Introduction to GCEP and Scope of Workshop

Transcription

1 Stanford University Global Climate & Energy Project May 1 2, 2006 Introduction to GCEP and Scope of Workshop Lynn Orr GCEP Fusion Energy Workshop

2 The Grand Challenge Needs Growth Growth in in world world population to to 9 billion billion from from 6 billion, billion, of of which which 2 billion billion people people currently have have no no access access to to modern energy energy systems Improved standard of of living living in in growing economies of of developing world world Increased demands for for energy, energy, food, food, land, land, and and materials. Protection, Restoration, and and Improvement of of the the Planetary Biogeochemical Systems Component Challenges Water Water supply supply Agricultural systems (strongly linked linked to to water water supply) supply) Energy (with (with possible limits limits on on CO CO 2 2 emission) 2

3 Global Geochemical History Concentrations of of GHGs GHGshave risen risen significantly over over the the preindustrial levels. levels Year Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report,

4 Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration - Last Glacial Maximum to Present 4

5 Four Glacial Cycles Recorded in the Vostok Ice Core 5

6 The Oceans in a High CO 2 World The oceans have taken up ~400 Gt of fossil fuel CO 2. Global surface oceans now remove Mt CO 2 /day. Decline in ph (0.1 since industrial revolution) affects bicarbonate, carbonate ion concentrations, rates of fixation of CaCO 3 by assorted critters in the trophic chain, potential for feedbacks with temperature change. Source: Oceanography Vol.17, No.3, Sept

7 Concerted Efforts to address Climate Change Environmental Science Regulatory Policies Energy Research Commercial Development and Deployment 7

8 The Need for Technology Assumed Advances In: In: Fossil Fossil Fuels Fuels Energy Energy intensity Nuclear Renewables The Gap Gap Gap Technologies: Carbon Carbon capture & disposal Adv. Adv. fossil fossil H 2 and Adv. 2 and Adv. Transportation Biotechnologies Soils, Soils, Bioenergy, Bioenergy, Adv. Adv. Biological Biological Energy Energy Source: J. Edmonds, PNNL 8

9 The Global Climate and Energy Project The The Global Global Climate Climate and and Energy Energy Project Project (GCEP) (GCEP) was was established to to conduct conduct fundamental research research to to develop develop the the energy energy options options needed needed to to address address the the gap gap It It is is a 10-year, 10-year, $225M $225M commitment for for research research on on the the fundamental underpinnings for for technologies that that could could have have a significant significant impact impact on on a global global scale scale Mission To Conduct Fundamental Research to Support Development of Technology Options for Energy Use With Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions and others 9

10 Step-Out Research Energy Option Energy Option Progress Step-out Idea Step back to to fundamentals Scientific Advance to to Enable Development of of a Game-changing Technology in in Reduced Time Scientific Challenge Present Time Time 10

11 Resource Work Potential (TW) (1 ZJ = J) Source: W. Hermann, GCEP Systems Analysis Group Current Global Exergy Usage Rate ~ 15 TW (0.5 ZJ per year) ~80000/15 = ~5300

12 GCEP Research Portfolio Areas CO 2 separation, capture, and storage Combustion science and engineering Hydrogen production, distribution, and use Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, geothermal) Advanced materials Advanced coal utilization Advanced transportation systems Advanced nuclear power technologies Electric power generation, storage, distribution Energy distribution systems and enabling infrastructures Geoengineering Active research currently underway Research proposals under review Assessment in progress Future consideration 12

13 Nanostructured Silicon-Based Tandem Solar Cells Martin Green, Gavin Conibeer (UNSW) Fabrication of of two- two-or or three-cell tandem stack stack devices from from silicon-based materials. Uses Uses abundant, non-toxic, stable, stable, and and durable materials Control Control the the bandgap of of silicon silicon through carrier carrier confinement in in nanoscale structures Integrate Integrate silicon silicon nanoparticles nanoparticles into into matrices matrices of of silicon silicon oxide, oxide, nitride, nitride, or or carbide carbide Exploit Exploit quantum quantum effects effects related related to to their their size size and and distribution distribution across across the the cell cell Optimize geometry of of the the nanoparticle networks to to enhance carrier carrier transport through resonant hopping between layers layers in in a cell cell Areas Areas of of Activity: Materials Preparation a b Materials Preparation Physical, Physical, Optical, Optical, and and Electronic Electronic Characterization Characterization Simulation Simulation and and Modeling: Modeling: Device Device Fabrication Fabrication 13

14 Genetic Engineering of Cellulose Accumulation Chris Somerville Increase accumulation of of cellulose and and carbon uptake in in biomass crops by by genetic alteration of of the the regulation of of cellulose synthesis Transgenic plants will will be be produced in in which the the components of of the the cellulose synthase complex are are produced in in increased amounts and and at at altered times during plant development. Cell walls Cellulose fibrils Electron micrograph of a cell wall Cellulose Synthase 14

15 Monitoring and Accessing Cellular Photosynthesis for Bioelectricity Fritz Prinz and Arthur Grossman Capture electricity directly directly from from living living biological cells cells by by inserting nano-scale electrodes into into their their chloroplasts Light-driven charge charge separation generates high high potential electrons in in stroma, and and O 2 and + in lumen 2 and H + in lumen Energy Energy is is generated through a current current that that results results in in recombination of of electrons from from stromal stromalside side of of the the membrane with with H + + and and O 2 on side of the 2 on lumenal side of the membrane (at (at cathode) to to generate H 2 2 O Explore using using unicellular alga alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hυ 2H 2 O O 2 + 4H + + 4e - Cathode Anode e - 15

16 Advanced Membrane Reactors in Energy Systems Dan Jansen, Joop Schoonman ECN/TU-Delft CH CH 4 2 CO 4 + H 2 O CO + 3 H 2 2 CO CO + H 2 CO 2 2 O CO 2 + H 2 2 Removal of of CO CO 2 or 2 can shift and lead to lower 2 or H 2 can shift equilibrium and lead to lower reaction temperature Will Will combine separation and and reaction in in membrane reactors Hydrogen membranes: Use Use chemical chemical vapor vapor infiltration infiltration (CVI) (CVI) and and atomic atomic layer layer deposition deposition (ALD) (ALD) to to control control pore pore size size of of a nanoporous nanoporous ceramic ceramic membrane membrane in in a very very controlled controlled manner manner CO CO 2 2 membranes e.g.: e.g.: hydrotalcites, hydrotalcites, ionic ionic liquids liquids Improved catalysts High High activity activity at at ~ C C and and integrated integrated into into membrane membrane 16

17 Geologic Storage of CO 2 Mark Zoback, Jerry Harris, Tony Kovscek, Lynn Orr Create a suite of of tools for for design and and implementation of of geologic sequestration projects: Site Site selection and and evaluation: effective methods to to assess assess the the integrity of of geologic seals seals that that limit limit CO CO 2 2 migration. Fluid Fluid migration: very very efficient methods for for predicting the the flow flow paths paths and and long-term fate fate of of injected CO CO Monitoring: appropriate tools tools for for monitoring the the state state of of injection projects at at each each stage. stage. Injection Saturation of CO 2 continuous shales discontinuous shales 17

18 Resource Work Potential (TW) Current Global Exergy Usage Rate ~ 15 TW (0.5 ZJ per year) (1 ZJ = J) 1E10 / 0.5 > the time for the Sun to become a red giant (5 billion years)! Source: W. Hermann, GCEP Systems Analysis Group 2004.

19 Approaches to Fusion Magnetic Confinement Tokamaks Inertial Confinement Stellarators and various alternative configurations 19

20 Questions for the Workshop What are the scientific and technical barriers to to the realization of of fusion power at at a significant scale? What scientific breakthroughs are still required for for achieving reactor regime? What are the opportunities for for fundamental research for for developing these technologies and overcoming these barriers? How can GCEP, with its its objectives and its its relatively modest research project budgets, create additional options that would have a significant impact? 20

21 Workshop Agenda Day 1 Welcome and Introduction 8:30 GCEP Introduction and Workshop Purpose Lynn Orr 9:00 Fusion Development Path Rob Goldston Confinement Concepts 9:50 The Advanced Tokamak Amanda Hubbard 10:30 Break 10:50 The Spherical Torus Martin Peng 11:30 The Compact Stellerator Hutch Neilson 12:10 Alternative Confinement Concepts Simon Woodruff 12:50 Lunch Turbulent Transport 1:50 Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Transport George Tynan 2:30 Modeling of Turbulent Transport William Dorland 3:10 Break Plasma Stability 3:30 Plasma Stability in Tokamaks and Stellerators Gerald Navratil 4:10 Plasma Stability in Alternative Confinement Concepts Bick Hooper 4:50 Panel Discussion on Research Opportunities 5:30 Reception 21

22 Workshop Agenda Day 2 Energetic Particles and Plasma-Wall Interactions 8:30 Energetic Particles in Plasmas James Van Dam 9:10 Plasma-Wall Interactions Michael Ulrickson 9:50 Break Materials for Fusion 10:10 High Field Magnet Technology Joseph Minervini 10:50 Reduced Activation Materials Nadine Baluc 11:30 Panel Discussion on Research Opportunities 12:10 Concluding Remarks 12:30 Lunch 22

23 Thank You! Rob Goldston and PPPL for for all all the the useful discussions and and your your help help with with the the organization of of this this meeting in in Princeton Paolo Bosshard for for the the technical organization of of the the workshop Kersti Miller and Nancy Sandoval for for organizing everything else else Our Sponsors for for making this this project possible Our Speakers for for sharing your your time, expertise, and and opinions with with us us The Energy Community for for taking time time to to participate in in our our discussions 23