John S. Andrepont, President The Cool Solutions Company. ECOSTOCK 2006 Absecon, New Jersey, U.S.A. - June 1, 2006

Transcription

1 Practical Developments in Sensible Heat, Diurnal Cool Thermal Energy Storage (TES): Large Applications, Low Temps, Energy Efficiency, and Operating Plus Capital Savings John S. Andrepont, President The Cool Solutions Company ECOSTOCK 2006 Absecon, New Jersey, U.S.A. - June 1, 2006

2 Outline Introduction Practical, Commercial Trends: Large Applications Low Temperatures High Efficiency Capital Savings Case Histories with Economics Observations and Conclusions

3 Nomenclature CHP CHW DC / DE LTF NPV TES TIC - Combined Heat & Power (cogen) - Chilled Water - District Cooing / District Energy - Low Temperature Fluid - Net Present Value - Thermal Energy Storage - Turbine Inlet Cooling

4 Introduction to Diurnal Cool TES Already, a long history of commercial success, in varied applications: Private commercial / industrial Public / institutional Thermal / electric power utilities Recent Trends in Diurnal Cool TES: 1. Very large capacities 2. Lower supply temperatures 3. High energy efficiency vs non-tes systems 4. Capital cost savings vs non-tes systems

5 Comparisons of TES Technologies TES Technologies include: Latent Heat TES Ice storage Energy is stored as a phase change. Water is frozen in off-peak times and melted for cooling during peak times. Sensible Heat TES stratified chilled water (CHW) or Low Temp Fluid (LTF) storage Energy is stored as a temperature change. Water or fluid is chilled in off-peak times, stored in an insulated tank, and used for cooling during peak times. Each TES technology has inherent advantages and limitations, and many successful appl ns. Understanding those attributes is important to applying TES for maximum value.

6 Extensive Use of TES in HVAC Diurnal Cool TES is already widely used: Latent Heat TES (Ice) thousands of examples, averaging ~2,500 Ton-hrs (and ~300 kw e shifted) per installation Sensible Heat TES (CHW and LTF) hundreds of examples, averaging ~20,000 Ton-hrs (and ~2 MW e shifted) per installation

7 Large Scale Applications Capital cost must be reasonable Large applications should have economy-of-scale; thus, low unit costs Ice TES (modular equip) has little economy-of scale, suits small appl ns Sensible heat TES (LTF and especially CHW) have very low unit costs in large applications

8 Some Very Large Applications of Sensible Heat, Diurnal, Cool TES TES Owner/Operator Location TES Type Ton-hours Florida State Univ Tallahassee, FL 2 x CHW 55,200 Reedy Creek (Disney World) Orlando, FL CHW 57,000 Univ of Alberta Edmonton, AB CHW (LTF)* 60,000 District Cooling St. Paul St. Paul, MN 2 x CHW 65,400 Daimler Chrysler Auburn Hills, MI 2 x CHW 68,000 State Farm Bloomington, IL 2 x CHW 89,600 DFW International Airport Dallas/Ft W, TX LTF 90,000 Calpine Cogeneration Pasadena, TX CHW 107,000 Chicago MPEA Chicago, IL LTF 123,000 Toyota Georgetown, KY 3 x CHW 126,000 OUCooling Orlando, FL CHW (LTF)* 160,000 electric utility Riyadh, Saudi Arabia CHW 193,000

9 Capability for Low Distribution Temperatures Low distribution temps can yield: smaller pumps and piping smaller air-handlers smaller fans and ducting improved control of humidity and comfort Many (not all) Ice TES designs, as well as LTF TES, can deliver low supply temps

10 Some Low Temp Applications of TES TES Owner/Operator Location TES Supply Temp - type Ton-hrs Climaespaco Lisbon, Portugal +4 ºC - CHW 39,800 Univ of Southern California Pasadena +4 ºC - CHW 45,000 SAWS San Antonio, TX +2 ºC - Ice 19,400 DFW International Airport D/FW, TX +2 ºC - LTF 90,000 Northwind Plant #1 Chicago, IL +1 ºC - Ice 66,000 Northwind Plant #2 Chicago, IL +1 ºC - Ice 125,000 Princeton University Princeton, NJ 0 ºC - LTF 40,000 Chicago MPEA Chicago, IL 1 ºC - LTF 123,000

11 Energy Efficiency Recharge energy is off-peak (low cost) Latent heat (Ice) TES has an inefficiency: Delta T needed to drive phase change varying temps during charge and discharge Sensible heat TES (CHW and LTF) constant discharge temps = charge temp Low supply temps & large Delta T improve downstream energy efficiency

12 Improved Energy Efficiency with TES On-Site TES Energy TES Owner/Operator Type Savings Type of Data Los Angeles County CHW 15 to 25 % simulation California State Univ CHW 13 % simulation State Farm Insurance CHW 3 % simulation Arizona State Univ CHW 13 % measured Brazosport College CHW 8 to 9 % measured Texas Instruments CHW 5 to 6 % measured At source power plants (studies at 5 utilities - CA, TX, WI): TES yields 5 to 30% less fuel & emissions at the plant.

13 Rules-of-Thumb for Attractive TES Economics Capital Cost is Key must find capital offsets, avoided by TES economy-of-scale with large CHW / LTF TES Must Have Space for TES - Ice least volume CHW TES most volume, but can be remote Operating Cost - important, but not dominant Look for other synergies with TES comfort, flexibility, fire protection, distribution...

14 Some Large Capital Savings from TES TES Capital Capacity Savings Application Location TES Type (Ton-hrs) (millions) university campus WA CHW 17,750 $1 to 2 district cooling Portugal CHW 39,800 $2.5 university / hospital Canada CHW (LTF)* 60,000 $4 corporate tech center MI 2 x CHW 68,000 $3.6 International airport CA LTF 90,000 $6 convention district FL CHW (LTF)* 160,000 over $5 turbine cooling Saudi Arabia CHW 193,000 $10 Note: Each achieved the multi-million $ capital savings from TES, without any incentives from its electric utility.

15 TES Examples with Economics 1. Industrial Facility Michigan 2. District Energy Utility Illinois 3. District Cooling Utility Florida 4. University Campus Washington 5. Univ & Hospital Campus Alberta, Canada 6. International Airport Texas 7. Turbine Inlet Cooling Saudi Arabia Note: examples are quite varied various application types; U.S. and non-u.s. locales; hot-dry and hot-humid climate; long and short summers

16 Daimler Chrysler - Auburn Hills, MI 2M sq ft corporate technology complex TES added during new construction 68,000 Ton-hours stratified CHW TES Reduced chillers from 17,700 to 11,400 T $3.6M in net capital cost savings 5.3 MW and ~$1M/yr in demand savings TES serves dual-use as fire protection

17 Chicago MPEA - Chicago, IL New, expanding, DE/CHP system 5 million sf expo center, hotel, office bldg, internet hotel 123,000 Ton-hour LTF TES (avoids ~19 MWe) Delivers 30 F supply for low temp air distribution 24 F Delta T + 90 ft height = only 0.5 sq ft / Ton Can fully discharge TES in 4.9 hrs at 25,000 Tons >21,000 T peak served with <17,000 T of chillers Net TES capital cost of <$40/T-hr (and <$200/T) LTF also water treatment (corrosion & microbio)

18 OUCooling - Orlando, FL 21,000 Ton DC for conv ctr and hi-tec mfg TES added with new DC / existing chillers 160,000 Ton-hours stratified CHW TES Can meet 20,000 Ton load for 8 hrs/day 10,000 Tons of new load w/o new chillers Over $5M in net capital cost savings 15 MW and >$0.5M/yr in oper g savings Expandable 56% to 250,000 T-hrs as LTF

19 Washington State U. - Pullman, WA Existing, expanding, university DC system 17,750 Ton-hour CHW TES (avoids ~2 MWe) Locating TES as a satellite plant peak shaves: CHW plant generating capacity CHW distribution system capacity Net capital savings of $1 to 2 million Operating cost savings of $260,000 per year Possible future conversion to LTF TES for a >75% increase to 31,600 Ton-hours

20 U of Alberta - Edmonton, Alberta Major urban university/medical campus TES adds system capacity, as a satellite 60,000 Ton-hours stratified CHW TES Can serve 29,000 T w/ <23,000 T chillers Saved 30% (over $3M) in net capital cost Lowers operating cost 12% (~$0.7M/yr) ~$9M NPV of capital + 20-yr oper g svgs Expandable 70% to 102,000 T-hrs as LTF

21 DFW Airport - Dallas / Ft Worth, TX Major international airport TES added during expansion / upgrade 90,000 Ton-hours stratified LTF TES Reduced new chillers by over 10,000 T ~$6M in net capital cost savings ~8 MW and ~$1M/yr in demand savings LTF at 36 ºF used in TES & thru airport LTF saves pipe size/hp; inhibits corr & bio

22 Turbine Inlet Cooling - Saudi Arabia 10 CT, 750 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant TES added w/ turbine inlet cooling retrofit 193,000 Ton-hours stratified CHW TES Reduced chillers from 30,000 to 11,000 T Over $10M in net capital cost savings >20 MW extra power via TES (6 hrs/day) TES-TIC adds 30% power; 1/2 cost of CT TES can serve dual-use as fire protection

23 A Few TES Examples

24 Observations Notable TES Trends, with Numerous Examples: Large Capacities Low Supply Temps Efficiency On-site and at Source Energy Plants Large Net Capital Cost Savings, at times of: 1. New construction 2. Facility expansion 3. Chiller plant rehabilitation Examples in many varied locales and climates, hot-dry, hot-humid, and long & short summers

25 Conclusions Large, sensible heat TES (CHW or LTF) is a growing commercial success. TES can often be the perfect fit: It may be peak CHW generation at low $/Ton It may enhance CHW distribution perform & econ TES always delivers demand management. Applied correctly, TES can capture millions in capital savings, millions more in NPV. The trends can be expected to continue.

26 Questions / Discussion? Or for follow-up, contact: John S. Andrepont The Cool Solutions Company CoolSolutionsCo@aol.com Tel: