The Challenge of Air Quality Management in the Ruhr Area, Germany

Transcription

1 The Challenge of Air Quality Management in the Ruhr Area, Germany Winfried Straub 1, Sabine Wurzler 1, Heike Hebbinghaus 1, Hendrik Elbern 2, and Michael Memmesheimer 2 1 North Rhine Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection 2 Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research, EURAD-Project, University of Cologne

2 LANUV-NRW: Who we are and what we do Official state agency with 8 departments, total staff > 1200 Department 4: Air quality, Noise, Vibrations, Radioactivity Responsibilities: protection of the health of the citizens of North Rhine-Westphalia informing the public on dangerous levels of air pollution answer all kind of questions concerning environment implementation of EC directives reporting to the EC... Requirement: latest and most accurate information about air pollution on a day-to-day basis. Consequences: Measuring and modelling of air quality

3 NRW and the EC Air Quality Directives: The Challenges Ruhr metropolitan region: one of the largest conurbations in Europe Duisburg: one of the biggest steel production sites worldwide Duisburg: biggest European inland port NRW: Transit area: 2200 km motorways, 5100 km national roads 33 % of German electricity production 42 % of German steel production 28 % of German NO x emissions 50 % of industrial PM10 emissions Most industrial sites from the 19th century close neighbourhood of industrial and residential areas

4 EC Air Quality Directive and its Consequences EC air quality directive and its daughters require: Assessment of the air quality on the whole territory of each member state Information of the public Combined efforts of monitoring networks and modeling Limit values have to be met for e.g., PM10 in 2005 (2011) and for e.g., NO 2 in 2010 (2015). Implementation of plans and programs to achieve these obligations if pollution levels are too high. EC notification procedure Penalty by European Court of Justice

5 Air Quality in NRW in cases for NO 2 > 40 µg/m³ 74 µg/m³ Düren Euskirchenerstr. 67 µg/m³ Düsseldorf Corneliusstr. 65 µg/m³ Cologne Clevischer Ring Trend of NO 2 annual averages until present (µg/m³) suburban (11 sites) urban (8 sites) traffic exposed (7 sites) Main contributor is road traffic. No case with PM10 > 40 µg/m³ 5 cases with daily average PM10 concentration > 50 µg/m³ for more than 35 days Main contributors are regional background, road traffic, and industry time

6 Modelling Strategy Regional background EURAD model simulations Those combined with increments for urban background and street canyons (e. g., IMMIS Luft model simulations) total air quality in street canyons will the measures do the job? Example Ruhr Area

7 European Dispersion and Deposition Model EURAD model domain projection Orography Land use Meteorological initial and boundary conditions Emission Data MM5 mesoscale meteorological model EEM Eurad Emissions Model CTM Chemistry Transport Model MADE aerosol dynamics Concentration and deposition of air pollutants

8 European Dispersion and Deposition Model EURAD Emissions: Meteorology: Chemistry: Aerosols: EEM MM5 CTM MADE N0: Europe 125 km x 125 km N1: Germany 25 km x 25 km N2: NRW 5 km x 5 km

9 EURAD 2009 PM10 and NO 2 annual mean in µg/m³ CTM ELN: PM10 [ug/m3] - Jahresmittelwert 2009 PM10 49, 44 CTM ELN: NO2 [ug/m3] - Jahresmittelwert 2009 NO 2 49, 44 1, 1 LEEDS BIRMINGHAM LONDON HAMBURG BERLIN AMSTERDAM ESSEN DORTMUND BRUEXELLES KOELN PRAHA FRANKFURT PARIS MUENCHEN MILANO CTM Analysis Package c by EURAD Tue Oct 5 15:41: , 1 LEEDS BIRMINGHAM LONDON ESSEN DORTMUND BRUEXELLES KOELN PARIS AMSTERDAM HAMBURG BERLIN FRANKFURT MILANO PRAHA MUENCHEN CTM Analysis Package c by EURAD Tue Oct 5 15:41: > >40 15

10 RIU EURAD-IM & GMES PROMOTE PROMOTE: Air Quality Monitoring, Analysis and Forecast Service Integration of models, satellites and groundbased measurements Data assimilation and verification Public information

11 Ruhr Area: Measures to improve air quality Air quality plan: Heavy duty traffic (HDT) routing concept Low emission zone (LEZ) stage 1 Parking restrictions Road cleaning... Further measures... EC notification procedure: LEZ stage 2

12 Red, yellow, or green? Getting a sticker or not... Type (SG) Sticker none red yellow green Diesel engine Euro 1 or worse Euro 2 or Euro 1 plus particle filter Euro 3 or Euro 2 plus particle filter Euro 4 or Euro 3 plus particle filter Petrol engine No controlled catalytic converter Euro 1 SG = Schadstoffgruppe = emission type

13 Example Ruhr Area: effect of LEZ stage 1 Umweltzone Ruhrgebiet (ab 10/2008) Luftqualität in Straßenschluchten mit Wohnbebauung Decrease PM10 (µg/m³) NO 2 (µg/m³) LEZ Modelling Average 1 2 Measurement 3,3 1,7 Model calculation with Immis Luft and EURAD-Fladis Area: total ca km², LEZ 230 km² Length of investigated streets: 746 km Number of streets: ca Red NO 2 > 40 µg/m³ = limit value exceeded

14 Present and future air quality in the Ruhr Area Measurements 2010: PM10: 3 cities ( 5 sites) with > 35 exceedance days (industrial sites) NO 2 : 37 cities (78 sites) > 40 µg/m³ annual mean (traffic sites) EC notification procedure Part 1: Air quality in 2015 without additional measures Modelling 2015: Combination of EURAD model results and Immis Luft NO 2 : 23 cities > 40 µg/m³ annual mean despite measures Further measures required for EC notification procedure Immis Luft is a screening model, more precise a Canyon Plume box model.

15 Ruhr Area, Model calculations, Example Gladbecker Straße, Essen NO 2 annual means (µg/m³), measured within and outside of street canyon vehicles per day HDT (> 3,5 t) 5.2% No busses Traffic situation: URB/Distributor/50/* * = Level of service (Freeflow, Heavy, Saturated, Stop&go) according to traffic density with hourly update. NO 2 annual mean: Model: 56 µg/m³ Measurement 2009: 56 µg/m³

16 Local NO x -emissions, Gladbecker Straße (2008) for different scenarios NOx emissions (kg/(km*a)) Cars LDV HDV > 3,5 t Busses base case green LEZ green LEZ + HDT ban reduction to meet LV

17 Calculated NO 2 burden (µg/m³, annual mean), Gladbecker Straße, for different scenarios NO2 annual mean (µg/m³) Background Local traffic base case green LEZ green LEZ + HDT ban reduction to meet LV

18 Concluding remarks Regional air quality service is a valuable instrument to fulfill the requirements by the EC Air Quality Directives for air quality planning and information of the public. European abatement particularly important for areas with high background levels (e.g. NRW, NL, B) Reasonable local (regional) measures alone will not do the job! Compliance for NO 2 only possible with drastic reductions of local road traffic emissions, equivalent to reduction of traffic volume to less than 25 %. Lacking coherence of European air quality objectives and European measures: PM10 (June 2011); NO 2 (2015) versus EURO 6/VI: 2014/15

19 Thank you for your interest!

20 In which projects are we involved? - Promote (core user) - Pasodoble (user, advisory board), global to regional data - MACC (user, advisory board), regional to local data What services do we use? - Mainly regional air quality data - Project partners RIU EURAD and DLR Why? EC Air quality directives - Air quality plans (area wide monitoring, source apportionment) - Notification procedure (transboundary transport, source apportionment) - Information for the public (model forecasts on our internet pages)

21 Exceeded limit values, what are the consequences in Europe? Before the end of 2005 (PM10) / 2010 (NO 2 ): Air quality plans with measures such as, e.g., Low emission zones (LEZ) Ban of heavy duty vehicles + improved traffic flow in urban street canyons Industrial measures, such as filter systems, renewal with state of the art techniques or better Cleaning of roads or transport belts/ways

22 Exceeded limit values for PM10 and NO 2 : what are the consequences in Europe? After 2005 (PM10) or 2010 (NO 2 ): EC notification procedure (Directive 2008/50/EC), including more measures to comply with the limit values IF Successful = time extension until 2011 (PM10) or 2015 (NO 2 ) IF Not successful = trip to the European Court of Justice first stage: implement measures immediately second stage: penalty How much? Values taken from a similar case: daily fine of more than until the member state complies additional lump sum fine of Already in trouble: Sweden, Czech Republic, France for PM10...

23 The new daughter directive 2008/50/EC EC-notification procedure If the limit values for PM10, NO 2 or benzene are not met in 2005/2010: Under special circumstances: Extension of time (PM10: 2011, NO 2 : 2015), amendment, EC-notification procedure Otherwise: infringement procedure at the European Court of Justice, consequence: the member state has to pay a considerable amount of money What are those special circumstances: - Adverse site specific dispersion conditions (street canyon) - Adverse climatic conditions - High contribution of transboundary pollution You need to prove that in the EC-notification procedure. Transboundary transport of pollution EURAD model Furthermore prove compliance to the limit values at extended deadline

24 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe Article 22 Postponement of attainment deadlines and exemption from the obligation to apply certain limit values 1. Where, in a given zone or agglomeration, conformity with the limit values for nitrogen dioxide or benzene cannot be achieved by the deadlines specified in Annex XI, a Member State may postpone those deadlines by a maximum of five years for that particular zone or agglomeration, on condition that an air quality plan is established in accordance with Article 23 for the zone or agglomeration to which the postponement would apply; such air quality plan shall be supplemented by the information listed in Section B of Annex XV related to the pollutants concerned and shall demonstrate how conformity will be achieved with the limit values before the new deadline. EC notification procedure

25 EC notification form = 20 excel sheets to be filled in Measurements Source apportionment Air quality in 2015 Effectiveness of measures...