Guns, Germs, and Steel
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1 Guns, Germs, and Steel
2 Guns, Germs, and Steel Chapter 15 Yali s People
3 Geographic Determinism /
4 Geographic Determinism / Inuit ( ) -> developed warm fur clothes but no agriculture
5 Geographic Determinism / Equatorial lowland peoples -> never developed warm fur clothes but often did develop a
6 Geographic Determinism / Equatorial lowland peoples -> never developed warm fur clothes but often did develop agriculture
7 Why?
8 Why? Geography
9 England, France and Spain ->
10 founded worldwide colonial empires
11 Switzerland, Poland and Greece ->
12 no worldwide colonial empires
13 Why?
14 England, France and Spain had A Ocean ports Atlantic Ocean
15 England, France and Spain had Atlantic Ocean ports Atlantic Ocean
16 Switzerland, Poland and Greece did not have Atlantic Ocean ports Atlantic Ocean
17 Case studies Australian aborigines
18 Case studies New Guineans
19 People arrived in both places at least 40,000 years ago
20 New Guineans and Australian aborigines are descended from the same group of nomadic people
21 Example of how geography (rather than genetics) influences society Australians
22 Found food and water, developed stone tools, created some of the world s oldest cave painting
23 Fast Forward to the 19th century Australians still using stone tools
24 Fast Forward to the 19th century Australians still using stone tools
25 Had not advanced much at all!
26 Had not advanced much at all! Why?
27 Why had Aborigines not advanced much? A) The people preferred to be hunter-gatherers B) They were not smart C) The environment was not suitable for agriculture D) They were lazy
28 Why had Aborigines not advanced much? A) The people preferred to be hunter-gatherers B) They were not smart C) The environment was not suitable for agriculture D) They were lazy
29 About 9,000 years ago
30 About 9,000 years ago Food production arose in New Guinea
31 New Guineans also started to acquire foreign exports = p and c from Asia
32 New Guineans also started to acquire foreign exports = pigs and c from Asia
33 New Guineans also started to acquire foreign exports = pigs and chickens from Asia
34 New Guineans also started to acquire foreign exports = pigs and chickens from Asia Agriculture in New Guinea promoted growth in population and population d
35 New Guineans also started to acquire foreign exports = pigs and chickens from Asia Agriculture in New Guinea promoted growth in population and population density
36 New Guineans also started to acquire foreign exports = pigs and chickens from Asia Agriculture in New Guinea promoted growth in population and population density >
37 > Larger, denser population led to social specialization
38 > Larger, denser population led to social specialization Some artists, craftsmen, scribes (writers) etc.
39 But, still several similarities New Guineans Australian aborigines Stone Tools Yes Yes Written language No Organized into chiefdoms? Organized into states? No No No
40 But, still several similarities New Guineans Australian aborigines Stone Tools Yes Yes Written language No No Organized into chiefdoms? Organized into states? No No No
41 But, still several similarities New Guineans Australian aborigines Stone Tools Yes Yes Written language No No Organized into chiefdoms? Organized into states? No No No No
42 Why?
43 Why? 1) New Guineans had domesticated animals, but not big animals like oxen and horses, which could pull plows
44 Why? 1) New Guineans had domesticated animals, but not big animals like oxen and horses, which could pull plows =
45 Why? 1) New Guineans had domesticated animals, but not big animals like oxen and horses, which could pull plows = People had to do most of the work! >
46 Why? 1) New Guineans had domesticated animals, but not big animals like oxen and horses, which could pull plows > = less leisure time to specialize, experiment etc.
47 Why? 2) New Guinea had limited space for population g
48 Why? 2) New Guinea had limited space for population growth
49 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) =
50 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) = All farmers produced the same crops
51 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) = no agricultural s
52 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) = no agricultural specialization
53 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) = no exchange between different communities specializing in different crops
54 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) = less need for a chiefdom or s
55 Why? 3) Agriculture only within a specific area (not entire island) = less need for a chiefdom or state
56 New Guinea had limited agriculture - but Australia had n!
57 New Guinea had limited agriculture - but Australia had none!
58 Why did Australian aborigines not develop agriculture?
59 Why did Australian aborigines not develop agriculture? No dom large mammals
60 Why did Australian aborigines not develop agriculture? No domesticable large mammals
61 No agricultural potential -
62 No agricultural potential - its soil was d and infertile ( )
63 No agricultural potential - its soil was dry and infertile ( )
64
65 Irregular climate - many droughts ( )
66 Irregular climate - many droughts ( ) Small number of domesticable wild plants
67 Irregular climate - many droughts ( ) Small number of domesticable wild plants Result:
68 Irregular climate - many droughts ( ) Small number of domesticable wild plants Result: Hunter-gatherer culture was the natural adaptation to life in a place without agricultural potential
69 Australian Aborigines adapted to their surroundings
70 Australian Aborigines adapted to their surroundings They used all available natural resources
71 Australian Aborigines adapted to their surroundings They used all available natural resources In this sense, they re no different than the Mesopotamians
72 The difference is that the Mesopotamians had different natural resources Australia Mesopotamia
73 Why didn t Australia acquire advanced technologies from Indonesia or N G?
74 Why didn t Australia acquire advanced technologies from Indonesia or New Guinea?
75 Probably some interaction between New Guineans and aborigines
76 That part of Australia was isolated by d and mountains
77 That part of Australia was isolated by desert and mountains
78 That part of Australia was isolated by desert and mountains
79 Geographic barriers prevented major c diffusions from New Guinea spreading into Australia as a whole
80 Geographic barriers prevented major cultural diffusions from New Guinea spreading into Australia as a whole
81 1500 s
82 1500 s P explorers discovered New Guinea
83 1500 s Portuguese explorers discovered New Guinea
84 1500 s European colonists explored it
85 1500 s Europeans did not wipe out the indigenous ( / ) New Guinean population
86 1500 s Europeans did not wipe out the indigenous ( / ) New Guinean population
87 Europeans did not wipe out the indigenous ( / ) New Guinean population They did so in North and South A and Australia
88 Europeans did not wipe out the indigenous ( / ) New Guinean population They did so in North and South America and Australia
89 Why the difference? A) The people had strong resistance to diseases B) The people were very smart C) The environment allowed the people to hide in the mountains D) The people had good
90 Why the difference? A) The people had strong resistance to diseases B) The people were very smart C) The environment allowed the people to hide in the mountains D) The people had good medicine
91 Why the difference? A) The people had strong resistance to diseases B) The people were very smart C) The environment allowed the people to hide in the mountains D) The people had good medicine
92 Why the difference? A) The people had strong resistance to diseases B) The people were very smart C) The environment allowed the people to hide in the mountains D) The people had good medicine
93 New Guineans had experience around some domesticated animals
94 New Guineans had experience around some domesticated animals = Helped them develop some immunities to deadly diseases
95 Contact with Indonesians and Southeast Asians
96 Contact with Indonesians and Southeast Asians = Helped them develop some immunities to deadly diseases
97 Australian aborigines - no large mammals or domesticable animals
98 Australian aborigines - no large mammals or domesticable animals - never developed i
99 Australian aborigines - no large mammals or domesticable animals - never developed immunities
100 Australian aborigines - no large mammals or domesticable animals - never developed immunities = When Europeans came to Australia, European diseases caused large numbers of Aborigines to die
101 Result:
102 Result: Europeans settled Australia more easily than New Guinea
103 Result: Europeans settled Australia more easily than New Guinea Australia - much flatter and easier to navigate
104 New Guinea - mountainous, rugged, hard to navigate
105 New Guinea - mountainous, rugged, hard to navigate Australians - not carriers for many deadly diseases
106 New Guinea - mountainous, rugged, hard to navigate New Guinea - malaria and y fever ( )
107 New Guinea - mountainous, rugged, hard to navigate New Guinea - malaria and yellow fever ( )
108 Europeans brought crops with them from Europe (wheat and barley, etc.)
109 These crops didn t exist in Australia before but they were suitable for the land
110 These crops didn t exist in Australia before but they were suitable for the land = Europeans had incentive to c Australia and few biological or geographic barriers to doing so
111 These crops didn t exist in Australia before but they were suitable for the land = Europeans had incentive to colonize Australia and few biological or geographic barriers to doing so
112 Australian aborigines = geographically u
113 Australian aborigines = geographically unlucky
114 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky
115 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky No large domesticable a
116 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky No large domesticable animals
117 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky No large domesticable animals = No immunity to European diseases
118 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky No large domesticable animals = No immunity to European diseases No native crops suitable to the land
119 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky No large domesticable animals = No immunity to European diseases No native crops suitable to the land = No real a
120 Australian aborigines geographically unlucky No large domesticable animals = No immunity to European diseases No native crops suitable to the land = No real agriculture
121 Europeans who settled large parts of the world weren t better than other people
122 They just had some important geographic ad that multiplied over time
123 They just had some important geographic advantages that multiplied over time
124 They just had some important geographic advantages that multiplied over time
125 Europeans had advanced t and the Australians did not
126 Europeans had advanced technology and the Australians did not
127 Examples of New Guinea and Australia proves that racist hypothesis of European superiority is w
128 Examples of New Guinea and Australia proves that racist hypothesis of European superiority is wrong
129 The New Guineans had limited agriculture
130 The New Guineans had limited agriculture Australian aborigines had none
131 Europeans had a long agricultural h
132 Europeans had a long agricultural history
133 Europeans had a long agricultural history As a result, the Europeans colonized Australia successfully and New Guinea with limited s
134 Europeans had a long agricultural history As a result, the Europeans colonized Australia successfully and New Guinea with limited success
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