification has been done based on benthic macro- invertebrates. It has been observed that each segment of river Ganga is represented by a typical set of benthos present in that stretch. A bio-mapping of river Ganga has been done (Plate -2) and it has been inferred that by identifying organism, water quality of the river from clean to severe pollution can be assigned (Table XII). ii) CPCB has got a study conducted in the year through Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI) to assess the status of fisheries. It has 24

33 been concluded that fish species are changing and replacing sensitive species by hardy ones. It will be an important aspect of a new concept that, the river Ganga be studied on regular basis to assess its ecological/biological status. It is important to mention that river without life, has no meaning and therefore, ultimate object and to set of river cleaning should be to conserve life. Table XII Biological Water Quality in Ecological Segments of River Ganga S. no. 1 River Ganga Segment Saprobic score Diversity score Segment I Segment II Segment III A Segment III B Segment III C Segment IV A Segment IV B Biological water quality Slight Pollution Moderate pollution Moderate pollution Moderate pollution Moderate pollution Moderate pollution Moderate pollution Bio-logical water quality class B C C C C C C Indicator colour Light Blue Green Green Green Green Green Green 10.0 FLOW IN GANGA 10.1 Flow in Ganga An Important Issue The River Ganga suffers from various problems and the most significant one being the lean flow during dry season and dumping of untreated and /or partially treated sewage into the river. River flow in the Ganga is low because of diversion through Upper and Lower Ganga canals from Hardwar and further from Narora barrage leaving virtually very little flow in the main river. Ganga in Uttar Pradesh demands treatment of sewage and minimum environmental flow for its survival as a river. Since a river is a living eco-system and therefore, ultimate goal should be to protect the functioning of the river ecosystem. It is important to note that un-abated discharge of treated sewage, even if after 100% treatment, with BOD level of 30 mg/l or less cannot bring the river water to bathing quality level in lean season river flow. In order to achieve the goal, it is important that minimum flow throughout the year is maintained to support ecosystem and other uses to maintain the wholesomeness of the river. 25

34 For illustration (on ), at Narora Barrage, the total discharge of river water was 7858 cuses/sec and the discharge into river was 355 cuses/sec and rest was diverted into the canal. As a result, there was little water flowing down and it was seen that at Kacchla Ghat, people were just crossing the river. 90% of water diverted at Narora into Canal (Summer 2014) 26

35 10.2 Water Discharge and Its Utilization from Different Dams/ Barrages Name of Dams/ Barrages Information obtained (Irrigation and Water Resource department, Uttar Pradesh) regarding water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages constructed on river Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur is given table-xiii. Bheem Gaura Barrage, Haridwar Ch. Charan Singh Barrage, Bijnor Ch. Charan Singh Ganga Barrage, Narora Bulandsharha r LUVKUSH Kanpur Ganga Barrage, Kanpur Table XIII Water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages Average Flow of Ganga River (Cusec) 30,527 Min Max.-NA 18,000 Min.-NA Max.-NA 13,000 Min Max.- 6,10, (May 2015) Max.- 3,48,012 Min Name/Numbers of Canals taking water from such dams/ barrages 1. Left side of Barrage: East Ganga Canal 2. Right Side of Barrage: Upper Ganga Canal 1. Left side of Barrage: Madhya Ganga Canal (Second Phase) Under Construction 2. Right side of Barrage: Madhya Ganga Canal (First Phase) 1. Lower Ganga Canal 2. Parallel Lower Ganga Canal 3. Narora atomic power plant channel No Canal is taking water from this Barrage Quantity of water Discharge through Canals (cusec) Max. Discharge ,60,980 (In Year 2010) Min. Discharge Average Discharge Use of water discharge through Canal For Irrigation, Electric generation & Drinking Water Madhya Ganga Canal (First Phase) Used for Irrigation of Kharif Crop For Irrigation, and Atomic power Plant To supply drinking water to Kanpur city 27

36 10.3 Findings Based on data collected it can be inferred that significant quantity of water is abstracted through three barrages. The average quantity of water abstracted from i) Bheem Gaura Barrage, Haridwar is 8553 cusec; ii) Ch. Charansingh Madhya Ganga Barrage is 5000 cusec; iii) Ch. Charan Singh Ganga Barrage, Narora is 10,665 cusec; and iv) Luv Kush Kanpur Ganga Barrage is 80.2 cusec. Considering this, it can be concluded that total quantity of water withdrawal from Haridwar to Narora is 24,298 cusec, which is about 80% of average flow (30,527 cusec) of river Ganga at Haridwar The tributaries Ramganga and Kali east meets with river Ganga at about 200 km downstream of Narora even though the average water being discharged from Kanpur is only 4096 cusec in the month of May, Plate -1 may be referred for details. However, these information s need further review for strategic actions IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 11.1 Proposed Concept and Features of Plan The proposed conservation plan will include following features which perhaps were not taken into the previous action plans: a) Evolving segmental action plans and assigning responsibility and accountability on the concerned State Governments under the monitoring and technical supervision of Central Government. There could be Regional/Segmental Monitoring Authorities. This should not be viewed for new staff, infrastructure or other facilities but, existing system available with State Pollution Control Board and State Departments should be utilized. Each state will ensure that when river water leaves from their territory, should meet existing primary water quality criteria and subsequently the proposed bathing water quality criteria (Table XIV). b) Feasibility to introduce low cost sewage options like in-situ sewage treatment or other alternate methods as intermediary options till fullfledged sewage treatment facilities are installed. A wide publicity should be given to invite expression of interest from technology providers (private and Govt. Institutions) that to treat waste water flowing in drains and bring down pollution load. The Government may encourage action plans to this effect and experiment such options on demonstration basis and costs can be reimbursed only after demonstrating the results. 28

37 Photographs only for illustration and not for any official purpose c) Due to the circumstances and need, treated sewage effluents would require further treatment to remove fecal bacteria and then use the treated effluents for disposal in river. 29

38 (d) Introducing physico-chemical and biological methods for reducing pathogenicity for treated effluents so to maintain sanctity of the river. [Fecal coliform bacteria] (e) Enforcement of law on industries insisting for zero waste disposal system, maximizing water recycling and re-using of treated effluents. (f) Industries to be made responsible for providing sample collection points to be duly notified for the regulatory bodies for collection of treated samples to verify compliance with the standards. (g) Constitution of voluntary groups under the coordination with States and Central Agencies for keeping a watch on protection of river and to check illegal activities relating to disposal of effluent in to river/drains. (h) Networking with Academic and Research & Development Institutions for undertaking R&D programs based on practical solutions for conserving the river Ganga and its tributaries. 30

39 12.0 PROPOSED PRIMARY WATER CRITERIA FOR BATHING WATER The proposed primary water quality criteria (Draft) for bathing water (fresh water) (water used for organized outdoor bathing) to be implemented for Ganga and to other rivers is given in Table XIV. (Readers may refer for final action) Table XIV Proposed Primary Water Criteria for bathing water CRITERIA RATIONALE 1. Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 2. Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) 3. Fecal Streptococci (MPN/100ml) 50 Many glacial fed and spring fed rivers at the upstream, are direct source of drinking water. Contribution of Total Coliform in such pristine water is mainly through soil origin and may not be harmful while bathing. <1.8 Fecal Coliform is considered as they are indicators of the bacterial pathogenicity through human origin and their presence renders the river water to many water borne diseases like urinary tract infection, shigellosis, ear and eye infection, cholera, skin diseases and typhoid etc. thus, unsuitable for drinking purposes while bathing. <1.8 The Fecal streptococci are valuable pollution indicators of rivers, streams, lakes. The normal habitat of Fecal streptococci is the intestine of humans and animals. Ratio of Fecal Coliform/ Fecal streptococci may provide information on possible sources of pollution such as; human, duck, sheep, chicken, pig, cow, and turkey. Their presence renders the river water to many water borne diseases like Impetigo, meningitis, sinusitis, dental caries, endocarditis, erysipelas and narcotizing fasciitis, diseases of cattle and horses, thus, unsuitable for drinking purposes while bathing. 4. ph value The range provides protection to the skin and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears etc. which are directly exposed during outdoor bathing 31

40 5. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 6. Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand 3 days, 27 0 C (mg/l) 7. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/l) 5 or more The maximum Dissolved Oxygen concentration of 5 mg/l ensures reasonable freedom from Oxygen consuming organic pollution immediately upstream which is necessary for preventing production of anaerobic gases (Obnoxious gases) from sediments. 3 or less The Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand of 3 mg/l or less of the water ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen demanding pollutants and prevent production of obnoxious gases. <10 COD often is used as a measurement of pollutants in natural water to ensure no contamination from industrial source after treatment. Such levels of COD ensure no contamination from industrial source after treatment. 8. Colour ( Hazen ) Specially caused by chemical compound like creosols, phenols, naphtha, pyridine, and benzene, toluene etc. causing visible coloration of water, which is undesirable for drinking and bathing purposes. 9. Odour No noticeable offensive Odour 10.Floating Matter 11.a) Floating Materials, Oil, grease and scum (including Petroleum Products) mg/l Nothing Obnoxious or detrimental for use Purpose. <1.0 Odour is recognized as a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking water (and food prepared with it) fainting of fish and other aquatic organisms and aesthetics of bathing waters. Most organic and some inorganic chemicals contribute odour. These chemicals may originate from municipal and industrial waste discharges from natural sources such as decomposition of vegetable matter or from associated microbial activity, and from disinfectants or their products which is undesirable for drinking and bathing purposes. Floating material in bathing waters are of two types, particulate matter that includes grease balls and liquid components capable of spreading as a thin, highly visible film over large areas. It is important because it accumulates on the surface, is often highly visible, is subject to wind induced transport, may 32

41 11.b) Sludge deposits, Solid refuse floating solids, oil grease and scum None except for such small amount that may result from discharge of approximately treated sewage and or industrial waste effluents contain pathogenic bacteria and / or viruses associated with individual particles, and can significantly concentrate metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as pesticides and PCBs. Colloidally dispersed oil and grease behave like other dispersed organic matter and are included in the material measured by the COD, BOD, tests. 12.Suspended Solids mg/l 13.Turbidity NTU (Nephalo Turbidity Unit) <10 form sewage or industrial waste origin 30 Measured at 0.9 depth 14.Aquatic life of Benthic Macro invertebrates 14.a) Saprobic score range 14. b) Diversity score range Water high in suspended solids may be esthetically unsatisfactory for such purposes as bathing. Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical waste water treatment processes and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency waste water effluent limitations. Turbidity in water is caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay; silt finely divided organic and inorganic matter, and plankton and other microscopic organisms. Benthic macro-invertebrates are the best suitable indicators of surface water quality. Their presence in bathing water with having high saprobic and diversity score ensures suitability of water quality standards for protection of aquatic life in bathing waters. 33

42 13.0 PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs) CPCB has proposed following standards for notification and STPs will be required to comply with these standards. Standards For Treated Effluent Of Sewage Treatment Plants Sl. No. Sector Parameters Standards for New STPs (Design after notification date)* 1. Sewage ph Treatment Plant BOD, mg/l COD, mg/l TSS, mg/l NH 4-N, mg/l 5 6. N-total, mg/l Fecal Coliform, MPN/100ml < PO 4-P, mg/l 2 Note: (i) These standards will be applicable for discharge in water resources as well as for land disposal. The standards for Fecal Coliform may not be applied for use of treated sewage in industrial purposes. *Achievements of Standards for existing STPs will be within 05 years from date of notification. 34

43 14.0 CONCLUSION- KEY ACTIONS 1. Immediate need is to commission in-situ treatment of the drains joining river Ganga (144) or any other actions without waiting for full-fledged sewage treatment plants as it may be a time taking process. 2. Invite Expression of Interest from Technology Providers (Private/Govt./R&D) for demonstrating experiments to treat sewage/industrial effluents flowing drains meeting river Ganga. Such approach should be simple, cost-effective and should comply with standards till STPs are set up. This will be short term and intermediary solution. Such proposal should also include removal of pathogenic bacteria. The existing and new STPs should essentially meet the bacterial standards. 3. Handover each Ghat on river Ganga to Religious, Private Institutes for maintaining up-keep and hygienic conditions. 4. Need to release more water from Bijnor and Narora barrage. 35

44 Plate 1: Withdrawal of water from River Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur. 36

45 Plate 2: Segment wise status of River Ganga Distillery 1 Pulp & Paper 3 Sugar 3 Distillery 5 Pulp & Paper 1 Sugar 6 Segment - I 1. Sewage Drains : 14 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD : 42.8 TPD 2. No. of GPI : 7 a. Effluents : 5 MLD b. BOD : 1.42 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : b. BOD (mg/l) : (<2.0 at most of the locations U/s Rishikesh) c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) : Segment - II 1. Sewage Drains : 12 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD: : TPD 2. No. of GPI : 12 a. Effluents : 13 MLD b. BOD : 3.93 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500 Segment III B Segment - II Origin Haridwar Segment - I Narora Segment III B Segment III A Kanpur Segment III A 1. Sewage Drains : 18 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD: :76.51TPD 2. No. of GPI : 145 a. Effluents : 314 MLD b. BOD : TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at Kanpur Allahabad Chemical 1 Distillery 1 Food & dairy 2 Other 3 Pulp & Paper 1 Tannery 2 Textile 3 Segment IV A Chemical 10 Distillery 20 Food & dairy 4 Other 8 Pulp & Paper 53 Sugar 48 Textile 2 Segment IV A 1. Sewage Drains : 25 a. Flow :580 MLD b. BOD :100 TPD 2. No. of GPI :13 a. Effluents :17 MLD b. BOD :2 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : (<3.0 at most of the locations) c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000 Polluting Sources, Load and Quality Chemical 9 Distillery 1 Food &dairy 8 Other 23 Pulp &Paper 2 Sugar 2 Tannery 404 Textile Sewage Drains : 14 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD: : TPD 2. No. of GPI : 504 a. Effluents : 39 MLD b. BOD : 6.79 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high Chemical 1, Distillery 5 Food & dairy 3, Other 4 Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6 Tannery 36, Textile, 2 Segment III C 1. Sewage Drains : 7 a. Flow : 559.4MLD b. BOD: : TPD 2. No. of GPI : 61 a. Effluents : 26 MLD b. BOD : 5.3 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high Segment III C Varanasi Segment IV B 1. Sewage Drains : 54 a. Flow :1780 MLD b. BOD :95.04 TPD 2. No. of GPI :22 a. Effluents :87 MLD b. BOD :15.6 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high x10 4 Rajmahal Segment IV B Diamond Harbour Chemical 7 Distillery 2 Food & dairy 4 Other 3 Pulp &Paper 3 Sugar 2 Textile 1 37

46 Plate 3: Bio-mapping of River Ganga 9 Bio Mapping of River Ganga Segment - I Origin Segment III A Average Saprobic Score Average Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class - B Biological Water Quality - Slightly Polluted Indicator Colour - Light Blue Segment - II Average Saprobic Score Average Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Haridwar Narora Average Saprobic Score Average Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Kanpur Allahabad Segment IV A Average Saprobic score Average Diversity score Biological Water quality Class C Biological Water Quality Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Segment IV A Segment III B Average Saprobic Score Average Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green Segment III C Average Saprobic Score Average Diversity Score Biological Water Quality Class - C Biological Water Quality - Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour - Green 9 1 Varanasi Segment IV B Segment IV Average Saprobic score Average Diversity score Biological Water quality Class C Biological Water Quality Moderate Pollution Indicator Colour Green Rajmahal Diamond Harbour 38

47 Plate 4: The Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year ) Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year ) Sl. No. LOCATION DO (mg/l) B.O.D (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml) Water Quality Criteria BHAGIRATHI AT GANGOTRI ALKANANDA B/C MANDAKINI AT RUDRA PRAYAG MANDAKINI B/C ALKALNADA AT RUDRAPRAYAG ALKANANDA A/C MANDAKINI AT RUDRAPRAYAG ALKANANDA B/C TO BHAGIRATHI AT DEVPRAYAG BHAGIRATHI B/C WITH ALAKNANDA AT DEVPRAYAG ALKANANDA A/C WITH BHAGIRATHI AT DEVPRAYAG GANGA AT RISHIKESH U/S GANGA A/C OF RIVER SONG NEAR SATYANARAYAN TEMPLE D/S RAIWALA GANGA AT HARIDWAR D/S UPPER GANGA RIVER D/S ROORKEE GANGA AT GARHMUKTESHWAR GANGA U/S, ANOOPSHAHAR GANGA D/S, ANOOPSHAHAR GANGA AT NARORA (BULANDSAHAR) GANGA AT KACHHLA GHAT, ALIGARH GANGA AT KANNAUJ U/S (RAJGHAT) GANGA AT KANNAUJ D/S, U.P GANGA AT BITHOOR (KANPUR) GANGA AT KANPUR U/S (RANIGHAT) GANGA AT KANPUR D/S (JAJMAU PUMPING STATION) GANGA AT DALMAU (RAI BAREILLY) GANGA AT KALA KANKAR, RAEBARELI GANGA AT ALLAHABAD (RASOOLABAD), U.P GANGA AT KADAGHAT, ALLAHABAD GANGA AT ALLAHABAD D/S (SANGAM), U.P GANGA U/S, VINDHYACHAL, MIRZAPUR GANGA D/S, MIRZAPUR GANGA AT VARANASI U/S (ASSIGHAT) GANGA AT VARANASI D/S (MALVIYA BRIDGE), U.P GANGA AT TRIGHAT (GHAZIPUR) GANGA AT BUXAR,BIHAR

48 33 GANGA AT BUXAR, RAMREKHAGHAT GANGA AT KHURJI, PATNA U/S GANGA AT INDRAPURI, DEHRI ON SONE GANGA AT THE CONFLUENCE OF SONE RIVER DORIGANJ, CHAPRA GANGA DARBHANGA GHAT AT PATNA GANGA AT PATNA D/S (GANGA BDG) GANGA AT PUNPUN, PATNA GANGA AT FATUHA GANGA AT MOKAMA (U/S) GANGA AT MOKAMA (D/S) GANGA AT MUNGER GANGA AT SULTANGANJ, BHAGALPUR GANGA AT BHAGALPUR GANGA AT KAHALGAON GANGA AT BAHARAMPORE NABADIP ON GANGA,GHOSHPARA NEAR MONIPURGHAT TRIBENI ON GANGA, NEAR BURNING GHAT GANGA AT PALTA WEST BENGAL GANGA AT SERAMPORE GANGA AT DAKSHINESHWAR GANGA AT HOWRAH-SHIVPUR GANGA AT GARDEN REACH GANGA AT ULUBERIA GANGA AT DIAMOND HARBOUR

49 Segment Segment-I Gangotri to Haridwar D/S Segment-II Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S Plate 5: Summary of Segmental Pollution Load and Proposed Action Plan No. of Drains Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) No. of GPI Waste Water Generation (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) Proposed action plan Afforestation to prevent silting. Massive awareness campaigns to discourage the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable materials. Installation of bio-toilets to prohibit practice of open defecation. Installation of bio-gas plants/composting for utilization of domestic solid waste as well as Nirmalya. In-situ sewage treatment for drains carrying sewage and sullage Afforestation to prevent silting Massive awareness campaigns to discourage the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable materials. Installation of bio-toilets to prohibit practice of open defecation. Installation of bio-gas plants/composting for utilization of domestic solid waste as well as Nirmalya. In-situ sewage treatment for drains carrying sewage and sullage Bio- augmentation of existing STPs to remove fecal coliform bacteria. 41

50 Segment III-A Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S Segment III-B Kanpur D/S (Fatehpur) to Allahabad D/S Segment-III-C Allahabad D/S (Mirzapur) to Ghazipur (Varanasi) Implementing norms of zero liquid discharge for industries Distilleries, Tanneries and Textiles; and water conservation and utilising treated effluent for irrigation in Pulp & Paper and Sugar. Enforcing industries to re-cycle and re-use treated effluents or permitting to discharge only after meeting with the standards and industries discharging continuous effluents, to install on line effluent monitoring devices. In-situ sewage treatment at terminal point of the drains joining river Ganga and tributaries till fullfledged sewage treatment plants are installed. Improving performance of STPs to achieve newly proposed standards and polishing of treated effluents by adopting bio-augmentation to eliminate total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria. Install as per need, RO plants to refine the treated sewage and then either dispose into the river or reutilize. Installing real time water quality monitoring stations as envisaged under the World Bank project and also adopting with early warning biological system to have strict vigilance on water quality to river strict vigilance on water quality to 42

51 river Ganga and to keep watch on the discharges of both sewage and trade effluents. Insisting rain water harvesting system for establishments along the bank of river Increase quantity or water discharge from Bijnor/Narora barrage. Installation of community/individual bio toilets. Installation of waste to energy/compost plants for disposal of municipal solid waste and Nirmalya. Segment-IV Ghazipur D/S to Diamond Harbour Emphasis on improving performance of installed STPs and bio-augmentation followed by polishing of effluents to eliminate fecal coliforms. Maximizing of water utilization before joining of river to bay of Bengal. Implementation of zero liquid discharge for Pulp and Paper, Tanneries, Distilleries. 43

52 PHOTO GALLERY 1. Water release from Narora barrage 2. Chhoiya drain joining Ganga at Punjabi Dera (Jalilpur) (Summer 2014) 3. Flow diminished at Kachchla Ghat (Summer 2014) 48

53 4. Drain carrying industrial effluents 5. Drain carrying industrial effluents 49

54 6. Status of drains carrying industrial effluents 7. Industries discharging effluents into drains 50

55 [Part B] GANGA ACTION PLAN Segmental Approach 51

56 Blank page 52

57 Ganga Action Plan Segmental Approach 1. River Ganga travels 2525 km crossing the States of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal Total Number of Districts along Ganga Main Stem Number of Towns included in MoUD Priority List Number of Gram Panchayats in MoDWS List The River Ganga in its total length of 2525 km receives 501 MLD of industrial effluents from 764 grossly polluting industries (GPI) [GPI refers to industries discharging effluent more than 100 kg/day of BOD or generating hazardous Waste]. Besides, there are other industries discharging effluents into drains which ultimately meets river Ganga. Industries exert about 131 tonnes of BOD load per day on river Ganga through various drains. Salient Features of River Ganga Total Length 2525 kms Uttarakhand 450 kms (upto Haridwar) Uttar Pradesh 1000kms (upto Varanasi) Sharing length between UP & Bihar 110 kms Bihar 405 kms (Buxer-Manihari) Jharkhand 40 kms (Sahibganj-Rajmahal) West Bengal 520 kms (Farakka-Ganga Sagar) Catchment Area Ganga Basin 8,61,404 sq km (26.4%) of India Average Annual discharge 4,93,400 million cubic meters Main Tributaries Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Damodar, Kosi & Kali-East Main sub tributaries Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons (beyond five States), Sone & Kasia-Haldi 3. As per estimates of MoWR, sewage treatment capacity of about 7300 MLD is required whereas, capacity of treatment created is 2100 MLD and under creation 53

58 is 1200 MLD. According to assessment of CPCB (2014), 144 sewage drains are discharging 6100 MLD of sewage effluents with BOD load of 294 tonnes per day. 4. Water quality of river Ganga is being regularly monitored on monthly basis at 57 locations. (UK-11, UP-20, Bihar-15, Jharkhand-1 and WB-10). Water Quality Monitoring of last five years ( ) indicate that; (i) At all the 56 monitored locations, ph and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) values are in the acceptable range when compared with Water Quality criteria required for bathing waters. Since, monitoring of river is carried out in day time, the levels of DO were not critical. (ii) Values of BOD more than 3.0 mg/l are considered to be critical for requirement of bathing waters. In last five years in the State of Uttarakhand, out of 11 location monitored, BOD was 4.6 mg/l at location Mandakini before confluence Alaknanda at Rudrayprayag (2012). However, at location D/S of Raiwala and D/S of Haridwar, BOD has been more than 3.0 mg/l. In the entire stretch of UP, BOD remained higher than 3.0 mg/l wherereas in Bihar, BOD remained below 3.0 mg/l except in one year at Ramrekha Ghat, Buxar; Punpun at Patna and at Bhagalpur. In West Bengal, at all locations, BOD has been higher than 3.0 mg/l. It can therefore be concluded that UP and West Bengal requires to focus on treatment of sewage and particularly of drains joining river Ganga. (iii) Fecal coliform bacteria are present throughout the river. However, their number varies. The presence of fecal coliform is directly linked with disposal of sewage. It will be the challenging task to apply advance treatment technologies of sewage treatment to remove the bacteria as well as prohibiting disposal of fecal matter/ sewage into river. 54

59 5. The Action Plan For prevention and control pollution of river Ganga, CPCB has formulated a segment wise strategy which is being implemented, under Section (16) and 18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Further, delegated powers to Chairman, CPCB under Section 5 of EPA are being exercised against defaulting industries and will further be extended against Local Bodies for improving management of municipal waste (sewage and solid waste). For implementation of Action Plan, river Ganga is divided into Four Segments and for each segment, polluting sources and pollution load has been assessed. In each segment, a group of Scientists have been assigned with the responsibility to keep vigil on polluting sources like industries, drains, assessing status of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) and survey of Ghats. The segments covers: Segment I II III IV Coverage Gangotri to Haridwar D/S. Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S. A. Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S. B. Kanpur D/S to Allahabad D/S. C. Allahabad D/S to Varanasi D/S and D/S of Ghazipur. Ghazipur D/S to D/S of Rajmahal D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbor It has been observed that the distribution of industries varies in each segment as well as the number of sewage carrying drains. Identified polluting sources and their load along with water quality of each segment is depicted in a figure given as Annexure I (Page 60) and summarized in a statement placed as Annexure II. (Page 61) It is important to note that major pollution load of 145 industries (Chemical-10; Distilleries-20; Food & Dairy-4; Others-8; Sugar-48 and Textile-2 and Pulp and Paper-53) estimated to BOD load of 97 tonnes per day is getting drained into Kali East and Ramganga tributaries which meets river Ganga near Kannauj. The 55

60 Kanpur stretch is receiving sewage and industrial waste from 10 drains. (465 MLD and 64 Tonnes of BOD per day). 5.1 Industrial Pollution Control CPCB has drafted Action Plan for five industrial categories which includes; Sugar, Distilleries, Pulp and Paper, Tanneries and Textiles. The Action Plan lays emphasizes on water conservation by adopting best practices and not allowing Sugar and Pulp & Paper industries to dispose their effluents into drains so they become zero liquid discharge with reference to river. Both these Sectors after treatment of waste water are required to be use for irrigation only. In case of Tanneries, Textiles and Distilleries, these industries either individually or collectively will have to set up the systems which would enable them to utilize treated effluents back into the processing operations. However, there has been concern amongst these three Sectors particularly in Tanneries and Textiles that, such system being costly, will be prohibitive and their competition with other domestic or international Companies. CPCB has issued directions under Section 18(1) (b) of the Water Act to the State Board of UK, UP, Bihar and West Bengal to link the stipulated Action Plan for each sector with the consent conditions. The action Plan stipulates following time lines; Sl. No. Sector (No. of Units) Timelines for Compliance. 1 Sugar (67) To be completed before Sept, Reduce waste water discharge from 400 lit. to 200 lit per ton of cane crushed. Estimated water conservation of 180 MLD and reduction in BOD load to river will be the expected outcome. 2 Distilleries (35) To be completed by Sept, MLD of Water saving by adopting ZLD system. Terminal system for ZLD will have to be achieved either through incineration (Slope Fire Boiler) or utilizing concentrated spent wash for composting. 56

61 3 Pulp and Paper (67) To be completed by March 2017 The ultimate object is to prohibit black liquor discharge (Agro pulping permitted only with chemical recovery Plant) and conserve water and tertiary treatment system. This will help in water conservation and reduction in BOD load. 4 Tanneries (442) Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) with ZLD system is need for Jajmau. CETP and Unnao/ Banther to be attached with RO/MEE 5 Textiles (63) CETP is to be established at Farrukhabad and Bhadoi. For clarify in the implementation of the action plans for the timelines of the said five sectors the action Plan the timeline given are not prohibitive for taking action under Section 5 of EPA against any sector of in case of non-compliance with existing notified standards. The Action Plan will be implemented by include deputing Teams of Scientist to report on the quality of effluents being disposed and their compliance with stipulated standards. In case of non-compliance, the concerned industry will be communicated with show-cause notice under Section 5 of EPA and followed by the proper direction as per laid down procedures. 5.2 Sewage Treatment System o Monthly monitoring of sewage treatment plants will be carried out and the reports will be communicated to the concerned STP Operator, Municipal Authority and Secretary, State Urban Development. o Monthly samples will be collected from sewage drains joining river Ganga. The major cause of bacterial contamination of river Ganga is due to disposal of sewage from drains. Presently, there is no documented Plan with time-lines regarding interception, diversion and treatment of the drains. The process of interception diversion and treatment though may be required but is a time taking process. Till such time, it would be appropriate to adopt intermediary solutions. At 57

62 the terminal point of drain, suitable technology should be installed which will remove filthy material from drain, provide aeration and enhance mechanism for biodegradation. This action is expected to reduce at least 50% of pollution load. It will be an immediate need in future that STPs/ and drains at terminal points will have to adopt technologies to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Though such technologies may be costly but, are unavoidable. Standards for STPs proposed for notification to be complied are given in Annexure-III. Proposals from different technology Providers can be called to select any one drain (out of 144) and set up the facilities at the terminal point of drain and treat and demonstrate compliance with BOD and fecal coliform bacteria. If they meet with Standards, the cost of treatment per MLD can be reimbursed. The cost would include Capital and O&M to be borne by the firms. As many proposals could be taken up so to assess the performance of different technologies. The concerned Local Authority where this treatment will be taken, are required to provide site and securing the installation. CPCB with MoWR will monitor the projects involving concerned SPCBs. 5.3 Municipal Solid Waste in Towns and maintenance of Hygienic conditions on Ghats Towns located on Ganga will be surveyed to assess the status of MSW management. Each town will be directed to prepare action plan and implement it and the information will be brought in public domain. For maintenance of hygienic status of Ghats and river fronts, Local Body and the Religious/Voluntary Organizations should prepare a Plan as well as for day-to-day operation/maintenance. The Action Plan should include; 58

63 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Management of left-over of Worship material, Pious, Flowers, Coconut and other solid waste. Removal/Scrapping-of floatables from river to aim for maintaining bathing water quality criteria Ghat cleaning washing/sweeping. Establishment and Maintenance of public amenities. No waste water to flow into river. Setting up of Aeration devices Scouts/Squads to vigil the Ghats Awareness for pilgrims CPCB under co-ordination of MoWR may implement such Plans. implementation of Plan will be on web-site of State Government and with MoWR. The 5.4 Water Quality Monitoring CPCB will continue to monitor Water Quality at 57 locations. CPCB will ensure that monthly information on Water Quality of Ganga is placed on its web-site. More Water Quality Monitoring locations will be added to existing monitoring network. To assess the status of water quality for impacts of Agricultural runs-off and industrial effluents, monitoring of micro-pollutants will be initiated from November, This monitoring will be carried out during pre and post monsoon seasons. Biomonitoring of river at 113 location matching with locations of Real Time Water Quality Monitoring will be taken up as this exercise will indicate biological health of river. Under the World Bank Project, 36 stations (RTWQMS) will be commissioned and operated before March or June 2016 and simultaneously, the process for setting up of remaining 77 stations will be taken up. 59

64 5.5 Community Participation CPCB will involve different communities (Schools, Colleges, Universities, Institutes, Religious Organizations, Non- Government Organizations and others) to test water quality of river at various locations. CPCB will develop an App for mobile so that involved organizations can upload/forward the picture and results to CPCB. Water Testing kits will be used for analysis. 6.0 Summary of Action Plan S.No Action Points Action Plan Time-lines 1 Industrial Pollution (i) Vigilance on industries Monthly Review Control. and action against defaulting industries. (segmental Actions) (ii) SPCBs to upload consents of all 764 industries on their website including linking Action Plan directed for Five Sectors by CPCB. (iii) Issuing Directions to those units who have not submitted Action Plans. (iv) Inviting Public observations to report disposal of black liquor, spent wash or coloured effluents by Textile, Chemical units or other industries. (v) Installation of on-line effluent monitoring devices and confirming Directions to each Unit with time-line/ or closure. Urgently Legal Actions once in 3 months By with confirmed Directions 60

65 2 Sewage Treatment (i) Monthly/Quarterly Monitoring the performance of 63 sewage Treatment Plants. Monthly monitoring (ii) Monthly/Quarterly monitoring of 144 sewage drains Monthly monitoring 3 Management of MSW and Maintaining Hygienic Status of Ghats 4 Water Quality Monitoring (iii) Interaction with MoWRto work-out proposal for setting up of terminal intermediary facility to treat sewage/sullage flowing in drain on cost reimbursement mode. Also introduce garbage traps/ scrappers on Drains. (i) Action Plan Preparation of Towns and Ghats in consultation with MoWR and involving concerned Local Bodies and Religious and Voluntary (i) Organizations. Monthly/Quarterly monitoring at 57 location Interaction MoWR with Plan by and implementation in 12 months (Before ) Monthly reporting of Water Quality data on web-site as E- News on Ganga. (ii) Expanding monitoring network on Ganga. Starting from (iii) Initiating monitoring of micro pollutants (Metals & Pesticides) Starting from (iv) Continuing bio monitoring at 113 locations. Once a year (v) Monthly monitoring of river Kali East and Ramganga Monthly monitoring 61

66 5 Community (i) Involving Voluntary Participation Groups in daily reporting qualitative data on Ganga (Apps will be developed for uploading) 6 River Cleaning Introducing surface boomers, removing floatables 7 R&D Review (i) State-wise interaction with R&D Institutions to know the work done by them and likely areas for execution. From In consultation with MoWR State-wise interaction 62

67 Segment wise status of River Ganga Annexure-I Distillery 1 Pulp & Paper 3 Sugar 3 Distillery 5 Pulp & Paper 1 Sugar 6 Segment - I 1. Sewage Drains : 14 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD : 42.8 TPD 2. No. of GPI : 7 a. Effluents : 5 MLD b. BOD : 1.42 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : b. BOD (mg/l) : (<2.0 at most of the locations U/s Rishikesh) c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) : Segment - II 1. Sewage Drains : 12 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD: : TPD 2. No. of GPI : 12 a. Effluents : 13 MLD b. BOD : 3.93 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500 Segment III B Segment - II Origin Haridwar Segment - I Narora Segment III B Segment III A Kanpur Segment III A 1. Sewage Drains : 18 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD: :76.51TPD 2. No. of GPI : 145 a. Effluents : 314 MLD b. BOD : TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at Kanpur Allahabad Chemical 1 Distillery 1 Food & dairy 2 Other 3 Pulp & Paper 1 Tannery 2 Textile 3 Segment IV A Chemical 10 Distillery 20 Food & dairy 4 Other 8 Pulp & Paper 53 Sugar 48 Textile 2 Segment IV A 1. Sewage Drains : 25 a. Flow :580 MLD b. BOD :100 TPD 2. No. of GPI :13 a. Effluents :17 MLD b. BOD :2 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : (<3.0 at most of the locations) c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000 Polluting Sources, Load and Quality Chemical 9 Distillery 1 Food &dairy 8 Other 23 Pulp &Paper 2 Sugar 2 Tannery 404 Textile Sewage Drains : 14 a. Flow : MLD b. BOD: : TPD 2. No. of GPI : 504 a. Effluents : 39 MLD b. BOD : 6.79 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high Chemical 1, Distillery 5 Food & dairy 3, Other 4 Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6 Tannery 36, Textile, 2 Segment III C 1. Sewage Drains : 7 a. Flow : 559.4MLD b. BOD: : TPD 2. No. of GPI : 61 a. Effluents : 26 MLD b. BOD : 5.3 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high Segment III C Varanasi Segment IV B 1. Sewage Drains : 54 a. Flow :1780 MLD b. BOD :95.04 TPD 2. No. of GPI :22 a. Effluents :87 MLD b. BOD :15.6 TPD 3. Water Quality a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0 b. BOD (mg/l) : c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high x10 4 Rajmahal Segment IV B Diamond Harbour Chemical 7 Distillery 2 Food & dairy 4 Other 3 Pulp &Paper 3 Sugar 2 Textile 1 63

68 Segment wise Pollution load Annexure-II Segment Segment-I Gangotri to Haridwar D/S Segment-II Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S Segment III-A Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S Segment III-B Kanpur D/S (Fatehpur) to Allahabad D/S Segment-III-C Allahabad D/S (Mirzapur) to Ghazipur (Varanasi) No. of Drains Flow (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) No. of GPI Waste Water Generat ion (MLD) Organic Load Based on BOD (TPD) Segment-IV-A Varanasi D/S /Ghazipur to Rajmahal Segment-IV-B Rajmahal D/S to Diamond Harbour TOTAL 144 6,

69 Annexure III Standards For Treated Effluent Of Sewage Treatment Plants Sl. No. Sector Parameters Standards for New STPs (Design after notification date)* 1. Sewage ph Treatment Plant BOD, mg/l COD, mg/l TSS, mg/l NH 4-N, mg/l 5 6. N-total, mg/l Fecal Coliform, <230 MPN/100ml 8. PO 4-P, mg/l 2 Note: (i) These standards will be applicable for discharge in water resources as well as for land disposal. The standards for Fecal Coliform may not be applied for use of treated sewage in industrial purposes. *Achievements of Standards for existing STPs will be within 05 years from date of notification. 65

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