Options and opportunities for waste to energy technologies

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1 Options and opportunities for waste to energy technologies Dr Geraint Evans Head of Biofuels and Bioenergy NNFCC

2 Today s presentation UK W2E Scene Waste available Policy focus on MSW/C&I Waste to energy Mass burn incineration Advanced thermal processes gasification Power Heat Fuels Biochemical processes

3 UK waste arisings, million tonnes/year (2008) England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Total MSW C&I waste C&D waste Total About half goes to landfill Landfilling will decline over next decade but will still be in use

4 As electrical power equivalent in GWe, assuming 25% conversion efficiency England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Total MSW C&I waste C&D waste Total Compare against: Drax 4 GWe; 7% of UK power supply Air Products IGCC 50 MWe Typical mass burn incineration plant 25 MWe

5 Bioenergy Strategy - April 2012 Sets out the Governments approach to ensuring that the benefits from bioenergy are secured. Four principles ensure: Looking out to 2050, genuine carbon reductions are achieved Bioenergy is cost effective Regular assessment of potential unintended consequences Uncertainty is not sufficient to justify inaction. Lower risk pathways have been identified: Use of wastes Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) Transport, in particular advanced biofuels Electricity, primarily coal conversion but also CHP longer term, CCS becomes important.

6 Doing the right thing Defra Waste Review Get the most energy out of residual waste and not the most waste into energy recovery Waste incineration directive (WID) The WID places strict conditions and minimum technical requirements on operators Waste hierarchy Will limit available waste

7 Energy from waste options MRF MBT MHT Thermal Mass burn Gasification Waste Treatment RDF SRF RRBF Pyrolysis Composting Biological AD Sugars fermentation

8 Combustion converts the chemical energy in the waste into heat; gasification and pyrolysis convert the chemical energy in the waste into chemical energy in a gaseous (or liquid) form.

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11 Key features Strict compliance with WID but, poor image; challenging planning Large scale ( kt/yr) - economics driven Typically 23% efficient although latest plants quoting 27% Efficiency will drop if insufficient feed material or if feed too wet

12 kt/yr MWe Name Location NNFCC 1 EFW Viridor/Ineos/John Laing CHP (plus 51 Runcorn MWth) 2 EFW Peel Environmental Ince Ltd Cheshire 3 EFW Cory Environmental Riverside EFW London 4 EFW London Waste Ltd Edmonton 5 EFW Allington Quarry Kent 6 EFW Kent Enviropower Ltd Maidstone 7 EFW South East London CHPr Limited Lewisham 8 EFW Lakeside Energy From Waste Limited Colnbrook, Slough 9 EFW Sita London 10 EFW Selchp Middlesex 11 EFW Tyseley Waste Disposal Ltd Birmingham 12 EFW Viridor, Trident Park Cardiff 13 EFW Peel Environment CHP North Yorkshire 14 EFW Biffa Skelton Grange Leeds 15 EFW Project E2R (Veolia for Staffs CC) Staffordshire 16 EFW Oxford waste partnership Oxfordshire 17 EFW Coventry/Solihull Waste Disp Co Ltd Coventry 18 EFW MVV Umwelt Plymouth waste CHP Plymouth 19 EFW FCC Environment Buckinghamshire 20 EFW Newhurst EFW, Biffa Leicestershire 21 EFW Norfolk PFI EFW Norfolk 22 EFW WasteNotts (Reclamation) Ltd Nottingham 23 EFW Bogmoor Road, Peel Environmental Ltd Glasgow 24 EFW SITA Tees Valley Limited Billingham, Teesside

13 11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects) kt/yr MWe Name Location 25 EFW Veolia ES South Downs Ltd Newhaven 26 EFW Veolia ES Sheffield Limited Sheffield 27 EFW MES Environmental Limited Stoke 28 EFW Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd (Marchwood) Southampton 29 EFW Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Portsmouth 30 EFW SITA (Kirklees) Limited Huddersfield 31 EFW Greater Manchester Waste Ltd Bolton 32 EFW MES Environmental Limited Wolverhampton 33 EFW Veolia ES Hampshire Ltd Chineham 34 EFW MES Environmental Limited Dudley, West Midlands 35 EFW Viridor, Peterborough Peterborough 36 EFW n/a 7 Sita, Richmond Hill, Douglas Isle of Man 37 EFW 60 3 Viridor, Devon CC Exeter 38 EFW 56 4 Newlincs Development Ltd Grimsby 39 EFW 53 4 Neath Port Talbot Recycling Ltd Swansea 40 EFW 22 7 MWt Lerwick (heat only) Shetlands 41 EFW Council of The Isles of Scilly Cornwall

14 11.5 MT waste; 1,000 MWe. Up to about 20% thermally processed now; could rise to about 34% (excluding gasification projects) TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA TPA MWe 6-10 MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe MWe

15 WtE capacity in UK Could soon to be up to about 11.5 million tonnes/year; ~1000 MWe Was 4.4 MT in Tightness starting to appear North European Market estimated to have overcapacity of MT in 2011, with gate fees falling number of landfill sites MWe net ACT Figures show number of projects

16 Gasification - Flexible / no regrets technologies Mitigate against inherent uncertainties of projecting deployment scenarios over long timescales (including the uncertainties around CCS) Emerging analysis (TINA, ETI, NNFCC) suggests that the development of advanced conversion technologies, in particular reliable gasification and clean-up at scale, is crucial in allowing us to realise this insurance. Crucial gasification variants identified are Advanced biofuels (e.g. FT fuels) Biopower Heat (biomethane/biosng) Technology innovation needed to reduce cost, increase efficiency, increase reliability to support the development of flexible bioenergy which can adapt to inherent uncertainties.

17 Strategy identifies gasification as a key opportunity values its flexibility Gasification direct combustion syngas chemical synthesis Furnace/Boiler Methane (biosng) Engine/Turbine Fuel cell Fischer Tropsch Ethanol (fermentation) Mixed alcohols synthesis Hydrogen DiMethylEther (DME) Methanol synthesis Diesel / jet fuel n-paraffins MTO/MOGD Formaldehyde Heat Power Fuels chemicals and materials Carbon monoxide Acetyls Ammonia Fertilisers

18 Bioenergy Strategy Opportunities Use of wastes Heat (direct biomass and biomethane) Transport, in particular advanced biofuels Electricity, primarily coal conversion to biomass but also CHP longer term, CCS becomes important (strong ETI interest in bioccs).

19 Individual technologies are commercially available, particularly the applications. More work is needed to prove the gasification step, to develop enhanced gas clean up for the more advanced applications. The key risks are at the interfaces. Gas cleaning /polishing and conditioning Gasification Syngas cleaning & conditioning All applications are proven but not for biomass boilers and engines are most viable in near term

20 Gasification to power is emerging with about 800 MWe of projects. Efficiencies are in the range 18-33% with potential to increase towards 40%. Most projects use steam; where power is produced using an engine or turbine, the gasifiers are either downdraft or use plasma treatment in some way

21 ETI Waste to Energy Demonstrator Royal Dahlman leads consortium to win a contract from the ETI to build a 7 MWe combined cycle (IGCC) power plant incorporating a gas turbine MILENA indirect gasifier with OLGA syngas cleanup technology Multi feedstock (RDF/SRF/wood) Ongoing Pilot plant testing Process design Site development Permitting Planning

22 air Gasification and heat - biosng tars Char combustion Gasification C0 H 2 Syngas cooling & cleaning Methanation Purification CH 4 natural gas network (steam) H 2 O heat H 2 O CO 2 wood water (steam) UK electrical grid Dual gasifier with steam, and indirect heating from char combustion. First plants plan to use only dried clean wood feedstock Syngas cleaning to remove tars and other contaminants to the ppb level Methanation at high pressure, with removal of excess heat to generate power and steam Purification to ensure biosng meets network standards before injection

23 Biomass gasification to produce biosng is only at the demonstration stage, with limited experience in downstream fuel synthesis integration Three developers now active: Developer Project Location Stage Size and start-up year BioSNG Güssing Austria Pilot 1 MW biosng unit built at the 8 MW th Güssing CHP plant in June 2009, as part of the EU Bio-SNG project. Previous 10kW biosng test-rig in 2003 REPOTEC- CTU Gazobois Eclépens Switzerland Commercial 21.5 MW biosng plant starting in 2012 GoBiGas Gothenburg Sweden Commercial 20 MW biosng in MW biosng in 2015/6 with Goteborg Energi & E.ON Possible 200MW biosng plant with E.ON after 2015 ECN ECN Petten Netherlands Not yet determined Pilot Demo 25 kw th input test-rig started in kW th CHP pilot plant (no biosng) in 2008 Plans for a 50MW th plant in 2016, after demonstrating CHP plant at 10MW th with HVC APP / Prog Eng / Nat Grid APP Swindon Pilot Plans to convert existing APP pilot plant to produce biosng. 1 st on waste

24 Illustrative BA/Solena Jet Fuel Plant Schematic Gas cleaning /polishing and conditioning Gasification Syngas cleaning & conditioning Fischer Tropsch Wax upgrading

25 Biomass to Liquids - Ineos Bio Process to produce ethanol via gasification is about to be demonstrated at commercial scale on Teesside. This, along with the BA/Solena jet fuel plant, will leapfrog the UK in a world leading position with respect to BTL.

26 Coal conversion to biomass and co-firing: Metso are building a 140 MW fluidised bed wood gasifier in Vaasa, Finland to co-fire syngas with coal 40 million 25-40% coal replacement Removes ash from combustion process Biomass can be brought on line during planned shutdown commissioning due December 2012 Power station still can operate on 100% coal if necessary

27 Gasification of wastes to produce power is emerging most strongly Increasing interest in biosng in the UK Strongest interest in advanced biofuels from gasification currently from aviation industry; lack of drive and policy from UK Government could be a derailer NNFCC

28 Biomass (including the biomass contained with wastes) consists of two complex sugars and lignin Does not convert to ethanol: Source of natural aromatics (R&D) Source of energy for process Xylose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, glucose Hemicellulose (C5 sugar) Lignin Lignin Cellulose (C6 sugar) bacteria Cellulose (C6 sugar) Hemicellulose (C5 sugar) Ethanol Yeast/ bacteria Klinke et al., 2000

29 Lignocellulosic Ethanol Technology Overview Biochemical Route Lignin Does not convert to ethanol Can be used to Provide heat and power Make aromatics Example technology suppliers Abengoa Bluefire Iogen Mascoma POET Royal Nedalco Fiberight UK and Wastes Green Biologics (butanol via ABE) BioCaldol TMO renewables Genensys (Selby) CPI (Research) Rahu (early stages)

30 UK W2E Scene Mass burn incineration is the most well established technology Some impressive facilities; WID compliant; efficiencies being quoted at up to 27%, typically around 23% Large scale kt/year; typically about 25 MWe Only get subsidy if CHP need for heat networks ~1000 MWe of capacity built and in build Planning challenges, poor image Gasification (and pyrolysis) supported by Government flexibility Efficiencies to power of up to 40% possible- but up to about 35% presently Numbers of UK projects to produce power Can be used to produce fuels, biosng, chemicals (materials) but deployment timescales behind power production Biochemical fuels production Waste heterogenity might be an issue Some companies progressing the opportunity in the UK. Strong UK R&D capability Combination of thermochemical and biochemical could be a disruptor

31 Leadership Team