Natural Channel Design and Dead River Case Study Stream Restoration in the Great Lakes Basin: Using In-stream Structures & Natural Channel Design

Transcription

1 Natural Channel Design and Dead River Case Study Stream Restoration in the Great Lakes Basin: Using In-stream Structures & Natural Channel Design January 22, 2013 S. Paige Baker, PE, MLE

2 Presentation Outline Background Changes in open channel design Definitions Methods - Dead River examples

3 Presentation Outline Background Changes in open channel design Definitions Methods - Dead River examples

4 Stream banks with rip rap revetment

5 Stream banks with gabion basket revetment

6 Stream banks with reinforced concrete retaining walls

7 Shore, D Born again river: re-meandering the Nippersink. Chicago Wilderness Magazine. Available on the web at:

8 Shore, D Born again river: re-meandering the Nippersink. Chicago Wilderness Magazine. Available on the web at:

9 Shift in Channel Design Philosophy Stream improvements characterized by: Full rip rap or channel hardening, remove vegetation, increase channel cross-section for flood control Stream improvements characterized by: Minimize/eliminate rip rap; preserve/ replace vegetation; reclaim abandoned floodplain; restore dimension, pattern, and profile

10 Channel Design Philosophy The Second Shift Stream improvements characterized by: Minimize/eliminate rip rap; preserve/ replace vegetation; reclaim abandoned floodplain; restore dimension, pattern, and profile Stream improvements characterized by: Recovery of stream functions OR The physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in ecosystems Clean Water Act (33 CFR 332.2; 40 CFR

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13 Presentation Outline Background Changes in open channel design Definitions Methods - Dead River examples

14 Natural channel design Channel system modification that results in a stable channel (that which is neither aggrading nor degrading) and one with adequate habitat to support the stream s designated uses.

15 Stable stream A stream that moves the sediment and water generated by its watershed while maintaining dimension, pattern and profile, without aggrading or degrading

16 Soil bioengineering The specialized use of plant material to stabilize soil by combining engineering principles with plant science.

17 Habitat enhancement Measures to provide habitat structure or to recover habitat function.

18 State of the Practice Stream restoration using natural channel design is increasing throughout the U.S. Dam Removal Projects Mitigation Related Projects Watershed Restoration Projects Stream restoration will become the norm in open channel design. Natural channel designs not only restore dimension, pattern, and profile but provide functional uplift.

19 The Stream Function Pyramid Harman, W., R. Starr, M. Carter, K. Tweedy, M. Clemmons, K. Suggs, C. Miller A Function-Based Framework for Stream Assessment and Restoration Projects. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Washington, DC EPA 843-K Functional framework to assist with setting project goals and developing a path to get there.

20 Level Level 21 Level HYDRAULICS HYDROLOGY 3 GEOMORPHOLOGY 5 BIOLOGY Level 4 PHYSIOCHEMICAL Protect/re-establish Control Reduce Control Stabilize in-stream flow flooding channel energy fish and water temperatures banks benthic habitat Create pavement/sub-pavement stratification in riffles; glides for spawning, pools for resting; offline refuge areas during high flows Lower near bank shear stress using j-hook vanes and meander bends Create aeration zones using in-stream structures Provide inner berm and bankfull channels; provide energy dissipation: pools Establish floodplain storage, oxbow lakes

21 Presentation Outline Background Changes in open channel design Definitions Methods - Dead River examples

22 Case Study Dead River Recovery Silver Lake Lake Superior Dead River Storage Basin

23 Dead River May 14, 2003, at 5 pm - Dike at Silver Lake breaks; 8 billion gallons of water floods the Dead River Impact highlights 5 dams damaged/failed; 9 bridges, damaged/destroyed 2 parks, 3 public access sites damaged Homes and camps flooded River channel realignments Soil, vegetation loss; habitat loss, including salmon and trout fisheries Sediment/debris deposition

24 Dead River Recovery 34,000 linear feet stream restoration 50 acres wetlands restoration/enhancement

25 Natural Channel Design Assessment Design Implementation Monitoring

26 Natural Channel Design Assessment Site Reference reach Design Dimension, pattern, and profile Structure Stabilization

27 Natural Channel Design Assessment Site Reference reach Design Dimension, pattern, and profile Structure Stabilization

28 Assessment Bankfull Relationships Causes of instability

29 Bankfull Discharge Bankfull Q -- Fills a channel up to the elevation of the active floodplain. Represents a breakpoint between processes of channel formation and floodplain development Typically has a return period of years (1.5 commonly quoted).

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31 Field Indicators of Bankfull Top of bar Break in bank slope Start of or change in bank vegetation Bank staining Top of bank

32 Bankfull

33 Bankfull

34 Regional Curves A collection of quantified stream parameters that relate bankfull stream characteristics (discharge and dimensions) to the drainage area of a stream. Developed from field surveyed data on USGS gauged streams (typically 10 years of record or more). Typically developed for a specific physiographic region.

35 Purpose of Regional Curves Serve as a tool to help identify bankfull stage and discharge in ungaged watersheds. Useful in the natural channel design process.

36 Dead River LUC Sites Site Name Draiange Area Discharge X Area Width Depth County HUC Dead River Ref. above Silver Lake Marquette GREEN CREEK NR PRINCETON, MI Marquette WARNER CREEK NR PALMER, MI Marquette CARP CREEK AT HIGHWAY 41A AT ISHPEMING, MI Marquette DEAD SILVER LAKE Marquette BLACK RIVER AT COUNTY ROAD NEAR REPUBLIC, MI Marquette MIDDLE BRANCH ESCANABA RIVER AT HUMBOLDT, MI Marquette PERCH RIVER AT STATE HWY-28 NEAR SIDNAW, MI Baraga PESHEKEE RIVER LAKE MICHIGAMME Marquette

37 Discharge (cfs) Depth (ft) Area (sq. ft.) Width (ft) Limited Use Regional Curve Cross Sectional Area vs. Drainage Area y = 6.0x 0.77, r 2 = 0.91 Bankfull Width vs. Drainage Area y = 4.9x 0.57, r 2 = Drainage Area (sq. m i.) Drainage Area (sq. m i.) Study Points 95% C.I. Escanaba Regression Study Points 95% C.I. Escanaba Regression Bankfull Discharge vs. Drainage Area y = 12.2x 0.94, r 2 = 0.82 Bankfull Mean Depth vs. Drainage Area y = 1.2x 0.20, r 2 = Drainage Area (sq. m i.) Drainage Area (sq. m i.) Study Points 95% C.I. Escanaba Regression Study Points 95% C.I. Escanaba Regression

38 Assessment Bankfull Relationships Causes of instability

39 Causes of Instability Change in slope Change in runoff Change in sediment load Change in sediment size Loss of riparian buffer

40 Lane s Diagram

41 Natural Channel Design Assessment Site Reference reach Design Dimension, pattern, and profile Structure Stabilization

42 Elements of Natural Channel Design Dimension, Pattern, Profile Adjustment Grade Control Bank Stabilization

43 Morphological Design Design Dimensions Stream Corridor Restoration, Federal Interagency Working Group, October 1998

44 Morphological Design Design Pattern Stream Corridor Restoration, Federal Interagency Working Group, October 1998

45 Morphological Design Integrate Design Pattern, Profile, and Cross-Sections From Stream Corridor Restoration, Federal Interagency Working Group, October 1998

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47 In-Stream Structures For Grade Control Cross vanes Constructed riffles

48 Cross Vane First proposed by Rosgen in The Cross-Vane, W- Weir and J-Hook Structures Their Description, Design and Application for Stream Stabilization and River Restoration by David L. Rosgen, Updated from the Paper Published by ASCE Conference, Reno, NV, August, 2001 Grade control with bank stabilization and habitat enhancement characteristics Design adaptable to a variety of materials

49 Rosgen, 2001

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51 Constructed Riffle Appropriate in lower-gradient, more sinuous channel than the cross vane. Newer designs incorporate woody debris and pavement/subpavement components.

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53 In-Stream Structures For Bank Stabilization J-hook vanes Root Wads, Toe wood

54 J-Hook Vane First proposed by Rosgen in The Cross-Vane, W- Weir and J-Hook Structures Their Description, Design and Application for Stream Stabilization and River Restoration by David L. Rosgen, Updated from the Paper Published by ASCE Conference, Reno, NV, August, 2001 Bank stabilization and habitat enhancement characteristics Design adaptable to a variety of materials

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56 Root Wad Revetment and Toe Wood Root wads developed by Rosgen. Updated structure called Toe Wood. Bank stabilization and habitat enhancement characteristics

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60 Closing Natural channel design becoming the standard Projects focus on stream functions Dead River Recovery natural channel design implementation completed in 2011.

61 Questions?