Berlin s s Air Quality Strategy: pollution sources, measures and their expected effects

Transcription

1 Berlin s s Air Quality Strategy: pollution sources, measures and their expected effects Martin Lutz Senate Department for Urban Development, Berlin Directorate IX, Environment Policy a few facts about EU legislative framework brief overview: problems, origin, sources expected benefit of a trend scenario additional measures and their impact 1

2 Air pollution control in the EU 6 th Environment Action Program Controlling emissions National Emission Ceilings Mobile sources Voluntary agreements with industry, e.g. with ACEA Economic measures Road pricing Fiscal incentives for BAT Energy taxes Scrappage schemes Restricted access Stationary sources EU-Standards for vehicle emission and fuel quality (EURO III - V) EU-legislation on emission control of certain type of installations...to achieve levels of air quality that protect all people effectively against recognised health effects from air pollution and take into account the protection of the environment Complementary measures on a local level achieve Air Quality standards trigger for further measures Improving Air Quality AQ Framework Directive AQ standards basic assessment criteria action plans, reporting SO2, PM, NO2, lead Benzene, CO Ozone Heavy metals PAH Acidification, Eutrophication 2

3 a few facts about Berlin (ii) 3.4 Mio inhabitants (incl. 434,000 foreigners) Municipality and State 12 boroughs - each > 250,000 inhabitants - own elected council, mayors and administration - but with restricted municipal rights 3

4 assessment of the air quality in Berlin summary on sulfur dioxide: on lead: on carbon monoxide on benzene on nitrogen dioxide on PM 10 on ozone 5 no problem no problem no problem diminishing problem serious problem 10 severe problem, to be tackled on local and European level serious problem, serious problem, to be tackled mainly on a European level

5 Annual mean values Long-term trends of air pollution µg/m³ Jahr Jahr 6

6 Annual averages of SO -concentration in Berlin Maximum W 162 µg/m³ E - Maximum W 83 µg/m³ E 120 µg/m³ Maximum 19 µg/m³ SO2-Emission [t/a/km²] SO2-Emission of Househeating in Berlin ( t/a/km²) SO77_97.cdr, ,ps 7

7 Past efforts to control air pollution in Berlin action to abate sulfur dioxide emissions Desulphurization of all large combustion plants Enhancing energy efficiency by, for example, energy saving measures during building renovation and more heat & power cogeneration ( climate change) BanBan of high-sulfur fuels (brown coal and heavy fuel oil) in industrial combustion SwitchSwitch from solid fuels to gas and low-sulfur oil for domestic heating Extended use of low-sulfur and sulfur-free free diesel 8

8 assessment of the air quality in Berlin summary on sulfur dioxide: on lead: on carbon monoxide on benzene on nitrogen dioxide on PM 10 on ozone 9 no problem no problem no problem diminishing problem serious problem 10 severe problem, to be tackled on local and European level serious problem serious problem, to be tackled mainly on a European level

9 averaging period EU limit values for PM10 and NO 2 limit value 24 h 50 µg/m 3 PM exceedances/year attainment period 1 Jan year 40 µg/m 3 PM 10 1 Jan h 50 µg/m 3 PM 10 7 exceedances/year 1 Jan. 2010* 1 year 20 µg/m 3 PM 10 1 Jan. 2010* 1 h 200 µg/m³ NO 2 18 exceedances/year 1 Jan year 40 µg/m³ NO 2 1 Jan * indicative limit values, to be reviewed by the EU Commission 10

10 Comparison of PM10-pollution in European cities EU-limit value Barcelona Berlin Dresden Frankfurt Graz Hamburg Klagenfurt Leipzig Linz Lissabon London Lyon-Agglomeration Madrid Mannheim Milan München Rhein-/Ruhr Area Riga Rotterdam Stockholm Villach Wien days above 50 µg/m3 PM10 Quelle: ICLEI

11 Margin of tolerance trigger for abatement plans max. concentration in the agglomeration or zone limit value above margin of tolerance: action plans sent to Commission. Limit value must be met by attainment date margin of tolerance between limit value and margin of tolerance: pollution levels reported to Commission. Limit value must be met by attainment date limit value Directive comes into force below limit value: pollution levels reported. Good air quality maintained time attainment date: limit value must be met everywhere 12

12 Air pollution control plan Structural template required by EU law Requisite issues to be dealt with. assessment of the air pollution Compliance check, trends source analysis Where does it come from & how much? scales: local, urban, regional, continental Who s to blame & for how much? source sectors: transport, industry, domestic, current legislation and it s likely impact includes effects of national and EU-wide measures Additional measures planned & their likely effect Will the limit values be met? Further possible long-term measures & their benefits 13

13 Long-term trend of NO2 and NO in Berlin 14

14 Long-term trend of NO2 and NO in Berlin Trend of PM10 and Back carbon levels in Berlin µg/m³ µg/m³ particulate m atter (PM 10) PM10 urban traffic sites PM10 urban background sites PM10 city periphery PM10 rural sites outside Berlin Black carbon urban traffic sites Black carbon (EC)

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16 AQ assessment by modelling modelled NO 2 in street canyons (2002) limit value km road section in non- compliance Vers , Aufpunkt kerbside ca residents affected 17

17 Levels of PM10 in Berlin in 2003 Number of days above 50 µg/m³ PM10 Sites at the city periphery traffic sites industrial area (324m above ground) 43 urban background sites in residential areas ,ps 18

18 Source analysis speciation and origin of PM10 in Berlin Local traffic SO42-0,9% NO3-1,7% EC 5,9% Na,Mg,Cl NH4+ OM K, Ca Rest OM Regional background EC 2,8% NO3-5,1% SO42-10,2% Rest K, Ca Na,Mg,Cl NH4+ Urban background SO42-1,6% NO3-3,9% OM EC 3,5% Rest NH4+ Na,Mg,Cl K, Ca 20

19 source attribution by monitoring Sectors contributing to total PM10 at a busy traffic spot in Berlin... traffic exhaust 9% road traffic nonexhaust 1% domestic heating & solvents 9% other 2% agriculture 4% regional background # Industry & power plants 22% #based on values recorded at the top of a radio tower 324m above ground Industry & power plants 3% road traffic exhaust 11% local traffic other 3% domestic heating & solvents 3% 21 traffic non-exhaust 15% urban background non-exhaust traffic exhaust 10% road traffic nonexhaust 7% exhaust cars non-exhaust HDV&LDV Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.v. exhaust

20 source attribution by modelling Source sector contribution to total NO 2 at a busy traffic spot in Berlin s s city centre regional background ca 7% other sources 7% local traffic 54% urban background traffic 32% Basis: NOx modelling 22

21 Enhanced large-scale PM transport during episodes little effect of local short term measures Spatial distribution of potential source areas of secondary PM-10 imported into the Greater Berlin area sulphate Berlin nitrate Source: one year backward trajectory statistics by E. Reimer,

22 source analysis interim conclusion regional PM10 background is around half of kerbside levels motor traffic is the predominant source of PM pollution 20% of regional PM10 background can be attributed to traffic exhaust emissions, but the bulk is secondary PM from industry & power plants more than half of traffic related PM10 stems from road&tire abrasion and resuspension of road dust HDV & LDV emissions of particular importance NO 2 regional background usually less than 10 % 25

23 temporary short-term term traffic ban as a possible measure in a action plan interim conclusion (ii) PM10-smogalarm with a traffic ban is not an appropriate means to avoid exceedances of the 24h-limit value even duration or extent of exceedances can hardly be reduced area-wide traffic bans would require exemptions for business to ensure the supply of citizens trucks and lorries need to run anyway peak-shaving strategy is not effective to reduce health risk because of lack of a no-effect level for PM launch of area wide, durable traffic restrictions for the most polluting vehicles are more effective ( low emission zone) needs transition period to allow adaptation of vehicle fleet 26

24 trend scenario 2010 predicted NO2 concentration in main road network limit value 2010 km 56 road section in non- compliance ca residents affected 30

25 trend scenario 2010 interim conclusion similar relative improvement of PM10 pollution in and around Berlin envisaged improvement through business as usual measures not sufficient to meet NO2 limit values by 2010 annual PM10 limit value can be attained 24h-limit value for PM10 won t be met by business as usual even in 2010 additional measures necessary to curb PM10 und NO2 emissions! city-wide non-attainment needs city-wide action 34

26 Air pollution control planning additional measures planned stationary sources: BAT - already done transport: cleaner vehicles and fuels municipal car fleet (CRT retrofit & CNG) LEZ (low emission zone) less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning (master plan transport, StEP ), inter alia. re-routing routing through traffic on tangential roads extension of zones with parking fees expected effect: ~ 10% traffic reduction in Berlin s s centre Optimized traffic management at hot spots ( ( HEAVEN) linked with noise abatement Speed limits big effect on noise and safety little effect on air quality City toll enhanced road washing smog alarm type of temporary measures (traffic measures ban) (traffic ban) 35

27 Air pollution control planning additional measures planned (ii) Cleaner vehicles and fuels.. cleaning up the municipal vehicle fleet particle filter: police, buses (1000 old buses retrofitted with CRT, 400 new with CRT) compressed natural gas: BSR (25% of garbage collection vehicle) improving private & business Diesel vehicles private cars: Gas-vouchers & tax refunds Taxis and driving schools: funding of new CNG-vehicles (TuT) freight transport: funding of CNG HDVs&LDVs (Tellus) particle filter: talks with business about retrofitting network of gas refilling stations (12 stations by now) what is lacking... tax incentives for clean (light) duty vehicles and retrofitted vehicles federal government tougher vehicle emission standards EU 36

28 air pollution control planning transport planning & management enlargement of areas with parking fees existing areas Vorhandene Bewirtschaftungsgebiete future enlargement Potenzielle Erweiterungsgebiete 37

29 air pollution control planning transport planning & mangement re-routing through traffic Entlastung von großräumigem und innerstädtischem Durchgangsverkehr Entastung von großräumigem Durchgangsverkehr 38

30 Potential to calm traffic in Berlin s city centre

31 Air pollution control planning additional measures planned stationary sources: BAT - already done transport: cleaner vehicles and fuels municipal car fleet (CRT retrofit & CNG) LEZ (low emission zone) less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning (master plan transport, StEP ), inter alia. re-routing routing through traffic on tangential roads extension of zones with parking fees expected effect: ~ 10% traffic reduction in Berlin s s centre Optimized traffic management at hot spots ( ( HEAVEN) linked with noise abatement Speed limits big effect on noise and safety little effect on air quality City toll enhanced road washing smog alarm type of temporary measures (traffic ban) 40

32 Options for LEZ: LEZ: Emission reduction in relation to the trend scenario 2010 impact of transport planning ( StEP )) and vehicle technology expected emission reduction in % of the trend scenario all Diesel vehicles Euro III + particle filter(pf) 0,0% -10,0% -20,0% -30,0% -40,0% -50,0% -60,0% -70,0% all vehicles Euro IV + PF busses Euro V implementation 2010 municipal fleet NOx exhaust-pm total-pm big fleets of delivery services and logistic firms 41

33 Options for LEZ: Emission reduction in relation to the trend scenario 2010 impact of cars vs lorries expected emission reduction in % of the trend scenario 0,0% -10,0% -20,0% -30,0% -40,0% -50,0% -60,0% London lorries, busses, taxis Euro II + PM filter (PF) implementation 2008 NOx exhaust-pm total PM 42

34 Options for LEZ: Emission reduction in relation to the trend scenario impact of implementation date scenario 2010 xpected emission reduction in % of the trend scenario 0,0% -5,0% -10,0% -15,0% -20,0% -25,0% -30,0% -35,0% -40,0% lorries, busses, taxis Euro II + PM filter NOx exhaust-pm total PM 43

35 Air Pollution Control Planning impact of various control scenarios exceedances of the PM10 24h-limit value impacts of various control scenarios 250 affected residents affected residents length of street sections in noncompliance lenght of non-attainment road sections in km Trend 2005 Trend 2010 LEZ 2010 (Euro III & PF) LEZ 2010 LEZ 2010 (EURO III + PF) (EURO IV + PF) & & "StEP" "StEP" 0 44

36 Air Pollution Control Plan Core measure: low emision zone traffic restriction for high emitting vehicles in the cenral city area stage I: 2008, Diesel vehicles require at least stage II: 2010, Diesel vehicles require at least gasoline vehicles need at least EURO II EURO III & particle trap EURO II scrutiny in 2006, whether retrofit with particle trap could be required already in stage I still needed... national labelling scheme for clean vehicles Federal Government economic incentives, in particular for clean (or retrofitted) vans and lorries Federal Government 45

37 Air Pollution Control Planning impact of various control scenarios Expected decrease of PM10 in Berlin % -11% -13% -14% annual average PM10 [µg/m³] % -13% -24% -30% -8% -10% -11% -15% -10% -10% -10% -10% local increment urban increment regional BG CLE 2010 LEZ 2010 LEZ StEP 2010 "MFR" 46

38 LEZ & StEP scenario 2010 PM10 reduction beyond the trend scenario 2010 Difference in annual PM10 in µg/m³ between trend scenario 2010 and 24h limit LEZ&StEP value annual limit value low emission zone low emission zone >1 Mio. inh., 100 km² 47

39 LEZ & StEP scenario 2010 predicted PM10 concentration in main road network Beusselstr 24h limit value annual limit value remaining hot spots where local traffic management could be an option 48