Impact of measures to improve urban air quality in Spain. Studies to estimate impact of measures for improving air quality in Spain and in some cities

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1 Impact of measures to improve urban air quality in Spain. Studies to estimate impact of measures for improving air quality in Spain and in some cities Fernando Martín, Marta G. Vivanco, José Luis Santiago, Rocío Alonso, Alberto Martilli Atmospheric Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Madrid. Spain TFIAM/FAIRMODE Workshop on modelling of urban and regional measures for improve air quality February, 2017, Utrecht, The Netherlands

2 Outline Past studies: International contribution to air pollution in Spain Reducing PM10 levels applying BATs in ceramic industries Impact of traffic redistribution on a district of Pamplona Impact of house heating on AQ of a district of Madrid Effect of photocatalytic pavements in urban areas Impact of periurban forest in ozone levels APPRAISAL project Present studies: Impact of street vegetation on street air quality Next studies: Effect of action plan for episodes in Madrid Estimating the impact of emission reductio dur to Directive if National Emission Ceilings

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5 Reducing PM10 levels applying BATs in ceramic industries (Castellón area) DUSTCERAM project Lat (UTM) Alcora Onda Castellón Villareal Burriana Nules La Vall d Uixó Almenara Cabenes Oropesa Benicasim Long (UTM) PM10 annual mean concentration estimated with MM5-MELPUFF (base case) Lat (UTM) Alcora Onda Cabenes Oropesa Benicasim Castellón Villareal PM10 annual mean concentration estimated with MM5-MELPUFF assuming implementation of BAT in the ceramic industries 4420 Burriana Nules La Vall d Uixó Almenara Long (UTM)

6 Traffic Reorganization Plaza de la Cruz (Centre of Pamplona, Spain)

7 Traffic Reorganization CFD modelling to compute the contribution of each street Total E1 Avenida de Baja Navarra E2 Avenida de Zaragoza Wind ESE (112,5º) 0 0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E3 Alrededores de la Plaza de la Cruz E4 Avenida de Galicia NUEVAS MEDIDAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD - UIMP - SANTANDER 7

8 Traffic Reorganization Proposal of traffic reorganization: 30% Traffic reduction in streets 2 and 3 75 % of the traffic reduction in streets 2 and 3 goes to street 1 25 % of the traffic reduction in streets 2 and 3 goes to street 4 Effects: Important reduction of pollution at point A and B where there were high concentrations Incresing of pollution at point C but with lower level than at points A and B. Point A Point B Point C B A % Concentration respect point A % Change of number of LV exceedances Before After Before After Before 35 - E1 E2 E3 E4 After C

9 MODELLING THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FUELS FOR BOILERS FOR HOUSE HEATING ON AIR QUALITY OF AN URBAN DISTRICT OF MADRID House heating (different scenarios of fuels: Biomass, coal and natural gas) and road traffic CFD Modelling Low impact of house heating in base scenario, but if massive use of biomass or coal the impact on PM10 is very important Escenario Proporción de tipos de calderas en consumo energético 0 Biomasa=0.6%; Gas Natural=76.6%; Productos Petrolíferos=20.6%; Carbón=2.2% Aumento del área de superaciones de 50 µg/m 3 de PM10 respecto al escenario base Máximo aproximado de la concentración de PM10 debido a las calderas (µg/m 3 ) 0% a Biomasa(150 mg/m 3 )=25% ; 20% 6 Gas Natural=75% 1.b Biomasa(60 mg/m 3 )=25% ; 3% 2.5 Gas Natural=75% 2.a Biomasa(150 mg/m 3 )=50% ; 52% 11 Gas Natural=50% 2.b Biomasa(60 mg/m 3 )=50% ; 14% 4.5 Gas Natural=50% 3.a Biomasa(150 mg/m 3 )=75% ; 85% 16 Gas Natural=25% 3.b Biomasa(60 mg/m 3 )=75% ; 24% 6.5 Gas Natural=25% 4.a Biomasa(150 mg/m 3 )=100% ; 117% 21 4.b Biomasa(60 mg/m 3 )=100% 38% Gas Natural=100% -7% Carbón=100% 278% 55 ESCENARIO 0 ESCENARIO 4.a

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12 Effect of street vegetation on air quality Paradox: Urban vegetation removes pollutants (deposition). Urban vegetation disturb the wind fields and turbulence affecting to pollutant dispersion. Vos et al., 2013 Environmental Pollution Modelling studies Experimental campaigns

13 Effect of urban vegetation in a district of Madrid CFD Modelling NUEVAS MEDIDAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD - UIMP - SANTANDER 13

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15 Effect of street vegetation on urban air quality CFD simulations taken into account deposition + dynamic effects V DepositonMicro = 10 cm/s Dense foliage Light foliage No vegetation

16 LIFE-RESPIRA project Participants: Universidad de Navarra, CIEMAT, GANASA General objetive: Assessment of cyclists and pedestrians exposure to urban air pollution. Modelling objectives: o High resolution modelling of urban air quality. o Quantifying and modelling the effect of urban vegetation on urban air quality. o. Pamplona district C C LAD= 0. 5; Vdep= 3 LAD= 0. 5; Vdep= 3 SIM Real SIM New Veg NOx [µg/m³] March 2016 UTC NOx_EXP NOx_SIM (LAD = 0.1) Dynamic/dispersion effects are more important than pollutant deposition effects.

17 Field experiments investigating effect of urban vegetation LIFE-RESPIRA Experiments in street canyons. Two streets. One with trees and other without trees. Simulations with CFD model. Experiments in streets crossing urban parks: Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk Effect of trees

18 Experiments in street canyons Meteo Pollutants Campaigns in different seasons Microsensors, Grimm and meteorology Trees No trees Calle 21,1m San Fermín 10m Calle Tafalla 11,8m 7,9m 4,2m 11,7m 6,8m 3,4m 15,5m 6,5 3,8 At 6.8 m (a.g.l) At 11.7 m -15% respect lower level -28% respect lower level At 6.5 m (a.g.l.) At 10 m -14% respect lower level -14% respect lower level

19 Experiments in street canyons

20 Experiments in streets crossing urban parks Effect of trees on black carbon meteo Contaminantes atmosf. Ave. Navarra Preliminary results: No significative effect. Check depending wind direction

21 Experiments in streets crossing urban parks: Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk on black carbon Ave. Navarra Some preliminary data show BC concentrations are lower (10-15%) behind the hedge compared to places without hedges

22 TECNAIRE Project Coordinated by UPM Participants CIEMAT, UCM, CSIC Plaza Fernández Ladreda Escuelas Aguirre Interpolated measurements Modeled concentrations 22

23 Appraisal Project Air Pollution Policies for Assessment of Integrated Strategies At regional and Local scales (ENV FP7-ENV one-stage) Coordinator: Brescia University, Italy, Partners: JRC, U. Aveiro, VITO, INERIS, CIEMAT, etc Stakeholders: ARPA Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, IIASA, etc)

24 Appraisal Project Scenario assessment, expert opinion How to select the best scenario to improve the air quality? Best cost/benefit ratio Optimization Guidance document on integrated air quality and health assessment systems Test areas: Aveiro and Brussels

25 Next studies Impact of applying protocol for high pollution episodes in Madrid December TECNAIRE project. Colaboration with UPM (Julio Lumbreras and Rafael Borge group and other research groups). Analysis of recorded data at AQ stations and other data WRF/CMAQ simulations Use of CFD modelling to investigate the effect of private traffic cuts in the Gran Via street.

26 Next studies Estimating the effect of the pollutant emission reductions in Spain as a result of the Directive of National Emission Ceilings. Contract with Spanish Environment Ministry. Iberian Peninsula domain including Balearic Islands What improvements on AQ are expected from reduction scenarios by SNAP sectors? Tools: WRF/CHIMERE and SHERPA tool (Screening High Emission Reduction Potential on Air from FAIRMODE)