Options of water savings and examples of new sanitary elements in touristic areas

Transcription

1 Options of water savings and examples of new sanitary elements in touristic areas Matthias Barjenbruch, Sabine Rühmland TU Berlin, Dept. Urban Water Management, Secr. TIB 1B-16 Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D Berlin Tel.: +49 / (0) 30 / ; Fax: +49 / (0) 30 / matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

2 Development of water demand in the different sectors Available fresh water amount: 9,000 - max.14,000 km³/a Current consumption: 5,500 km³/a agriculture industry household withdrawal withdrawal withdrawal consumption consumption consumption Quelle:

3 Utilization of water resources in Germany Total available water resources 188 billion cubic meter Actual use about 19% (35,6. billion m³)

4 Water issues in touristic areas Damages due to untreated wastewater in natural waters: - algae blooms - loss of biodiversity - silting in bathing and drinking water: - diseases (diarrhoea, bilharziose) bad reputation for tourists High water demand Drinking/showering Pool/irrigation Laundry Best way to handle water? Saving water Treating water Recycling water Quelle:

5 Extreme Fluctuations of Flow and Loading Season Non Season

6 Water consumption by touristis Review by Gössling et al., 2011, Modified Region Accomodation type Water use L/person and day India Household 25 Germany/Berlin Household 122/ 111 Italy Household 249 USA Household 374 Mediterranean Mostly hotels 250 Mediterranean Campsites 145 Sharm El Sheikh 5 star hotels 1,410-2,190 per room Melbourne Various standards Scandinavia Hilton chain 516

7 Options for careful use and treatment of water Touristic areas Reducing the water consumption Increasing awareness by education Installation of water saving armatures Water re-use Decentralized treatment with local re-use Water recycling in the laundry Grey-water treatment Proper wastewater treatment Advanced treatment with nutrient removal Treatment with the option of irrigation Water Fertilizer Exploring new water resources like sea water e.g. desalination

8 Saving Water Principle: Economical handling of water (European Water-Charta68) Water supply company Control and reduction of water losses in the pipe network Using water with lower quality than drinking water for minor purposes (e.g. road cleaning) Abolishing digressive water fees for high consuming costumers Industry and producing trade Replace water when drinking water quality is not needed Applying of water saving technologies (Recycling, Clean-inplace etc.) Agriculture Plants related and time optimized irrigation Applying fluid manure

9 Water saving methods (Household/Hotel) Change of consumption behavior Showering instead of taking a bath Washing and dishwasher completely loaded (optional renewal) Stopping water flow while washing your body and tooth brushing Repairing leaking armatures Adapted lawn irrigation Reducing car washing Water saving armatures 6/3 l-flush toilette, Stop button One arm armatures, perlators, flow limitation Water saving washing-machine or dishwasher Body shaped bath tube Rainwater and grey-water utilization Possible amount of saving water > 20 l/(person d) Take care of limiting the hygienically status

10 Rising awareness Example Cairo

11 Water saving armature Shower Head Water saving shower head: Reduction the water consumption from liter per minute down to 6-8 liters per minute (~ 70% reduction)

12 Water saving armature Faucet Sink Aerators Perlator: reduction of the water consumption by the tap of liter per minute down to about 10 liter per minute (~ reduction)

13 Water saving armature Faucet Sink Sprinkler, example Brazil

14 Waster saving armature flow limiter Additional saving methods: Flow limiter for taps Cold water in middle position (one armed taps ususally 50%:50 % Hot-/cold water) Mechanical Stop

15 Body shaped bathtube

16 Water Consumption Household machines Washing machine Dish washer Production l/cyclus l/cyclus Today l/5kg 16l/cyclus

17 Greywater Treatment

18 FBR-wasserspiegel 2/06, modified Reuse of Greywater Freshwater use in Germany 122 l/(p d) toilet; 30% personal hygiene; 38% washing; 13% garden; 3% other cleaning; 5% eat and drink; 4% dish washing; 7% Substitutable by recycled greywater

19 Decentralised Treatment with Recycling of Water 1. Residential Buildings 2. Building Complexes (e.g. hotels) 3. Grey water treatment plant Recycling and reuse diminish the peak flow!

20 Grey-water quality Specific load Concentration Parameter Unit Median range (min-max) Dataquality Unit Median range (min-max) Dataquality Specific flow l/(i d) Org. substances Nurtients SS l/(i d) mg/l BOD 5 g/(i d) mg/l COD g/(i d) mg/l N g/(i d) 1,0 0,1 1,7 ++ mg/l 15 6,7 27,2 + P g/(i d) 0,5 0,1 2,2 ++ mg/l 5,4 0,4 11,0 + K g/(i d) 1,0 0,2 4,1 ++ mg/l 8,8 k.a. - S g/(i d) 2,9 0,5 7,7 + mg/l 72 k.a. - Data quality: - bad (or not available) + middle ++ good Source: neuartige Sanitärsysteme, DWA 2008

21 Quality requirements for flushing water International Standards Special for Greywater recycling Source: neuartige Sanitärsysteme, DWA 2008 Parameter Unit Germany UK Australia China Japan USA (Berliner Merkblatt, 1995) (BSRIA TN 7/2002) (Queensland, 2005) Klasse A (GB/T ) (Public Buildings Association, 2005) (USEPA, 2004) BOD 5 mg/l BOD 7 < 5 Solve oxygen > 1 Turbidity NTU < 60% at 254 nm Mikrobial quality < 100/ml Total coli. < 10/ml Ecoli. < 1/ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chlorime (Cl 2 ) mg/l 0,5-2 < 60% at 254 nm <1000/100 ml Total coli. 20 (Medianwert) 2 (5) als 95%- Perzentil (Max.) < 10 cfu/100ml E. coli (Medianwert) 10 < < 2 2 3/l Coli. E. coli not dectable ph-value - 6-8, ,8-8, nach 30 min 0,2 am Rohrend e 0,1 freies Chlor oder 0,4 gebundenes Chlor No color- and no smell for wide acceptance! No dectable E.coli. /100 ml 1 (Minimum)

22 Infrastructure for Grey-water-recycling discharge Treatment and Storage distribution other sources other application Advantage while application for toilette flushing Grey-water amount covers need for flushing water No thickening of harmful substances in the cycle Recycling for other purpose depends on the washing power quality Safety of supply and stability of quality have to be in the focus!

23 Recycling of grey-water Example South Africa Treated grey-water for the use of showering and washing Challenge of acceptance Treated grey-water for the use of laundry Challenge of acceptance Challenge of washing powder quality

24 Grey Water Treatment Examples

25 Constructed wetland Vertical reed bed Pumpenschacht Pit Soil filter Effluentf Advantage Low energy demand Possibility for owners to support during construction Low maintenance Disadvantage High space demand Tendency for clogging

26 Grey Water Mowing bed Technology Washing machine effluent COD untreated = mg/l elimination rate = % [Bowe, 2009]

27 Membran technology Membran bioreator for grey-water treatment Fa. Hans Huber AG (left) and Fa. GEP Umwelttechnik (right)

28 Water recycling Hotel laundry

29 The amount of wastewater in laundries (washing machine) 5 processing modes in professional/industry washing machines Mode Amount of wastewater [l]* pre-washing 13 main washing 21 rinsing I 24 rinsing II 25 rinsing III 30 Sum 113 Data varies depending on: the type of washing machine, the amount of clothes to be cleaned and the chosen program

30 Water recycling with membranes Hotel laundries Recycling of the complete water approx. rate of % process: ultrafiltration or nanofiltration Recycling only rinsing water process: microfiltration (MF) water can be used for pre-washing and main washing Savings: l (50%) Example: Treated wastewater: 1,2 m³/d 365 d/a = 438 m³/a Costs of operation: /a Recycling rate 80 %: 350 m³/a Savings (fresh- and wastewater): 350 m³ (5,70-2) /m³ 1,295 /a

31 Source: LIWATEC process scheme

32 Advanced wastewater Treatment and centralized re-use

33 The coast line of Germany North Sea Sylt Darss Heiligenhafen

34 Wastewater Disposal in Regions of Tourism Specific Challenges Extreme fluctuations of flow and loading seasonal changes sudden peaks within a few days e.g. example New Years Eve Doubling of the wastewater amount 2.5-times of the organic load 3-times of the load of nitrogen Strict effluent demands (discharge into bathing water) Increased amount of fatty substances Often low alkalinity especially when using water supply out of dunes

35 Methods for Wastewater Treatment - central solutions Several lines Chemical-treatment Dosage of chemicals during season Precipitation and flocculation agents External carbon-sources for post-denitrification-process Separate line during season (no nitrogen removal) Activated sludge system Raising of the content of dry solids up to the technically possible limit Regulated raw sewage storage tank External storage tanks for nitrifyers Hybrid method ( two-stages in time of peak load, one-stage during normal operation) e.g. combination of activated sludge and (facultative) biofilter

36 Sudden Peak at Christmas/New Years Eve Example WWTP Westerland/Sylt Dry weather Inflow Date

37 Sudden Peak at Christmas/New Years Eve Simulation results: Example WTP Westerland/Sylt Limiting value N anorg. 10 mg/l max.n anorganic = 7.6 mg/l Date

38 Final design of the WTP Westerland/Sylt 3 Raw wastewater storage tanks Biological P-Removal Final filtration 2 line cascade denitrification

39 High effluent demands Wastewater disinfection is often required Technical methods of disinfection: Physical Methods Thermal Treatment Membrane filtration UV-irradiation at λ ca. 250 nm combined with a filtration Chemical Methods Ozonisation Chlorination (carcinogenic) Dosage H 2 O 2

40 Wastewater re-use and disposal in touristic areas Specific challenge High freshwater demand extreme fluctuation of loading High effluent quality required Implementing water saving methods Decentral solution Treatment of greywater recycling and reuse for several purposes Central solution facultative treatment facility and re-use for irrigation