Chapter 6:Energy & Atmosphere

Transcription

1 Chapter 6:Energy & Atmosphere Category with highest number of points 1 Learning Objectives Fundamental & Enhanced commissioning and verification Minimum & Optimize energy performance Building-level & Advanced energy metering Fundamental & Enhanced refrigerant management Demand response Renewable energy production Green power and carbon offsets 2 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 1

2 End use energy Use Distribution for Commercial Buildings in US 3 Minimum & Optimum Energy Performance 4 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 2

3 Minimum & Optimum Energy Performance Prerequisite Credit At least 5% better performance over baseline energy consumption(as HRAE ) Improve the energy performance beyond prerequisite (ASHRAE ) Has the highest number of possible points 5 Significance: Energy directly related to Global warming Pollution to air, water and soil Depletion of resources Contributes to acid rain & smog 6 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 3

4 Strategies & Implementation 7 Proper orientation of the building: Optimize day light and heat gain/heat loss Glazing in appropriate direction to maximize day light and minimize heat gain/loss Utilize shading of adjacent structures Optimize window the wall ratio 8 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 4

5 Optimized Building Envelope: 1. Optimize U(heat transfer coefficient) value for windows, external wall and roof 2. Optimize Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of the glazing 9 Efficient HVAC Equipments, pumping system & Lighting Select HVAC equipment higher Coefficient of Performance(COP)/Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER) Efficient Lighting LPD not to exceed ASHRAE Consider passive technologies like day lighting, night venting, natural ventilation etc 10 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 5

6 Efficient Controls 1.Occupancy sensors 2.Daylight sensors 3.Demand control ventilation 4.Shading controls 5.Programmable thermostats 11 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat. 12 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 6

7 Energy Modeling tool for evaluating Energy Efficiency options Use Energy modeling in predesigned phase Perform base case and design case simulation 13 EPA Energy star target finder: Set Energy Efficiency targets No-cost online tool that enables architects and building owners to set energy targets during design stage Projects that earn a score of 75 or higher may be eligible for ENERGY STAR certification 14 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 7

8 EPA Energy star Portfolio Manager: Manage buildings energy usage Interactive online tool to record and track the energy and water consumption of a building or group of buildings. Portfolio Manager can help Facility Managers/ Building owners identify underperforming buildings and make investment decisions 15 HERs: Evaluating energy efficiency in homes The Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index developed by RESNET(Residential Energy Services Network) is the INDUSTRY STANDARD by which a home's energy efficiency is measured. Lower the index better the efficiency HERS Index 65 means the home is 35 % more efficient compared to a new standard home 16 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 8

9 Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Production Green Power & Carbon offset 17 Various Renewable Energy Sources 18 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 9

10 Solar Photo voltaic system Wind Energy Solar Thermal System Tidal Energy 19 Biomass from animal, agricultural waste & landfill gas etc Geothermal Power Generation 20 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 10

11 Low impact Hydro energy 21 Non Renewable Energy Sources 22 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 11

12 All fossil based energy like oil, coal, methane etc and nuclear energy Energy from incineration of municipal waste, deforested wood, coated, painted wood or any contaminated sources 23 Conventional hydropower plants Passive technologies like geothermal heat exchange/heat pump, night venting, day lighting, natural ventilation etc 24 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 12

13 Renewable Energy Production Generated on site Open Market Subscribe for renewable energy from utility provider. Green Power & Carbon Offset Closed Market Purchase Renewable Energy Certificates Green E or equivalent certified Contracted for min 2yrs GBA/GA/PPT V 00 13

14 Sample REC 27 YouTube video references Video Demonstrating RECs vfi 28 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 14

15 Fundamental & Enhanced Refrigerant Management 29 Significance 30 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 15

16 Stratospheric Ozone depletion 31 Global Warming 32 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 16

17 Various Refrigerant Groups 33 Natural Refrigerants Air, CO2, H20, ammonia (NH3) and Hydrocarbons (Propane, butane etc) Environmentally good Disadvantages: Air, CO2, H20 - poor refrigerant properties Ammonia - toxic in nature Hydrocarbons - explosive 34 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 17

18 Chloro Fluro Carbons - CFC Example R11, R12 Excellent refrigerant properties Very high Ozone depleting potential Not produced in US since 1995 Completely phase-out by 2010 by Montreal protocol 35 Hydro Chloro Flouro Carbons - HCFC Example: R22, R123 Reduced Chlorine, Reduced ODP 2020:99.5% of HCFC phase-out in US 2030 HCFC to be completed phased out Montreal Protocol 36 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 18

19 Hydro Flouro Carbons - HFC HFC Example: R134a, R 407c, R 410a Zero Chlorine, Zero ODP Higher Global warming potential Energy inefficient compared to CFC/HCFC based equipments 37 Summary of ODP and GWP of different refrigerants 38 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 19

20 39 Environmentally preferable of Refrigerants No refrigerants at all(natural Ventilation) Natural Refrigerants HFC HCFC 40 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 20

21 Fundamental Refrigerant Management New Buildings: No CFCs Major Renovation: No CFCs or Phase-out CFC before completion of the project Existing Buildings O&M: No CFCs or Phase-out within 5 years or Prove that replacement of CFC s are commercially not feasible and Reduce the leakage rate of CFC based refrigerants to 5% or less using EPA Clean Air Act procedures 41 Enhanced Refrigerant Management Reduce overall environmental impact caused by refrigerants Select Refrigerant which has lesser ODP & GWP Select equipment which can operate at lower pressure Reduce the leakage rate of refrigerants Select equipment with higher life No hallons, CFC and HCFC in fire suppression system 42 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 21

22 Fundamental & Enhanced Commissioning 43 Terminologies 44 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 22

23 Commissioning(Cx): The process of verifying and documenting that a building and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner s project requirements(opr). Fundamental Vs Enhanced Commissioning: Fundamental commissioning starts late and ends early Enhanced commissioning starts early and ends late 45 Fundamental & Enhanced Commissioning Pre-design Design Construction documents Bidding Construction Performance testing Occupancy Operation & Maintenance 46 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 23

24 Why commissioning? Ensure energy related systems are designed, installed and maintained as required by OPR Reduced maintenance issues, call backs and better energy performance 47 Systems to be Commissioned The following are the minimum energy related systems that should be included in commissioning HVAC equipments and its associated controls Lighting and day lighting controls. Domestic hot water systems. Renewable energy systems (e.g. wind, solar) 48 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 24

25 Building level & Advanced Metering Prerequisite Credit Metering system to provide building level energy consumption for all energy types like electricity, gas, chilled water Advanced metering system to Provide end use energy distribution Log data on hourly basis Monitor demand 49 Demand Response 50 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 25

26 Demand Side Management and its significance Electricity demand is not uniform through out the year. Peak demand occurs at extreme weather conditions 51 Demand Side Management and its significance contd.. Utility companies need to have generation capacity and grid infrastructure to meet the peak demand. At peak demand, generation plants have to run at full load including the inefficient ones Developing generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure is called supply side management. Developing plans and strategies to reduce the peak demand is called as Demand Side Management Demand side management is much more economical compared to developing infrastructures 52 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 26

27 Demand Side Management Strategies Utilities implement a number of DSM strategies to reduce the peak demand. Few of them Higher electricity price at peak hours of the day Higher demand charges: Many utilities bill separate charges for peak demand in addition to consumption Thermal Storage system: Chillers with thermal storage system run at off peak hours and stores thermal energy in thermal storage system. Stored thermal energy is then used during peak peak hours of the day. Demand Response 53 Demand Response Demand response (DR) a change in electricity use by demand-side resources from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized In Demand Response programs, the end user reduces his electricity demand when there is a trigger from the utility provider 54 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 27

28 Demand Response: LEED Requirements The project should have software and hardware infrastructure to participate in Demand response program. The project should participate in Demand Response program if available 55 Summary Fundamental & Enhanced commissioning and verification Minimum & Optimize energy performance Building-level & Advanced energy metering Fundamental & Enhanced refrigerant management Demand response Renewable energy production Green power and carbon offsets 56 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 28

29 Questions? Ask your questions in the forum section 57 GBA/GA/PPT V 00 29